高中英语构词法知识【人教版】

构词法知识英语单词的来源大致上分为五种：1） 基本词(base)-是那些在今天看来已经不可再分的词，出现频率较高，非专门记忆不可2）合成词(combining words)3）缩略词(shortening words) 可以分为两种：一种是对原来完整的词进行加工，缩略其中一部分字母，构成新词，这种词叫缩短词（clipped word）。例如phone = telephone, chute = parachute , copter = helicopter , auto = automobile , ad = advertisement , demo = demonstration ,flu = influenza , fridge = refrigerator；另外一种缩略词是首字母缩略词(acronyms)，也就是将词组中的起首字母联成一个词，例如：NATO = North Atlantic Treaty Organization , radar= radio detecting and ranging；4）拼缀词(blending words) 拼缀词就是对原来的两个词进行剪裁，取其中的一部分，连成一个新词，例如：smog = smoke and fog , medicare = medical + care , psywar = psychological + warfare；5）转类词(shifting words)： 转类词就是词汇不改变词形而转换了词类而构成的新词在这几种构词法中最活跃也是最能够引发人的主动性的要数合成词了。1词根(root)下面我们选择了在现代英语中出现频率较高的一些词根，供大家学习记忆。在学习的过程中需要提醒注意的是，这些词根在构成新词的时候，受前后语音的自然影响，往往不止有一种形式，这个一般在括号内标出来了。aer(o) = air空气 aerial空气的 aeroplane飞机alt = high高 altitude高度anim = life生命 animal动物 animate使生机勃勃audi(audit) = hear听 audience听众 audit旁听、审计aut-(auto-) = self自我 autocrat专制者 autograph亲笔 automobile汽车bio(bi) = life生命 biology生物学cert = certain确定的 certify证实 certificate证明书circ = ring环形 circus马戏场 circle圆圈 circulate流通、流传cred = believe相信 credible可信的 credit信任dent = tooth牙齿 dentist牙医ego = I我 egoist自我主义 egocentric自我中心的geo = earth地 geography地理 geometry几何 geology地质学habit = dwell居住 habitant居住者 inhabit 居住于liter = letter文字 literate识字的 literature文学 literal字面的mini = small小 minify使缩小 minimum最小量 miniature微型物nutri = nourish营养 nutrition营养 malnutrition营养不良port = carry运 portable可携带的import进口 porter搬运工scend(s) = climb攀爬 ascend上升 descend下降 transcend超越tele = far远 telescope望远镜 telegram电报 television电视vis, vid = see看 visible可见的 visit参观 evident明显的2前缀词缀分为前缀和后缀两种。在大多数情况下，前缀往往改变词根的词义，而后缀更多改变的是原词根的词性。具有否定意义（表示对词根反向的概念，另外包括外向概念、下概念、过度或不足概念等）的前缀有：ab - abuse滥用 abnormal 不正常的anti- antiwar反战的 antitank反坦克的 antibodycontra- contra-missile反导弹的 contradict矛盾的counter- counterrevolution反革命 counterattack反击de- demobilize复员 deforest砍伐森林 devalue 贬值dis- dislike厌恶 dishonest不诚实的 disability无能in- incorrect inactive inconvenient indirectil- illegalim- impossible improper impolitemal- maltreat虐待 malnutrition营养不良 malfunction功能失调mis- mistake错误 mistrust不信任 mistrustnon- nonsmoker不抽烟的人 nonsense nonstopout- outnumber在数量上超过over- overuse使用过度 overlook俯视；忽视 overthrow推翻re- replace reuse retellsub- subway地铁 subhead副标题super- superpower超级大国 supersensitive过度敏感un- unreal虚假的 unconditional无条件的 unjust不公正的vice- vice-president副总统 vice- chairman副主席具有时间意义的前缀有：pre - preread preview prehistory史前post- postwar postreading具有地点、方向意义（包括上下、前后、来回、内外）的前缀有：ab- (away from) abnormal abuseex- export出口 exclude排除 ex-soldier退伍军人extra- extracurricular课外的 extraordinary格外的fore- forehead前额 foreground前景im- import进口 immigrateinter- interfere干涉 internet互联网 interactive互动over- overtake oversleepsub- subway地铁 submarine海面以下的super- superstructure上层建筑trans- transatlantic横越大西洋的transport运输under- underground地下的 underwear内衣ultra- ultraviolet紫外线具有数量意义的有：mono- monoxide一氧化物 monotone单调pan- Pan- American泛美的bi- bilingual双语的 bicycle bimonthlydi- dialogue dioxidehemi- hemispheresemi- semicircle半圆tri- triangle三角形penta- pentagon五角形kilo- kilogram kilowattmilli- milligram millimetremicro- Microsoft microscope microwavemini- minibus miniskirtmulti- multiparty多党的co- cooperation coworker coauthor coexist3后缀最常见的形容词后缀有：-(a)ble : readable drinkable applicable valuable- al personal national practical global-(i)cal : typical biological-an American European-ian : Egyptian Canadian (名词和形容词同形)- ar similar solar-en: wooden golden-ern : eastern western-ese : Chinese Japanese（名词和形容词同形）-ful : useful skillful eventful successful-ic : atomic historic-istic : artistic realistic-tic : dramatic romantic-ish : childish reddish Englishi(ti)ve : sensitive primitive protective productive- less : homeless useless- like : childlike manlike-ly: friendlycostly daily-ent : insistent different-(i)ous : righteous正直的 anxious焦急的 curious好奇的 dangerous-proof: fireproof bombproof-some: troublesome lonesome-ward : downward seaward awkard- y : rainy rosy sleepy angry最常见的名词后缀有：表示具体的人的后缀：-er: prisoner gardener lawyer stranger-or: visitor actor operator inventor-ar: scholar liar beggar-eer: engineer mountaineer-ent: resident-ess: princess hostess goddess waitress actress-ian: musician physician-ist: scientist novelist specialist activist-ant: assistant servant accountant-ee: employee trainee examinee-zen: citizen netizen表示抽象的动作情况的后缀：-acity : capacity-al: survival refusal arrival trial approval-ence ( - ance , -ency , -ancy ): influence acceptance difference-ment: movement equipment arrangement treatment-hood: boyhood neighborhood-ics: linguistics athletics-ness: darkness happiness illness-tion: celebration attraction contribution addition-ation: invitation application preparation pronunciation-sion: permission possession discussion conclusiondecision-y: injury discovery difficulty delivery-(i)ty: variety reality ability safetynationality activity equality-ery: bakery nursery bravery-ful: bagful basketful handful-dom: freedom kingdom wisdom-(t)ure: mixture failure pressure pleasure-age: percentage marriage storage shortage-ship: leadership scholarship hardship friendship-ance: appearance entrance guidance performance-th: truth length strength youthwarmth depth width death最常见的动词后缀有：-ate：differentiate-en： sharpen darken strengthen fastenbroaden threa