高中英语阅读理解讲义.ppt

峨眉二中：马培勇,阅读理解专题讲解,-探究做题时的困惑,情况调查：1.做阅读理解时无法把握全文中心。2.材料能读懂，但是经常有两个选项不能区分排除。3.遇到生词多，就不想继续做题。心理感到烦躁。4.词义猜测题无从着手。5.不喜欢科普性较强的阅读材料。,根据考纲阅读理解对学生提出如下能力要求,一、题材分析能力二、题干分析能力三、猜词能力四、综合应用语言能力,1.把握主题中心。2.排除干扰选项。,专题：,主旨大意题的提问方式常见有以下几种：1）Thegeneral/mainideaofthepassageisabout_2）Thepassageismainlyabout_3）Whatisthemaintopicofthepassage？4）Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage？5）Theauthorsmainpurposeinwritingthepassageisto6）Thepassageismeantto.,第一、抓主题中心,1.寻找中心词。2.寻找主题句。3.综合归纳主题中心。,怎么把握全文的结构和作者的意图呢？,思路方法：,（一）寻找中心词。方法：出现频率最高的单词或者短语。,步骤：1.阅读全文，找出中心词。2.学会主动构架作者的思路。3.注重体会阅读材料的语言特色。,Whatisthepassagemainlyabout_?A.Itisabadthingforustobenear-sighted.B.WecantjudgethedistancewithonegoodeyeC.Wecanseeeverythingwithtwogoodeyes.D.Weshouldtakegoodcareofoureyesevenifwecanseewell.,Example:Whenweseewell,wedonotthinkaboutoureyesveryoften.Itisonlywhenwecannotseeperfectlythatwerealizehowimportantoureyesare.Peoplewhoarenear-sightedcanonlyseethingsthatareveryclosetotheireyes,Everythingelseseemsblurry(=unclear).Manypeoplewhodoalotofwork,suchaswriting,readingandsewingbecomenearsighted.ThenPeoplewhoarefar-sightedsufferfromjusttheoppositeproblem.Theycanseethingsthatarefaraway,buttheyhavedifficultyinreadingabookunlesstheyholditatarmslength.Iftheywanttodomuchreading,theymustgetglasses,too.,Otherpeopledonotseeclearlybecausetheireyesarenotexactlytherightshape.Theyhavewhatiscalledastigmatism(散光).This,too,canbecorrectedbyglasses.Somepeopleseyesbecomecloudybecauseofcataracts(白内障).Longagothesepeopleoftenbecameblind.Now,however,itispossibletooperateonthecataractsandremovethem.Havingtwogoodeyesisimportantforjudgingdistances.Eacheyeseesthingsfromaslightlydifferentangle(角度).Toprovethistoyourself,lookatanobjectoutofoneeye;thenlookatthesameobjectoutofyourothereye.Youwillfindtheobjectsrelationtothebackgroundandotherthingsaroundithaschanged.Thedifferencebetweenthesetwodifferenteyeviewshelpsustojudgehowfarawayanobjectis.Peoplewhohaveonlyoneeyecannotjudgedistanceaspeoplewithtwoeyes.,分析：Whenweseewell,wedonotthinkaboutoureyesveryoften.Itisonlywhenwecannotseeperfectlythatwerealizehowimportantoureyesare.Peoplewhoarenear-sightedcanonlyseethingsthatareveryclosetotheireyes,Everythingelseseemsblurry(=unclear).Manypeoplewhodoalotofwork,suchaswriting,readingandsewingbecomenearsighted.ThenPeoplewhoarefar-sightedsufferfromjusttheoppositeproblem.Theycanseethingsthatarefaraway,buttheyhavedifficultyinreadingabookunlesstheyholditatarmslength.Iftheywanttodomuchreading,theymustgetglasses,too.,Otherpeopledonotseeclearlybecausetheireyesarenotexactlytherightshape.Theyhavewhatiscalledastigmatism(散光).This,too,canbecorrectedbyglasses.Somepeopleseyesbecomecloudybecauseofcataracts(白内障).Longagothesepeopleoftenbecameblind.Now,however,itispossibletooperateonthecataractsandremovethem.Havingtwogoodeyesisimportantforjudgingdistances.Eacheyeseesthingsfromaslightlydifferentangle(角度).Toprovethistoyourself,lookatanobjectoutofoneeye;thenlookatthesameobjectoutofyourothereye.Youwillfindtheobjectsrelationtothebackgroundandotherthingsaroundithaschanged.Thedifferencebetweenthesetwodifferenteyeviewshelpsustojudgehowfarawayanobjectis.Peoplewhohaveonlyoneeyecannotjudgedistanceaspeoplewithtwoeyes.,Peoplenear-sighted,ThenPeoplefar-sighted,Otherpeoplenotexactlytherightshape,Peoplehaveonlyoneeye,注意体会：then,other四个people体现的并列关系。,important,像这类阅读材料一般的规律是:,（二）寻找主题句。,总,总,总,总,1.总分,2.分总,3.总分总,Whatsthemainideaofthepassage?A.Smokingcancausecancer.B.SmokingisaterriblekillerC.Smokingisharmfultoourhealth.D.Anexperimentonsmoking.,Smokingcigarettesisharmfultoyourhealth.Experimentsshowthatcigarettesmokingcancausecancer.Besidesthemostseriousandterribledisease(illness),cancer,cigarettesmokingcanalsocauseotherhealthproblems.Forexample,itcangiveonea“smokerscough”.Finally,studieshaveshownitiseasyforcigarettesmokerstocatchcolds.Whetheryougetanunimportantcoldorterriblekiller,cancer,smokingisharmful.Isitworthit?,Example：,（三）综合归纳主题中心,在材料中勾画所说的人物、事件、事情、行为动词、所举的例子等，归纳综合理解。,Themainideaofthisparagraphisthat_.A.Tom,whohadstudiedatParisUniversitiesforfouryears,movedtoanotheruniversity.B.TombecamealawyersincehisgraduationfromHarvardLawSchoolandlaterfromBostonCollege.C.TomwasanexcellentstudentwhenhestudiedatBerlinuniversity.D.Tomreceivedanexcellenteducation,TomstudiedfouryearsattheUniversityofParisanddecidedtoleavebeforehisgraduation.HetransferredtotheUniversityofBerlinandgraduatedwithhonors.HarvardLawSchooland,later,BostonCollegeprovidedhimwithanexcellentlegalbackground.HeispresentlyacorporationlawyerinMiami,Florida.,分析：Tom1.studiedattheUniversityofParis2.transferredtotheUniversityofBerlingraduatedwithhonors3.HarvardLawSchooland,later,BostonCollegeprovidedhimwithanexcellentlegalbackground,receivedanexcellenteducation,第二、排除干扰项,1.感觉文章信息杂乱，找不到原文。2.没有审清题干和选项的信息。3.所学的知识不知道怎么用。4.没有生单词，但是不能理解原句。5.主要是生单词太多。6.粗心。,成因分析：,思路方法：1.线索词（快速定位）2.审清题干3.综合应用知识原则：1.与原文不完全相同就是错误。2.原文没有提到的也是错误的。,读者,线索词,原文材料,图示：线索词好比是卫星,线索词,请同学们完成下面三篇阅读材料：A篇（线索词定位演练）B篇（语法知识的应用）C篇（文体分类和词义的理解）,42.Whatcanweinferfromthetext?A.Workingwomenusuallyhavebreakfastinahurry.B.Manypeoplehavewrongideasaboutbreakfast.C.Therearesomeeasywaysofcookingameal.D.Eatingvegetableshelpssaveenergy.,与say,think有关。,（线索词定位演练）,2009年全国II卷Iknowwhatyourethinking:pizza？Forbreakfast?Butthetruthisthatyoucanhavelastnightsleftoversinthemorningifyouwantto.Iknowlotsofwomenwhoskipbreakfast,andtheyhaveatonofdifferentexcusesfordoingit.Somesaytheydonthavetime,othersthinktheyre“saving”calories(热量单位,卡),stillothersjustdontlikebreakfastfood.ButthebottomlineisthateatinginthemorningisveryimportantwhenyouretryingtoloseweightAndevenpizzacanbehealthyifitsloadedwithvegetables,andyousticktoonesmallpiece.,A选项定位,B选项定位,D选项定位,Accordingtothepassage,thechildrensjury_.A.awardsabouttwentyprizesB.watchesmorethan100moviesbeforethefestivalC.announcestheawardsatthefestivalsawardceremonyD.ratesthefilmsbasedontheirownexperience,（语法知识的应用）,题干分析：thechildrensjury执行announce这个动作。