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3D cad已成为一个必须 从二维到三维CAD虽然经过了一段漫长的时间,但回馈告诉我们是值得的. 劳伦斯.哈福特 副主编 机械工程学院机制0301 3030301002 瞿筱烨从二维CAD到三维CAD的过渡，不仅仅是一个软件的升级。它需要用户将有各种的二维图起草到3D环境来建模。三维CAD不光是电脑绘图，而是通过产品产生的广泛的信息来制作模型。3D CAD供应商的利益清单和专家认为何时促进转移到三维CAD是几乎完全集中在产品设计和开发领域， 减少机械师被告知零件无法设计的风险。三维CAD是一个在车间中的强有力的工具,因为它本身就是一个工程办公室。 多少次机械师(或者数控程序员)看着从客户那得来的二维绘图发现一个或更多的关键加工测量数据都不见了？或许设计者自己也不知道哪些是需要具体测量标注的，又或许他们根本忘了注意这些, 所以工程师必须停止工作并联络客户，为了这些必要的数据。曾多少次的机械师被要求修改2D绘图，并没能够看到或没被通报，修改后会对这部分其他领域或其他相关零件产生影响。3D建模的能力在于它的联想力。当改变一个部分的某个视图时,这部分的其他视图面也会立即作出相应的适当的改变。 如果客户提供给机械师的是三维模型,不管通常提供什么图，然后工程师便可以得到所需的模型测量数据。 如果有一个调整的模式,工程师可以知道一切修改的影响。工程师并不必成为一个三维造型大师, 因为相较创造的模型，浏览和检查三维模型还是比较容易的。 在一个机械修理商店中最赚钱的软件是CAM软件包。商店使用将客户的设计融入可执行G&M用于运作他们的数控机床。CAM软件包是以3D为根据, 因此，从CAD三维模型到CAM要比从2D绘图开始要有效的多。 软件商承认这个利益可能是一大卖点,所以他们都朝着, 或已取得,从利用三维功能设计一部分平稳过渡到使用CAM功能完成。CAM供应商,例如EdgeCAM,Esprit,FeatureCAM,GibbsCAM,MasterCAM,SmartCAM,SolidCAM,现在所提供的最常用的两种自成一体紧密结合的3DCAD产品:Autodesk技术发明者和SolidWorks。 而其它软件，如Catia,Cimatron,Delcam Power X,Pro/Engineer,Unigraphics和VX在提供完全集成的3DCAD/CAM功能软件包上已经走在前端了。 两者兼容并完全集成软件包提供机械制造厂至少有两个优势: 缩短从顾客要求到切割材料的时间和减少可能造成过度的废铁,返工和客户不满的失误。 削减时间和加工费用证明工作中不使用三维的公司可能会输掉它们的市场竞争能力。不止一间公司承认,如果他们不能成功过渡到三维造型，那么他们的业务将只能维持五年或更少。然而为什么不是所有的公司由原来的2D绘图工作转移成3D建模?答案是这种转移并不容易。 许多成功转移的公司发现最好的办法,就是要培养他们的工人仅利用三维开始工作，不要花时间将任何现有的二维转化成三维，除非有令人信服和必要的需求。如果你做到以下几点，便能增加顺利及及时地完成的机会:让高层管理人员至少有一个概念性的了解3D建模是怎么一回事, 如何运作,以及为什么公司应加以利用。 让所有员工使用或对新软件完全了解。问问他们的想法。会议应包括经理和雇员。考虑设备需求,和可能使用的一些新的输入装置来提高劳动生产率。分别考虑个人或团队的好处,致力确保实施的顺利进行。在你开始执行前创造一个全面的检查,软件厂商可以在这里帮助你，可以 把你和他们的一些成功实现了的客户联系起来。毫不犹豫地从其他人的错误中学习，得到启发。 创建一个时间表,重点在于尽可能落实和坚持下去。创建标准和最初程序 ,当需要修改时，保持足够的灵活性。 保留所有最新的印刷和电子文件。 逻辑执行模块和循序渐进的方式,让所有的用户能理解和吸收整个软件包。几家成功地从二维转到三维公司表示,虽然采取了一个月左右的时间来让员工学习使用软件中一些基本的知识，但是要想充分熟悉新软件，平均来说,大约要一年。 大部分机械制造厂知道选择一个3D CAD或完全集成的3D CAD/CAM包等于给他们带来顾客。很多的CAM软件包声称完全符合所有一般三维模型格式, 但最近的调查说,严重的抵触依然存在,可能会迫使完全重建模型的CAM 包。投资者在买进软件包时，必需要软件商演示典型客户资料,看看如何定位这样那样的事实。 而即使知道最新修订的软件包所带来的模式经常与相同软件包的早期版本不兼容。这就引起每个软件包的有多个版本。 尽管软件厂商声称,3D建模远非如此简单或容易。然而, 公司利用三维模型将更加有利可图,且比仍在用2D的公司更加有竞争性。S O F T W A R ETHE TRANSITION FROM 2D CAD TO 3D CADis not just another software upgrade. It requiresthe user to move from the world of 2D drafting tothe world of 3D modeling.More than making 3D drawings, 3D CAD is about mak-ing models from which a wide range of information productscan be generated. The laundry list of benefits 3D CAD ven-dors and experts talk about when promoting the migrationto 3D CAD is almost exclusively focused on product designand development areas where machinists rarely get to ven-ture other than to inform engineers that their part cannot bemade as designed. But 3D CAD is just as powerful a tool onthe shop floor as it is in the engineering office.How many times has a machinist (or CNC programmer)looked at a 2D drawing from a customer and found that oneor more critical machining measurements are missing? Thedesigner either didnt know those specific measurementswere needed, or the designer simply forgot to note them, so26I AMERICAN MACHINIST I APRIL 2007 I 3DCADhas become a“must have”Migrating from 2D to 3D CAD takes time but the payback is worth it.B Y L A W R E N C E H A F T L I ASSOCIATE EDITOR3D CAD models provide a wide array of information about a product. I APRIL 2007 I AMERICAN MACHINIST I 27the machinist has to stop working and contact the customerfor those necessary dimensions. Or how many times has themachinist been given a 2D drawing with a revision on it andnot been able to see or was not informed about theimpact that the revision would have on other areas of thatpart or on other related parts? Much of the power of 3Dmodeling lies in its associative ability. Change one dimen-sion on one part, and everything related to that dimensiongets changed immediately and appropriately.If the customer supplies the ma-chinist with a 3D model instead of,or in addition to, whatever otherdrawings they normally supply, thenthe machinist can get the requiredmeasurements right from the model.If there is