高中英语Unit 1 Great Scientists-words, phrases and language points of reading. 人教新课标版必修5知识精讲

高二英语Unit 1 Great Scientists-words, phrases and language points of reading. 人教新课标版必修5一、学习目标：知识目标：学习本单元reading部分的词汇、短语和句型。能力目标：能够使用这些词汇、短语及句型进行语言表达，并能够解答与之相关的习题。二、重点、难点：1. 重点：重要单词defeat, attend, cure, absorb, blame, contribute重要短语put forward, draw a conclusion, look into, apart from重要句型（1）sothat引导的结果状语从句（2）neither.nor（3）every time引导的时间状语从句2. 难点：blame, contribute三、知能提升（一）重点单词单词学习1. defeat v. & n.打败；战胜【用法】defeat既可以用作动词，也可以用作名词。用作动词时，后面常接sb. 或者被击败的对象。【例句】South Africa football Team defeated French team last night.昨天晚上，南非足球队击败了法国足球队。Defeat after defeat filled us with despair.一次又一次的失败使我们完全绝望了。【考查点】defeat，beat与win作“打败”解时的区别：（1）beat与defeat的宾语是战胜或击败的对象；defeat的宾语常指“敌人”。在“游戏或比赛”中beat使用的更多一些，这两个词有时可互换；（2）win 可用作及物动词，也可用作不及物动词。作及物动词表示“赢得”，其宾语为game，war，prize，respect等词(注意win的宾语不能是人)。Though he was beaten in the game, he wasnt discouraged, which won our respect.尽管他输掉了比赛，但他并不灰心，这赢得了我们的尊重。【考题链接】Im sure the Brazil team will _ 2020 World Cup.A. win B. beat C. defeat D. succeed答案：A。解题思路：beat, defeat的宾语是人或者团体；succeed 后面要接介词in；win的宾语是物。句意为：我肯定巴西队将赢得2020年世界杯。2. attend vt.&vi. 照顾；护理；出席；参加；注意；专心；留意【用法】attend表示照料某人时，可以用attend sb.，也可以用短语attend to（on）sb.【例句】She has to stay at home to attend to(on) her sick mother.她只好留在家里照看生病的妈妈。Will you attend the wedding ceremony tomorrow?你会参加明天的结婚典礼吗？【考查点】join, join in, take part in 和 attend 的用法比较这几个词或短语都有“参加”的意思，但用法不同。（1）join指加入某个党派、团体、组织等，成为其成员之一，意为：“参军、入团、入党”等。Do you know when China joined the WTO?你知道中国是什么时候加入世界贸易组织的吗？（2）join in多指参加小规模的活动，如“球赛、游戏”等，常用于日常口语。Can you tell me the reason why you didnt join in the talk last night?你能够告诉我昨晚你为什么没参加座谈吗？（3）take part in 指参加会议或群众性活动等，着重说明句子的主语参加该项活动并在活动中发挥作用。How many countries and areas took part in the Shanghai EXPO？有多少个国家和地区参加了上海世博会？（4）attend是正式用语，指参加会议，婚礼，葬礼，典礼；去上课，上学，听报告等。句子的主语只是去听，去看，自己不一定起积极作用。Hell go to Beijing to attend an important meeting tomorrow.他明天要去北京参加一个重要的会议。【考题链接】（1）I still remember the day when I _the Party.（2）He didnt_ my lecture, and I dont know why.（3）Why not stay and_ the game with us?（4）The aim for _ the Olympic Games is not only for medals.答案及解题思路：（1）joined join the Party意为：入党。注意要运用正确的时态。（2）attend（3）join in 由于前面用了why not，因此后面要用动词原形。（4）taking part in 要注意，介词后面要用动词的-ing形式。3. cure v. & n.治愈；痊愈；治疗【用法】cure用作动词时，常用于cure sb. of sth.。【例句】A new cure has been found for the H1N1 virus that spread all over the world.一种治疗在全球传播的甲流的新方法已经被找到了。The doctor was sure the pure girls wound would be cured.医生敢肯定这个纯洁女孩的伤会被治愈的。【考查点】cure和treat的区别：（1）cure意为“治愈”，侧重结果。The doctor cured him of his stroke using Chinese medicine.医生用中医疗法治愈了他的中风。（2）treat意为“治疗”，强调动作；常用treat sb. for sth.结构。Many people affected with Aids are being treated in the special hospital.许多感染了艾滋病的病人正在那家专门的医院接受救治。4. absorb vt. 吸收；吸引；使专心；使并入【例句】This kind of cloth absorbs light and therefore is used to make curtains.这种布料能吸收光线，所以可以用来做窗帘。The old man was completely absorbed in the book he was reading.那位老人在全神贯注地读这本书。【考查点】absorbed adj.精神集中的absorbing adj.十分吸引人的absorb from sth.从中吸收be absorbed in专心于，全神贯注于He was so absorbed in his study that he didnt notice my coming in.他如此专注于学习以至于没有注意到我进来。【考题链接】_ writing the article, Mrs. Curie even forgot her dinner.A. Being absorbed in B. Absorbing atC. Absorbed in D. To absorb in答案：C解题思路：本小题考查be absorbed in这一短语作原因状语，将其补全为：Because Mrs. Curie was absorbed in writing the article5. blame v.责备；指责【用法】be to blame (for) 在表示“应（为）承担责任；该（为）受责备”时，不能用被动语态。【例句】The children were not to blame for the accident.孩子们不应因这个事故而受到谴责。【考查点】（1）blame sb. for sth./doing sth.因为某事责备某人/责备某人做了某事（2）blame sth. on sb.把某事归咎于某人The police blamed the traffic accident on Jacks careless driving.警察把那起交通事故归咎于杰克的粗心驾驶。（3）accept/bear/take the blame for sth.