气候变化与清洁发展机制.ppt

气候变化与清洁发展机制IntroductiontoClimateChangeandtheCleanDevelopmentMechanism,中国CDM能力建设项目培训讲义TrainingMaterialBuildingCapacityfortheCDMinChina,气候系统:Theclimatesystem,大气圈、水圈、生物圈和地圈的整体及其相互作用。Thetotalityoftheatmosphere,hydrosphere,biosphereandgeosphereandtheirinteraction.,温室气体效应：GreenhouseGasEffect,气候变化：Climatechange,指除在类似时期内所观测的气候的自然变迁之外，由于直接或间接的人类活动改变了地球大气的组成而造成的气候变化。Achangeofclimatewhichisattributeddirectlyorindirectlytohumanactivitythataltersthecompositionoftheglobalatmosphereandwhichisinadditiontonaturalclimatevariabilityobservedovercomparabletimeperiods.,全球气候变化：ChangeofGlobalTemperature,根据新的证据以及考虑到不确定因素的情况下，在过去50年所观察到的全球变暖是由于温室气体浓度的增加而导致Inthelightofnewevidenceandtakingintoaccounttheremaininguncertainties,mostoftheobservedwarmingoverthelast50yearsislikelytohavebeenduetotheincreaseingreenhousegasconcentrationsSource:IPCCThirdAssessmentReport2001,气候变化的影响：ClimateChangeImpacts,公约目标：UNFCCCobjectives,将大气中温室气体的浓度稳定在防止气候系统受到危险的人为干扰的水平上。这一水平应当在足以使生态系统能够自然地适应气候变化，确保粮食生产免受到威胁，并使经济发展能够可持续地进行之时间范围内实现。Stabilizationofgreenhousegasconcentrationsintheatmosphereatalevelthatwouldpreventdangerousanthropogenicinterferencewiththeclimatesystem.Suchalevelshouldbeachievedwithinatime-framesufficienttoallowecosystemstoadaptnaturallytoclimatechange,toensurethatfoodproductionisnotthreatenedandtoenableeconomicdevelopmenttoproceedinasustainablemanner.ARTICLE2,京都议定书：TheKyotoProtocol,附件一缔约方应该个别地或共同地确保附件A所列二氧化碳、甲烷等六种受控的温室气体排放总量，在2008年至2012年的承诺期内比1990年水平至少减少5.2，ThePartiesincludedinAnnexIshall,individuallyorjointly,ensurethattheiraggregateanthropogeniccarbondioxideequivalentemissionsofthegreenhousegaseslistedinAnnexAreducetheiroverallemissionsbyatleast5percentbelow1990levelsinthecommitmentperiod2008to2012.Article3到2005年12月31日前，附件一缔约方应在履行这些承诺方面做出可予证实的进展EachPartyincludedinAnnexIshall,by2005,havemadedemonstrableprogressinachievingitscommitmentsunderthisProtocol.,附件一国家：AnnexIcountries,对工业国家要求：TherequirementsforAnnexIcountries,为发展中国家缔约方提供新的和额外的资金ProvidenewandadditionalfinancialresourcestomeettheagreedfullcostsincurredtodevelopingcountryPartiesincomplyingwiththeirobligations帮助特别易受气候变化不利影响的发展中国家缔约方AssistthedevelopingcountryPartiesthatareparticularlyvulnerabletotheadverseeffectsofclimatechange应采取一切实际可行的步骤，酌情促进、帮助和资助向其他缔约方特别是发展中国家缔约方转让或使他们有机会得到环境友好技术和专有技术Takeallpracticablestepstopromote,facilitateandfinance,asappropriate,thetransferof,oraccessto,environmentallysoundtechnologiesandknow-howtootherParties,particularlydevelopingcountryParties,京都议定书附录B：AnnexBoftheKyotoProtocol,欧盟气泡,减排指标：Reductionobjectives,1990,2000,2010,2020,2,4,6,GtC,-5%,Kyoto-Protocol,Source:ABBCorporateResearch,控制温室气体种类：KyotoProtocolGreenhouseGases,二氧化碳Carbondioxide(CO2)甲烷Methane(CH4)氧化亚氮Nitrousoxide(