英语论文写作——如何引用

Aboutquotationinthethesis,Whenwewriteanacademicpaper,wealmostalwaysneedtoborrowideas,statistics,andpreviousresearchfindingstostrengthenourownideas,toexplainourownarguments,andtosupportourownevidence.Suchpracticenotonlyfitsourresearchintothelargerpictureofaparticularfieldofresearch,butalsolendsabasisandpersuasivenesstoourarguments.,DirectquotationParaphrasingSummarizing,Generallyspeaking,therearethreelegalwaysofusingoutsidesourcesandinformation:,Eachofthesethreewaysisusedextensivelyinacademicresearch.Asamatteroffact,academicresearchrequiresthecombineduseofthesethreemethods.Ifaresearchpaperiswrittenwithoutusinganyoutsideideasorinformation,thatpapermightbeconsideredasdeficientinacademicvalue.,DirectQuotation:,Adirectquotationisexactlythesameastheoriginalandmustbeputinquotationmarks.Everythingwithinthequotationmarks,thatistosay,notonlythewordsbutalsothespelling,capitalizationandinteriorpunctuation,shouldbeexactlythesameastheoriginal.,Whentousedirectquotations,Whentheoriginalwordingexpressestheideasopreciselyandsuccinctlythatwecannotimproveonit;Whenthedirectquotationcomesfromanauthorityinaparticularfieldandthereforestrengthensourpointofview;,Whenweneedtoborrowaspecialtermorexpressionthatisaparticularwritersinventionandcarriesspecialmeaning;Whenweneedtheoriginalwordingforthepurposeoffurtherdiscussion.,Howtousedirectquotation,1.Whenwedoquote,weshouldmakeeveryefforttoworkthedirectquotationintoourownstatementsothatitmaybecomepartofanorganicwhole.2.Useacolonifourdirectquotationisintroducedbyacompletesentence:,Sample1,SinclairLewis,thefirstAmericanNobelPrizewinnerforliteraturein1930,believedthatDreiserbetterdeservedtheprize:“Dreisermorethananyotherman,marchingalone,usuallyunappreciated,oftenhated,hasclearedthetrailfromVictorianandHowellsiantimidityandgentilityintheAmericanfictiontohonesty,boldnessandpassionoflife.”,3.Treatthedirectquotationaspartofthesentenceandpunctuateaccordinglyifitisnotintroducedbyacompletesentence:,Sample2,ToSinclairLewis,“Dreisermorethananyotherman,marchingalone,usuallyunappreciated,oftenhated,hasclearedthetrailfromVictorianandHowellsiantimidityandgentilityintheAmericanfictiontohonesty,boldnessandpassionoflife.”,1.Keepthequotationasbriefaspossible;2.Beaccurate.Whatappearsbetweenquotationmarksshouldbeexactlythesameastheoriginal.Noword,punctuation,orevenspellingshouldbecharged;3.Alwaysindicatethesourceofthequotation;,Weshouldobservethefollowingruleswhenusingdirectquotation:,4.Whenthequotationislessthanthreelines,incorporateitintheflowoftheparagraphwithapairofquotationmarks.Whenthequotationislongerthanthreelines,useaseparateandindentedparagraph,withoutquotationmarks,toindicatethequotation;,5.Whenonlypartsofalongsentenceorpassagearequoted,theomittedwordsmaybeindicatedthreedots.However,thepartsthatdoappearasaquotationstillhavetobeaccurate;,Sample2,ToSinclairLewis,“Dreisermorethananyotherman,marchingalone,usuallyunappreciated,oftenhated,hasclearedthetrailfromVictorianandHowellsiantimidityandgentilityintheAmericanfictiontohonesty,boldnessandpassionoflife.”,6.Thevolumeofdirectquotationsinanypieceofacademicwritingshouldbekeptwithin1020ofthetotalpaperlength.Toomuchquotedmaterialmayspoiltheoriginalityorstyleoftheacademicpaper.,Thefollowingexpressionsareoftenusedtoindicatethesourceofadirectquotation.Itisoftenadvisabletoincludewhenandwherethepersonsaidso.,AsXsaidAsXreportedAsXstatedAsXwroteAsXmentionedAsXmaintainedAsXinsistedAsXdeclaredXsaidXfurtherstatedXlaterinsistedXcontinuedXfirmlybelieved,2.paraphrasing,解释性说明,I.Thedefinitionofparaphrasing,Paraphrasingmeanstorestatetheideaofasentenceorpassageinashorterorsimplerform.,Academicwritersemployparaphrasingtoborrowideasandpreviousresearchfindingsinthefieldofstudy.,II.Theflexibilityexistsinatleastthreedifferentways:,1.Flexibilityinelaboratingtheoriginalideaifnecessaryforbetterandclearerunderstanding;2.Flexibilityinemphasisingdifferentaspectsoftheoriginalmaterialtosuitaparticularpurpose.3.Flexibilityinmodifyingthetoneandstyleoftheoriginalsourceforabetterfitintothecontextofthewriting.,example1：原文：Universityregistrationprocedures-onceanightmareoflists,lines,andpaperstrips-havebeenstreamlinedbyusingcomputers.译文：Computershavelessenedthepainsoftheprocessofuniversityregistration:itinvolvesfewerlists,lesswaiting,andmoreefficiency.,example2:原文：Poetry-theheightofalanguagesexpression-isperhapsthehardestaspectofthelanguageforthesecond-languagelearnertoconquer.