对某事负责任The driver took the blame for the accident. 那位司机承担起了事故的所有责任。（4）put/lay the blame for sth. on sb.将某事归咎于某人【易错点】be to blame (for)在表示“应（为）承担责任；该（为）受责备”时，不能用于被动语态，但并不意味着blame不能用于被动语态，在表示“某人受到责备”时，就要用被动形式。He was blamed for breaking the window. 他因打破了窗子而受到责备。【考题链接】_for the breakdown of the school computer network，Alice was in low spiritsA. Blaming B. Blamed C. To blame D. To be blamed答案：B解题思路：本题考查过去分词作原因状语。根据题意可以将原句转换为：“As Alice was blamed for the breakdown of the school computer network, she was in low spirits”6. contribute vt. & vi. 捐献, 捐助, 贡献出，捐赠；撰稿, 投稿，讲话，发表意见【例句】I contributed a pound towards Janes leaving present.我凑了一英镑给简买告别礼物。She regularly contributes to the college magazine.她定期给校刊投稿。【考查点】（1）contribute to 是固定搭配，to为介词，意为“捐献；贡献；把（时间）投入到；给投稿；有助于”（2）contribution n.贡献；捐献；投稿。短语：make a contribution to捐赠；作出贡献即学即练1. I feel it is your husband who_ for the spoiled child.A. is to blame B. is going to blame C. is to be blamed D. should blame2. She was so _ in her book that she didnt notice it was raining.A. absorbed B. attracted C. drawn D. concentrated3. An increase in the price of drugs has _ the rising cost of medical care.A. explained why B. contributed toC. resulted from D. kept up4. The students are busy making preparations for the lecture because they will _ the competition.A. attend B. join C. take part in D. attend to5. People exposed to radiation are _ to suffer from certain forms of cancer, which can be _ but cant be _at present.A. more likely; treated; cured B. more probable; treated; curedC. more possible; cured; treated D. more likely; cured; treated6. Im sure the Brazil Football Team will _ the World Cup of South Africa.A. win B. beat C. defeat D. succeed（二）重点短语短语学习1. put forward提出(意见、建议)；推荐；提名【例句】He put forward a better plan at the meeting. 他在会上提出了一个更好的计划。【考查点】与put相关的其他短语（1）put in打断；插嘴，进港（2）put off 推迟；延期（3）put on 穿；上演（4）put away 放好（5）put down写下（6）put on weight长胖（7）put out生产、扑灭2. draw a conclusion得出结论,告一段落【例句】All people, Chinese and foreign, who have been to Tibet and are acquainted with Tibets history will draw such a fair conclusion.所有到过西藏、对西藏历史有所了解的国内外人士都可以得出这样一个公正的结论。【考查点】（1）reach/arrive at/ come to a conclusion都可以表示“得出结论”的意思。【易错点】得出结论的短语中没有get to a conclusion。（2）conclude vt.得出结论; 断定vt. & vi. 结束；决定。The jury concluded, from the evidence, that she is guilty.陪审团根据证据得出结论，认定她有罪。We will conclude our concert with the National Anthem.我们将以国歌结束我们的音乐会。（3）to conclude 最后(一句话)To conclude, I wish the meeting a complete success! 最后，祝会议取得圆满成功！【考题链接】At last they_ a conclusion_ they should carry out their new production plan as soon as possible.A. came to, which B. reached; that C. arrived, that D. made; which答案：B解题思路：本小题考查conclusion的搭配及其后面的同位语从句的引导词。此题的陷阱选项是A，会误认为是定语从句。解答此题的关键在于要综合考虑两个空白处，如果只看到得出结论这一短语的搭配，就容易错选A项，分析第二个空白处后面的句子结构完整，conclusion后面的同位语从句应该用that引导。3. look into为固定短语，意为“调查，了解，研究；朝里面看”【例句】The experts are looking into the source of H1N1 virus.专家们正在调查H1N1病毒的来源。He looks into her face with great interest. 他饶有兴趣地注视着她的脸。【考查点】look的常用短语总结：（1）look down upon俯视；轻视（2）look forward to盼望（3）look out往外看；注意；当心（4）look up抬头看；查看【考题链接】It is reported that the police will soon _ the case of two missing children.A. look upon B. look after C. look into D. look out答案：C解题思路：本题考查动词短语。根据题意可知应选look into “调查”4. apart from 除之外【用法】（1）from是介词，后面要跟名词、代词或动名词。（2）apart from也可以表示“脱离开” 。【例句】Apart from a few faults，he is a trustworthy teacher.除了少数的几个缺点外，他是个值得信赖的老师。There can be no knowledge apart from practice.没有任何知识能脱离实践。【考查点】apart from/except for/except/except that /besides/in addition to的区别。（1）apart from在表示“除外（别无）”之意时相当于besides和except for,但apart from还有“除以外（还）”之意。（2）except“除”（不包括其后的宾语），besides“除了还”（包括其后的宾语）。另外，besides还可以作副词，当“并且，而且”讲。