,A“childrensjury”meetsinAugusttowatchmorethan100moviesthatwillappearinthefestival.Theyratethefilmsbasedonplot,character,setting,actingandsound.Thejuryawardsmorethanadozenprizes.TheawardsareannouncedatthefestivalsClosingNightAwardCeremony.,分析：题干分析：得出是thechildrensjury执行announces这个动作。,主动语态,被动语态,原文材料：TheawardsareannouncedatthefestivalsClosingNightAwardCeremony.,Theadvertiseroftheinformationintendsto_.A.takecareofvillagechildrenB.employsomeEnglishteachersC.providesomejobsforgraduatesD.helpvillagechildrenwithEnglish,（文体分类和词义的理解）,题干分析得出：BD选项差异在于：employ，help同学们一定要注意employ和help之间的语义区分。,文体分类方面来说：很多同学误以为是：招聘广告。其实是：招募广告。,Example:EnglishTeacherinVillageSchoolRequirements:TherearenospecificrequirementsfortheprogramotherthanfluencyinwrittenandspokenEnglish.However,thebestthingsyoucanhavearepatienceandageniusdesiretoteachandhelpthechildren.Suggestions:Dependingonthesubject,volunteerscanbringalongteachingmaterialssuchaspicturebooks,instruments,flashcards,artsupplies,andsongs.(andagoodsenseofhumor!)Email:Tel:977-1-4700210,（2010年上海高考卷C篇）The2012LondonOlympicshadenoughproblemstoworryabout.Butonemorehasjustbeenadded-acommunicationsblackoutcausedbysolarstorms.AfteraperiodofcalmwithintheSun,scientistshavedetectedthesignsofafleshcycleofsunspotsthatcouldpeakin2012,justintimeforthearrivaloftheOlympictorchinLondon.,第三、阅读练习,72.Thephrasecommunicationsblackoutinparagraph1mostprobablyreferstoduringthe2012Olympics.A.theextinguishingoftheOlympictorchB.thecollapseofbroadcastingsystemsC.thetransportationbreakdowninLondonD.thedestructionofweathersatellites,语法知识结合语境,原文出处：acommunicationsblackoutcausedbysolarstorms.,matter,storms,jamsatellites,interactlinks,collapse,定语从句,后置定语,第三段：NowscientistsbelievethatthispeakcouldresultinvastsolarexplosionsthatcouldthrowbillionsoftonsofchargedmattertowardstheEarth,causingstrongsolarstormsthatcouldjamthetelecommunicationssatellitesandinteractlinkssendingfiveOlympicbroadcastfromLondon.,73.Whatcanbeinferredaboutthesolaractivitydescribedinthepassage?A.ThemostfatalmatterfromthecoronafallsontoEarth.B.Thesolarstormpeakoccursinthemiddleofeachcycle.C.IttakesseveralsecondsforthechargedmattertoreachEarth.D.Thenumberofsunspotsdeclinesaftercoronalmassejections.,线索：matterearth,线索：time/speed,应用综合常识和题干分析能力,peak,middle,A.ThemostfatalmatterfromthecoronafallsontoEarth.,sun,earth,most错误,原文:throwbillionsoftonsofchargedmattertowardstheEarthcarryabilliontonsofsolarmaterialintospace,B.Thesolarstormpeakoccursinthemiddleofeachcycle.原文:TheOlympicscouldbeinthemiddleofthenextsolarmaximumcycle的正确理解：,C.Itta