法国阿海珐公司对福岛核事故的评价

TheFukushimaDaiichiIncidentDr.MatthiasBraun-01/06/2020-p.1,TheFukushimaDaiichiIncidentDr.MatthiasBraun-01/06/2020-p.2,TheFukushimaDaiichiIncident,PlantDesignAccidentProgressionRadiologicalreleasesSpentfuelpoolsSourcesofInformationMatthiasBraunPEPA4-G,AREVANPGmbHMatthias.BraunAREVA.com,TheFukushimaDaiichiIncidentDr.MatthiasBraun-01/06/2020-p.3,TheFukushimaDaiichiIncident1.PlantDesign,FukushimaDaiichi(PlantI)UnitI-GEMarkIBWR(439MW),Operatingsince1971UnitII-IV-GEMarkIBWR(760MW),Operatingsince1974,TheFukushimaDaiichiIncidentDr.MatthiasBraun-01/06/2020-p.4,TheFukushimaDaiichiIncident1.PlantDesign,/wiki/Browns_Ferry_Nuclear_Power_Plant,BuildingstructureConcreteBuildingSteel-framedServiceFloor,ContainmentPear-shapedDry-WellTorus-shapedWet-Well,TheFukushimaDaiichiIncidentDr.MatthiasBraun-01/06/2020-p.5,TheFukushimaDaiichiIncident1.PlantDesign,ServiceFloor,TheFukushimaDaiichiIncidentDr.MatthiasBraun-01/06/2020-p.6,TheFukushimaDaiichiIncident1.PlantDesign,LiftingtheContainmentclosurehead,TheFukushimaDaiichiIncidentDr.MatthiasBraun-01/06/2020-p.7,TheFukushimaDaiichiIncident1.PlantDesign,ReactorServiceFloor(SteelConstruction)ConcreteReactorBuilding(secondaryContainment)ReactorCoreReactorPressureVesselContainment(Drywell)Containment(WetWell)/CondensationChamber,SpendFuelPool,FreshSteamlineMainFeedwater,TheFukushimaDaiichiIncidentDr.MatthiasBraun-01/06/2020-p.8,TheFukushimaDaiichiIncident2.Accidentprogression,11.3.201114:46-EarthquakeMagnitude9PowergridinnorthernJapanfailsReactorsitselfaremainlyundamagedSCRAMPowergenerationduetoFissionofUraniumstopsHeatgenerationduetoradioactiveDecayofFissionProductsAfterScram6%After1Day1%After5Days0.5%,TheFukushimaDaiichiIncidentDr.MatthiasBraun-01/06/2020-p.9,TheFukushimaDaiichiIncident2.Accidentprogression,ContainmentIsolationClosingofallnon-safetyrelatedPenetrationsofthecontainmentCutsoffMachinehallIfcontainmentisolationsucceeds,alargeearlyreleaseoffissionproductsishighlyunlikelyDieselgeneratorsstartEmergencyCorecoolingsystemsaresuppliedPlantisinastablesavestate,TheFukushimaDaiichiIncidentDr.MatthiasBraun-01/06/2020-p.10,TheFukushimaDaiichiIncident2.Accidentprogression,11.3.15:41TsunamihitstheplantPlantDesignforTsunamiheightofupto6.5mActualTsunamiheight7mFloodingofDieselGeneratorsand/orEssentialservicewaterbuildingcoolingthegeneratorsStationBlackoutCommoncausefailureofthepowersupplyOnlyBatteriesarestillavailableFailureofallbutoneEmergencycorecoolingsystems,TheFukushimaDaiichiIncidentDr.MatthiasBraun-01/06/2020-p.11,TheFukushimaDaiichiIncident2.Accidentprogression,ReactorCoreIsolationPumpstillavailableSteamfromtheReactordrivesaTurbineSteamgetscondensedintheWet-WellTurbinedrivesaPumpWaterfromtheWet-WellgetspumpedinReactorNecessary:BatterypowerTemperatureinthewet-wellmustbebelow100CAsthereisnoheatremovalfromthebuilding,theCoreisolationpumpcantworkinfinitely,TheFukushimaDaiichiIncidentDr.MatthiasBraun-01/06/2020-p.12,TheFukushimaDaiichiIncident2.Accidentprogression,ReactorIsolationpumpstops11.3.16:36inUnit1(Batteriesempty)14.3.13:25inUnit2(Pumpfailure)13.3.2:44inUnit3(Batteriesempty)DecayHeatproducesstillsteaminReactorpressureVesselPressurerisingOpeningthesteamrelievevalvesDischargeSteamintotheWet-WellDescendingoftheLiquidLevelintheReactorpressurevessel,TheFukushimaDaiichiIncidentDr.MatthiasBraun-01/06/2020-p.13,TheFukushimaDaiichiIncident2.Accidentprogression,ReactorIsolationpumpstops11.3.16:36inUnit1(Batteriesempty)14.3.13:25inUnit2(Pumpfailure)13.3.2:44inUnit3(Batteriesempty)DecayHeatproducesstillsteaminReactorpressureVesselPressurerisingOpeningthesteamrelievevalvesDischargeSteamintotheWet-WellDescendingoftheLiquidLevelintheReactorpressurevessel,TheFukushimaDaiichiIncidentDr.MatthiasBraun-01/06/2020-p.14,TheFukushimaDaiichiIncident2.Accidentprogression,ReactorIsolationpumpstops11.3.16:36inUnit1(Batteriesempty)14.3.13:25inUnit2(Pumpfailure)13.3.2:44inUnit3(Batteriesempty)DecayHeatproducesstillsteaminReactorpressureVesselPressurerisingOpeningthesteamrelievevalvesDischargeSteamintotheWet-WellDescendingoftheLiquidLevelintheReactorpressurevessel,TheFukushimaDaiichiIncidentDr.MatthiasBraun-01/06/2020-p.15,TheFukushimaDaiichiIncident2.Accidentprogression,ReactorIsolationpumpstops11.3.16:36inUnit1(Batteriesempty)14.3.13:25inUnit2(Pumpfailure)13.3.2:44inUnit3(Batteriesempty)DecayHeatproducesstillsteaminReactorpressureVesselPressurerisingOpeningthesteamrelievevalvesDischargeSteamintotheWet-WellDescendingoftheLiquidLevelintheReactorpressurevessel,TheFukushimaDaiichiIncidentDr.MatthiasBraun-01/06/2020-p.16,TheFukushimaDaiichiIncident2.Accidentprogression,ReactorIsolationpumpstops11.3.16:36inUnit1(Batteriesempty)14.3.13:25inUnit2(Pumpfailure)13.3.2:44inUnit3(Batteriesempty)DecayHeatproducesstillsteaminReactorpressureVesselPressurerisingOpeningthesteamrelievevalvesDischargeSteamintotheWet-WellDescendingoftheLiquidLevelintheReactorpressurevessel,TheFukushimaDaiichiIncidentDr.MatthiasBraun-01/06/2020-p.17,TheFukushimaDaiichiIncident2.Accidentprogression,Measured,andherereferencedLiquidlevelisthecollapsedlevel.Theactualliquidlevellieshigherduetothesteambubblesintheliquid50%ofthecoreexposedCladdingtemperaturesrise,butstillnosignificantcoredamage2/3ofthecoreexposedCladdingtemperatureexceeds900CBalooning/BreakingofthecladdingReleaseoffissionproductsformthefuelrodgaps,TheFukushimaDaiichiIncidentDr.MatthiasBraun-01/06/2020-p.18,TheFukushimaDaiichiIncident2.Accidentprogression,3/4ofthecoreexposedCladdingexceeds1200CZirconiuminthecladdingstartstoburnunderSteamatmosphereZr+2H20-ZrO2+2H2ExothermalreactionfurtherheatsthecoreGenerationofhydrogenUnit1:300-600kgUnit2/3:300-1000kgHydrogengetspushedviathewet-well,thewet-wellvacuumbreakersintothedry-well,TheFukushimaDaiichiIncidentDr.MatthiasBraun-01/06/2020-p.19,TheFukushimaDaiichiIncident2.Accidentprogression,at1800CUnit1,2,3MeltingoftheCladdingMeltingofthesteelstructuresat2500CBlock1,2Breakingofthefuelrodsdebrisbedinsidethecoreat2700CBlock1MeltingofUranium-ZirconiumeutecticsRestorationofthewatersupplystopsaccidentinall3UnitsUnit1:12.3.20:20(27hw.o.water)Unit2:14.3.20:33(7hw.o.water)Unit3:13.3.9:38(7hw.o.water),TheFukushimaDaiichiIncidentDr.MatthiasBraun-01/06/2020-p.20,TheFukushimaDaiichiIncident2.Accidentprogression,ReleaseoffissionproductsduringmeltdownXenon,Cesium,Iodine,Uranium/PlutoniumremainincoreFissionproductscondensatetoairborneAerosolsDischargethroughvalvesintowaterofthecondensationchamberPoolscrubbingbindsafractionofAerosolsinthewaterXenonandremainingaerosolsentertheDry-WellDepositionofaerosolsonsurfacesfurtherdecontaminatesair,TheFukushimaDaiichiIncidentDr.MatthiasBraun-01/06/2020-p.21,TheFukushimaDaiichiIncident2.Accidentprogression,ContainmentLastbarrierbetweenFissionProductsandEnvironmentWallthickness3cmDesignPressure4-5barActualpressureupto8barsNormalinertgasfilling(Nitrogen)HydrogenfromcoreoxidationBoilingcondensationchamber(likeapressurecooker)DepressurizationofthecontainmentUnit1:12.3.4:00Unit2:13.300:00Unit3:1,TheFukushimaDaiichiIncidentDr.MatthiasBraun-01/06/2020-p.22,TheFukushimaDaiichiIncident2.Accidentprogression,PositiveundnegativeAspectsofdepressurizingthecontainmentRemovesEnergyfromtheReactorbuilding(onlywayleft)Reducingthepressureto4barReleaseofsmallamountsofAerosols(Iodine,Cesium0.1%)ReleaseofallnoblegasesReleaseofHydrogenGasisreleasedintothereactorservicefloorHydrogenisflammable,TheFukushimaDaiichiIncidentDr.MatthiasBraun-01/06/2020-p.23,TheFukushimaDaiichiIncident2.Accidentprogression,Unit1und3HydrogenburninsidethereactorservicefloorDestructionofthesteel-frameroofReinforcedconcretereactorbuildingseemsundamagedSpectacularbutminorsafetyrelevant,TheFukushimaDaiichiIncidentDr.MatthiasBraun-01/06/2020-p.24,TheFukushimaDaiichiIncident2.Accidentprogression,Unit2HydrogenburninsidethereactorbuildingProbablydamagetothecondensationchamber(highlycontaminatedwater)UncontrolledreleaseofgasfromthecontainmentReleaseoffissionproductsTemporalevacuationoftheplantHighlocaldoseratesontheplantsiteduetowreckagehinderfurtherrecoveryworkNoclearinformationswhyUnit2behaveddifferently,TheFukushimaDaiichiIncidentDr.MatthiasBraun-01/06/2020-p.25,TheFukushimaDaiichiIncident2.Accidentprogression,CurrentstatusoftheReactorsCoreDamageinUnit1,2,3BuildingdamageduetovariousburnsUnit1-4ReactorpressurevesselsfloodedinallUnitswithmobilepumpsAtleastcontainmentinUnit1floodedFurthercoolingoftheReactorsbyreleasingsteamtotheatmosphereOnlysmallfurtherreleasesoffissionproductscanbeexpected,TheFukushimaDaiichiIncidentDr.MatthiasBraun-01/06/2020-p.26,TheFukushimaDaiichiIncident3.Radiologicalreleases,DirectlyontheplantsiteBeforeExplosioninUnitBlock2Below2mSv/hMainlyduetoreleasedradioactivenoblegasesMeasuringpostsonwestside.MaybetoosmallvaluesmeasuredduetowindAfterExplosioninUnit2(DamageoftheContainment)Temporalpeakvalues12mSv/h(Originnotentirelyclear)Localpeakvaluesonsiteupto400mSv/h(wreckage/fragments?)Currentlystabledoseonsiteat5mSv/hInsidethebuildingsalotmoreLimitingtimeofexposureoftheworkersnecessary,TheFukushimaDaiichiIncidentDr.MatthiasBraun-01/06/2020-p.27,TheFukushimaDaiichiIncident3.Radiologicalreleases,TheFukushimaDaiichiIncidentDr.MatthiasBraun-01/06/2020-p.28,TheFukushimaDaiichiIncident3.Radiologicalreleases,OutsidethePlantsiteAsreactorbuildingmostlyintact=reducedreleaseofAerosols(notChernobyl-like)Fissionproductreleaseinsteam=fastAerosolgrows,largefractionfallsdownintheproximityoftheplantMaincontributiontotheradioactivedoseoutsideplantaretheradioactivenoblegasesCarried/distributedbythewind,decreasingdosewithtimeNoFall-out“ofthenoblegases,sonolocalhighcontaminationofsoil20kmaroundtheplantEvacuationswereadequateMeasureddoseupto0.3mSv/hforshorttimesMaybedestructionofcrops/dairyproductsthisyearProbablynopermanentevacuationoflandnecessary,TheFukushimaDaiichiIncidentDr.MatthiasBraun-01/06/2020-p.29,TheFukushimaDaiichiIncident3.Radiologicalreleases,GRS.de,50kmaroundtheplantControlofCrop/DairyproductsUsageofIodinepills(Caution,pillscaninterferewithheartmedicine),TheFukushimaDaiichiIncidentDr.MatthiasBraun-01/06/2020-p.30,TheFukushimaDaiichiIncident4.Spendfuelpools,SpendfuelstoredinPoolonReactorservicefloorDuetomaintenanceinUnit4entirecorestoredinFuelpoolDry-outofthepoolsUnit4:in10daysUnit1-3,5,6infewweeksLeakageofthepoolsduetoEarthquake?ConsequencesCoremeltonfreshair“NearlynoretentionoffissionproductsLargerelease,TheFukushimaDaiichiIncidentDr.MatthiasBraun-01/06/2020-p.31,TheFukushimaDaiichiIncident4.Spendfuelpools,SpendfuelstoredinPoo