（3）but for表示“如果不是由于”之意（=If it were not for或If it had not been for）。（4） in addition to 相当于besides“除之外，还有”（包括除去的内容在内）（5）except that 后面跟句子，用来表示理由或细节。【考题链接】Typhoon Morakot damaged many houses and business buildings; _, it caused many deaths.A. apart from B. as well asC. beside D. besides答案：D解题思路：本小题考查词义辨析。apart from 在用作介词短语时与besides同义，但是besides还可以用作副词，表示“此外”。这里所表示的句意是：台风莫拉克毁掉了许多民房和商业建筑，此外，还带来了许多伤亡。即学即练1. Would you please the paper for me and see if there are any obvious mistakes?A. look around B. look into C. look up D. look through2. The doctor has _a new idea on the treatment, which is well thought of by his companions.A. come about B. put forward C. spoken up D. regarded as3. You should _ your stupid ideas, otherwise youll regret in the future.A. put down B. put away C. put out D. put aside4. _ the injures to his face and hands，he broke his left leg.A. Beside B. Despite C. Apart from D. Because of（三）重点句型句型学习1. John Snow was a famous doctor in London-so expert, indeed, that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician.【分析】这是一个主从复合句。sothat引导的是结果状语从句。【例句】The performance on the evening of 60th National Day is so great that we Chinese people all take pride of it.国庆60周年晚上的演出如此壮观以至于我们中国人民都为之自豪。【考查点】引导结果状语从句的连词短语还有：such.that, 它们之间有时可以互换，如上面的句子我们就可以改写为：John Snow was such an expert doctor in London that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician.【考题链接】So sudden _ that the enemy had no time to escape.A. did the attack B. the attack did C. was the attack D. the attack was答案：C解题思路：本题考查倒装句，so .that., such .that.的句子结构中，若so, such 和与其所修饰的词置于句首，则实行部分倒装，又因为sudden是形容词，作表语，所以选C。2. Neither its cause nor its cure was understood.【用法】在neither.nor连接的两个名词或代词作主语时我们要遵循主谓一致中的“就近原则”，即谓语动词与nor后面的词保持一致。【例句】Neither the driver nor the passengers are to blame for the accident.司机和行人都不应该为这个事故负责。Neither you nor he has passed the driving test. 你和他都没有通过驾驶考试。【考查点】either. or, not only.but also, not. but这三个短语与neither.nor一样，在连接两个主语时，要遵循主谓一致中的就近原则。Either you or he is going to be sent to Shanghai to attend the opening ceremony of Expo.要么是你，要么是他将要被派往上海参加世博会开幕式。Not only the students but also the teacher likes the film by Feng Xiaogang.不仅是学生们，还有老师也喜欢冯小刚的这部影片。3. So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak.【分析】本句中，terrified是过去分词作前置定语，every time引导的是时间状语从句。与time有关的短语：（1）next time下次；（2）last time上次；（3）each time每次；（4）by the time到为止；（5）the first time第一次上面这些短语都可以充当连词，引导时间状语从句。【例句】Every/Each time I see him, he is wearing a smile.每次我见到他时，他都带着微笑。By the time he was sixteen, Einstein had taught himself advanced mathematics.到他16岁时，爱因斯坦就自学了高等数学。The last time I saw him, he was still a child.上次我见到他时，他还是个孩子。【考查点】英语中还有许多词或短语被活用作连词，引导从句，如：the moment/second/minute, immediately/directly (一就)，providing/provided(that)只要，倘若。I will send an email to you the moment I get home.我一到家就发邮件给你。She promised to lend me the money providing that I could return it within a month.她答应借钱给我，但前提是我得在一个月内还给她。即学即练1. He always brings me a pretty gift _ he comes to visit me.A. by the time B. sometimes C. every time D. at times2. Either you or one of your students _ to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.A. areB. isC. have D. be3. The child was _ immediately after supper.A. enough tired to go to bedB. too tired to go to bedC. so tired that he went to bedD. very tired, he went to bed一、预习新知过去分词作定语和表语二、预习点拨思考问题一：我们在必修四学习了-ing形式，它们可以作什么成分？思考问题二：如果现在分词和过去分词都作定语和表语，我们怎样来区别？思考问题三：找出课文中的过去分词作定语和表语的句子。（答题时间：45分钟）一. 阅读课文，根据课文内容在空白处填上合适的单词。