译文：Themostdifficultpartofalanguageforanon-nativespeakerispoetry,themostprofoundandsubtleformofexpression.,example3:原文：Afamilyoflion,oftenconsistingofamale,twoorthreelionesses,theiroffspring,andperhapsayearlingortwo,iscalledapride.译文：Aprideisalionfamily,themembersofwhichareonemale,twoorthreefemales,theirbabies,andoneortwootheryounglionsaroundone-yearold.,III.Guidelinesforparaphrasing,1.Rule1Alwaysgivecredittothesourceofideaormaterialbeingparaphrased.Failingtodosoisregardedasdishonesty.,1)Inanarticle/astudybyX,.2)AsXpointsout,.3)Xstates.4)AstudybyXindicatesthat.5)Xhasdrawnattentiontothefactthat.6)ResearchbyXsuggeststhat.7)Xfound/discoveredthat.8)Xclaimsthat.9)Xarguesthat.,Thefollowingexpressionsandstructuresmaybeusedtointroduceaparaphrase:,后面的引文要加.吗？,2.Rule2Alwaysrestatetheideaindifferentvocabularyandsentencestructure.Amerechangeofafewwordswithoutchangingthestructuremayberegardedasplagiarismindisguise.,However,changingthevocabularydoesnotmeanthateverywordintheoriginalsentenceneedschanging.Ordinarywordsandspecialtechnicaltermsdonotrequireachange.,Only“characterwords”,thatshowastrongpersonalpreferenceandthereforearelikeawriterssignature,needchanging.There“characterwords”aremostlysubstancewordsnouns,verbs,specialadjectives,andunusualadverbs.Theymayalsobetermsorjargonthathavebeengivensomespecialmeaningbytheoriginalwriter.,Onewordineachofthefollowinggroupsofwordsismoreunuaualandhasthecapabilityofbecomingacharacterword.Pleaseidentifytheword.1.one,tick,was,and,man2.beautiful,cumbersome,interesting,important3.walk,run,amble,move4.late,delayed,tardy5.rule,maxim,law,onetaskofparaphrasingistoreplacethecharacterwordswithother,perhapsmoreordinarywordsandexpressions.,Mainlytwostepsareusedtoachievethispurpose:1.Identifyingthecharacterwordsandfindingappropriatesubstitutes(synonym)2.Understandingtheoriginalsentenceandrewritingitinanewframework,怎样做？,“Attitudesareselectivelyacquiredandintegratedthroughlearningandexperience”.(JohnD.Faust),译文：1.JohnD.Faustexpressestheviewthatthroughlearningandexperience,feelingsandattitudesarecarefullychosenandabsorbed.2.AsJohnD.Faustpointsout,individualschangetheirattitudesbecauseofthingstheylearnandthethingstheyexperience.,exercise：,Summarizing,Intermsoffrequencyofusewhencomparingdirectquotation,paraphrasing,andsummarizing,summarizingisprobablythemostcommonwayofthinking,writing,andorganizingidea.,Ifdirectquotationismostlyusedinbothfictionandnon-fiction,andifparaphrasingismostlyusedinbothlanguageteachingandacademicwriting,Summarizingisusedinalmosteveryaspectofhumanthinkingandcommunication.Wheneverwerecountastory,anideaoraneventintheformofmainideas,wearesummarizing.,Summarizingassumesvariousformsdependingonsuchfactorsaswhatandwhyyouaresummarizing.Asummaryofastorywillcontainsboththeeventsandthemotivesnotnecessarilyinchronologicalorder;,Asummaryofaprocesswillinvolveallthemainstages;Asummaryofaneventwillusuallylistthesubsectionsoftheeventinchronologicalorder;Asummaryofnewsarticlewillcontainanswerstothequestions“who,”:what,”“where,”“when,”“why,”and“how.”,Inacademicwriting,ourpresentconcern,summarizingisanimportantformofborrowingfromoutsidesourceswithoutplagiarizing.,Summarywritingforacademicpurposesusuallyfollowsthesesteps.,1.Readthesourcematerialcarefullyseveraltimestounderstandthecentralideaandthemainarguments,2.Writedownonaseparatepieceofpaperthecentralideaandthemainarguments.(andtheimportantsupportingideas,ifnecessary).Dependingonyourpurposes,minordetailsandminorexamplesmaybeomittedorincludedbetweenparentheses.3.Writethesummaryaccordingtotheskeletonwithoutreferringtothesourcematerial.,4.Checkthesummaryagainstthesourcematerialtoensurethatallthemainpointsareincludedforyourpurpose,removingatthesametimeanyunintendeddirectquotationorcharacterwords.Ifcertainkeywordsareneeded,usequotationmarkstoindicate.,Controlthelengthofthesummary.Althoughthelengthisflexibleaccordingtotheoccasion,asummaryisusuallylessthan200words.Forverylongsourcematerial(over10,000words,forexample),thesummarymaystillbeasshortasafewhundredwords.6.Mentionthesourceofthematerialinthetextofthesummary,ornoteitatendofthesummary,SalariesRiseinLinewithFeesByGeorgeWillEducationweeklyDecember15,2001Studentsareborr