a revised model, the ma-chinist can see everything impactedby that revision. The machinist doesnot have to be a 3D CAD modelingguru to do this, because it is easier toview and interrogate a 3D modelthan it is to create the model. The moneymaking software in amachine shop is the CAM package(s)the shop uses to convert customer de-signs into the executable g- and m-codes that are used to run their CNCmachines. CAM packages are inher-ently 3D based, so it is more efficientto go from a 3D CAD model to CAMthan it is to start with a 2D drawing.Software vendors recognize this bene-fit can be a major selling point and sothey are all working toward, or haveachieved, a smooth transition fromdesigning a part using 3D CAD func-tions to making the part using theCAM functions. CAM vendors suchas EdgeCAM, Esprit, FeatureCAM,GibbsCAM, MasterCAM, Smart-CAM and SolidCAM now offer closeintegration to the two most popularstand-alone 3D CAD products: Au-todesks Inventor, and SolidWorks.Other software packages such asCatia, Cimatron, Delcam PowerX,Pro/Engineer, Unigraphics and VXgo one step further by offering fullyintegrated 3D CAD/CAM function-ality in a single package.Both compatible and fully-inte-grated packages provide machineshops with at least two competitiveadvantages: reduced time to go fromcustomer order to cutting metal; andreduced miscommunication thatmight otherwise result in excessivescrap, rework and customer dissatis-faction. The reductions in time andmachining costs are proving so sig-w w w . a m i n f o . b i z / 0 4 7 . a dnificant that machine shops not working in 3D may losetheir ability to compete in the marketplace altogether. Morethan one company has admitted to realizing they would beout of business within five years or less if they did not makethe transition to 3D modeling.Why havent all companies switched from working with2D drawings to working with 3D models? The migration isnot easy. Many companies that successfully migrated foundthat the best approach is to train their people to start working28I AMERICAN MACHINIST I APRIL 2007 I S O F T W A R Esolely in 3D, and dont spend time con-verting any of the existing 2D work to3D unless there is a compelling and im-mediate demand. The chances of asmooth and timely implementation areincreased if you do the following: Provide top management with atleast a conceptual understanding ofwhat 3D modeling is all about, how itworks and why the company shouldbe using it. Keep all employees that will useor be affected by the new softwarefully informed. Ask for their input.Meetings should include managersand employees. When looking at equipmentneeds, also look at possibly usingsome of the new input devices for ad-ditional productivity gains. Consider the possible benefit ofhaving a single person or team dedi-cated to ensuring the implementationgoes smoothly. Create a comprehensive checklistbefore you start the implementation.Your software vendor can help here andshould be able to connect you to some oftheir other customers who have had suc-cessful implementations. Dont hesitateto learn from the mistakes of others. Create a schedule of key targets inthe implementation and stick to it asclosely as possible. Create standards and proceduresinitially, but remain flexible enough tomodify them as needs arise. Keep all documentation printed and electronic up-to-date. Implement modules in a logicaland progressive way so that all of theusers can understand and internalizethe whole package. Several companiesthat succeeded in going from 2D to 3Dsaid that while the basics of the soft-ware took a month or so for employeesto learn to use, full familiarity andcomfort with the new software tookemployees, on average, about a year. Hold ongoing reviews to identifyopportunities as well as problems.Most machine shops know that se-lecting a 3D CAD or fully integrated3D CAD/CAM package is up to theircustomers. Many of the CAM pack-ages claim complete compatib