John Snow was a well-known _1_ in London in the _2_ century. He wanted to find the _3_ of cholera in order to _4_ it. In 1854 when a cholera _5_ out, he began to gather information. He _6_ on a map where all the dead people had lived and he found that many people who had drunk the dirty water from the _7_ died. So he decided that the polluted water carried cholera. He suggested that the _8_ of all water supply be _9_ and new methods of _10_ with polluted water be found. Finally, “King Cholera” was defeated.1. _2. _3. _4. _5. _6. _7. _8. _9. _10. _二. 用下面的词或短语的正确形式填空：put forward, draw a conclusion, cure sb. of, every time, be absorbed in, be to blame, look into, link.to, prevent(from), apart from1. Something must be done to _ such things _happening again.2. Newton _ his work and he once even put his gold watch in his pot.3. Einstein became famous after_ the theory of relativity (相对论).4. After all his mathematical calculations, Copernicus _ that the earth was not the center of the solar system.5. _ I saw her, she always wore sweet smile.6. Who_, Jack or Mary, for the breakdown of the network?7. The doctors have_ the patients_ their H1N1 flu.8. _ his determination, his devotion to his research also contributed to his success.9. The police soon sent officers to_ the murder that happened last night.10. They have found some evidences that are _ (联系) this murder.三. 句型转换 (每空一词)1. A: From the facts John Snow drew a conclusion that polluted water carried the disease.B: From the facts John Snow _ _ _ _that polluted water carried the disease.2. A: Whenever he is free, he helps his neighborhoods with housework.B: _ _ he is free, he helps his neighborhoods with housework.3. A: My father knows nothing about computer, so he had to ask an expert to repair it.B: My father knows nothing about computer, so he had to _ _ _.4. A: How to deal with the problem remains to be discussed.B: How to _ the problem remains to be discussed.5. A: Many buildings are being built for the next Olympic Games to be held in London.B: Many buildings are _ _ for the next Olympic Games to be held in London.四、单词拼写1. The c_ I like best in him is his confidence as well as optimism.2. People c_ money or clothes to Taiwan people after the severe typhoon in 2020.3. The retired worker is very e_ about neighborhood affairs and is respected by everybody.4. The painter was so _(专注于) in his painting that he didnt notice my coming in.5. City residents also_(责怪) migrant workers for the sharp rise in the urban crime rate.6. The Obama government _(宣布) a policy to handle the severe financial crisis.7. From the affected victims, the expert c_ that the H1N1 virus spreads in the air.8. The a_ of the samples(标本) on the murder spot showed some valuable clues to the police.9. She had to stay at home _(照料) to the wounded day and night.10. The corruption of Chen Shui Bian was _(揭露) soon after he left office.五、单项填空从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。1. The doctor has _a new idea on the treatment, which is well thought of by his companions.A. come about B. put forward C. spoken up D. regarded as2. The students are busy making preparations for the lecture because they will _ the competition .A. attend B. join C. take part in D. attend to3. I feel it is your husband who _for the spoiled child.A. is to blame B. is going to blameC. is to be blamed D. should blame4. _he came in, I recognized him.A. The moment B. ShortlyC. SoonD. Before long*5. The warm sunshine _the coming of spring.A. declaresB. announcesC. predicts D. publishes6. You should read the _in the car repair manual（手册） carefully before you start to.A. instruction B. instructions C. introductionsD. explanations*7. I wouldnt have succeeded _ my teachers kind help in my study.A. but for B. except for C. apart fromD. besides8. It is sleeping late in the morning that _being late for work.A. devotes to B. contribute to C . refers to D. leads to9. No matter how I tried to read it, the senten