N2O)氢氟碳化物Hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs)氟化碳Perfluorocarbons(PFCs)六氟化硫Sulphurhexafluoride(SF6),为实现长期可测量符合成本效益原则的减排目标，京都议定书提出三种机制TheKPidentifiesthreemechanismstosupplementnationalactionstoachievereal,long-term,measurableandcost-effectiveGHGreductions:,三机制：Threemechanisms,CleanDevelopmentMechanism清洁发展机制（CDM）JointImplementation联合履行（JI）EmissionsTrading(ET)排放贸易（ET）,AnnexI/B,清洁发展机制（CDM）：CleanDevelopmentMechanism,AnnexI/B,Developingcountries,发起国Sponsor,东道国Host,获得经核证的减排CertifiedEmissionReductions,发展中国家,CDM目的：CDMPurpose,并协助附件一所列缔约方遵守其依第三条规定的排放量限制和削减承诺。-toassistPartiesincludedinAnnexIinachievingcompliancewiththeirquantifiedemissionlimitationandreductioncommitments协助未列入附件一的缔约方实现可持续发展并增进公约的最终目标，-toassistPartiesnotincludedinAnnexIinachievingsustainabledevelopmentandincontributingtotheultimateobjectiveoftheConventionArticleofKP12,清洁发展机制的管理：ManagementofCDM,清洁发展机制由作为本议定书缔约方会议的公约缔约方会议授权和指导，并由清洁发展机制的执行理事会监督。ThecleandevelopmentmechanismshallbesubjecttotheauthorityandguidanceoftheConferenceofthePartiesservingasthemeetingofthePartiestothisProtocolandbesupervisedbyanexecutiveboardofthecleandevelopmentmechanism.缔约方会议（COP）是联合国气候框架公约的最高机构，每年召开一次会议评审公约的进程。ConferenceoftheParties(COP)TheCOPisthesupremebodyoftheConvention.ItcurrentlymeetsonceayeartoreviewtheConventionsprogress.作为京都议定书缔约方会议的公约缔约方会议(议定书/公约缔约方会议)（COP/MOP）是京都条约最高机构，MeetingoftheParties(MOP)TheKyotoProtocolssupremebodywillbetheMOP,whichwillserveastheProtocolsmeetingoftheParties.,CDM管理架构：CDMBodies,作为京都议定书缔约方会议的公约缔约方会议(议定书/公约缔约方会议)ConferenceofPartiestotheUNFCCCMeetingofthePartiestotheKyotoProtocol(COP/MOP),CDM执行理事会CDMExecutiveBoard(CDM-EB),认可专家组AccreditationPanel,林业工作组AfforestationandReforestationWorkingGroup/Panel,方法学专家组MethodologyPanel,小项目专家组SmallscaleCDMPanel,执行理事会组成：ExecutiveBoard,执行理事会（EB）是在COP/MOP领导下的负责CDM活动机构ExecutiveBoard(EB)TheExecutiveBoardoperatesundertheauthorityoftheParties.执行理事会由十个专家构成，其中五个专家分别代表五个联合国官方区域(非洲、亚洲、拉丁美洲、加勒比海地区、中东欧、OECD国家)，一个专家来自小岛国组织，两个专家来自附件国家，两个专家来自非附件国家。TheExecutiveBoardconsistsof10members,includingonerepresentativefromeachofthefiveofficialUNregions(Africa,Asia,LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean,CentralEasternEurope,andOECD),onefromthesmallislanddevelopingstates,andtwoeachfromAnnexIandnon-AnnexIParties.,TheCDM-EB2004,执行理事会工作：EBtasks,批准建议的基准和监测方法Approvalofproposedbaselineandmonitoringmethodologies执行理事会（EB）负责认证经营实体（DOE）Accreditationofdesignatedoperationalentities执行理事会（EB）负责建立、维护并管理清洁发展机制项目的注册登记（CDMregistry），签发经核证减排证明（CERs）TheCDM-EBisresponsibleforthemaintenanceofaCDMregistry,whichwillissuenewCERs,经营实体的工作：taskofDOE,审定CDM项目ValidationofCDMprojects申请项目的登记Presentationofprojectsforregistration核查监测报告Verificationofmonitoringreports推荐签发CERsRecommendationforCERissuance.,目前共有4个指定经营实体(DOEs)，20个申请实体(AEs)Atpresent4DOEs,approximately20ApplicantEntities.,CDM参与条件：Participationrequirements,所有的缔约方都应满足三个基本要求：AllPartiesmustmeetthreebasicrequirements:自愿参与CDM项目活动i)voluntaryparticipation,建立一个CDM项目活动的管理机构ii)establishmentoftheNationalCDMAuthority,已经批准京都条约iii)ratificationoftheKyotoProtocol.,项目合格标准：ProjectEligibility,京都议定书第12条规定温室气体的减排应是在没有经证明的项目活动的情况下产生任何减少排放而言是额外的，与减缓气候变化有关的真实的、可测量的和长期的效益Article12oftheProtocolstatesthatprojectsmustresultin“reductionsinemissionsthatareadditionaltoanythatwouldoccurintheabsenceoftheprojectactivity”.TheCDMprojectmustleadtoreal,measurable,andlong-termbenefitsrelatedtothemitigationofclimatechange.Kyotoarticle12温室气体的排放应小于可信和可能的基准排放是否是真实的RealifactualGHGemissionsarelessthantheemissionsinacredibleandprobablebaselinescenario测定确定项目排放水平与基准排放水平方法的可行性应是在合理的范围内MeasurableiftheactuallevelofGHGemissionsoftheprojectcaseandthelevelofGHGemissioninthebaselinescenariocanbeestablishedwithareasonabledegreeofcertainty项目对温室气体的减排的收益应是长期的AvoidingGHGemissionsisperdefinitionalong-termbenefit,可持续发展标准：Sustainabledevelopmentcriteria,京都条约中规定清洁发展机制的目的是协助未列入附件一的缔约方实现可持续发展，可持续发展指标主要包括：TheprotocolspecifiesthatthepurposeoftheCDMistoassistnon-AnnexIPartiesinachievingsustainabledevelopment.社会指标：项目可以提高生活质量、减少贫困、增进公平等SocialcriteriaTheprojectimprovesthequalityoflife,alleviatespoverty,andimprovesequity.经济指标：项目可以为地方实体提供经济来源，对收支平衡及新技术转移起到积极作用EconomiccriteriaTheprojectprovidesfinancialreturnstolocalentities,resultsinapositiveimpactonbalanceofpayments,andtransfersnewtechnology.环境指标：项目通过减少对石化燃料的使用导致温室气体的减排，可以降低对地方环境的压力，提供健康的生活环境等，实现能源环境政策EnvironmentalcriteriaTheprojectreducesgreenhousegasemissionsandtheuseoffossilfuels,conserveslocalresources,reducespressureonthelocalenvironments,provideshealthandotherenvironmentalbenefits,andmeetsenergyandenvironmentalpolicies.,AnnexI/B,联合履行（JI）:JointImplementation,AnnexI/B,EconomiesinTransition,减排单位EmissionReductionUnits,发起国Sponsor,东道国Host,1990,2000,2010,2020,80,100,120,Index,排放贸易（ET）：InternationalEmissionTrading,市场信用MARKETFORCREDITS,todaysemission目前排放水平,京都机制总结：SummaryKP“Flexible”Mechanisms,清洁发展机制：CleanDevelopmentMechanism输出：经核证的减排(CERs)Output:CertifiedEmissionReductions(CERs)在附件一和非附件一国家之间，开始时间为2000年BetweenAnnexIandnon-AnnexIcountries,startedyear2000联合履行：JointImplementation输出：减排单位(ERU)Output:EmissionReductionUnits(ERU)在附件一国家之间，开始时间为2008年BetweenAnnexIcountries,startsfrom2008排放国际贸易：InternationalEmissionsTrading输出：分配的数量单位(AAU)Output:AssignedAmountUnits(AAU)在附件一国家之间，开始时间为2008年BetweenAnnexIParties,startsfrom2008,马拉喀什协定：Marrakechaccords17/CP.7,京都议定书第十二条确定的清洁发展机制的模式和程序Decision17/CP.7ModalitiesandproceduresforacleandevelopmentmechanismasdefinedinArticle12oftheKyotoProto