2010年高等教育自学考试《外国文学史》笔记.doc

2010年高等教育自学考试外国文学史笔记In 2010higher education examination for the self-taught foreign literature history notes文学状况Literature in一 日本文学Japanese Literature日本近代文学形成的标志和奠基之作：The mark of the formation of modern Japanese literature and foundation of:坪内逍遥的文学理论著作：小说神髓、主人公内海文三是日本文学的第一个“多余人”形象。Tsubouchi shoyo work of Literary Theory: the novel God marrow, the protagonist Naikai Fumi is the Japanese literature and the first images of redundancies.日本批判现实主义文学的奠基作是二叶亭四迷的长篇小说：浮云Japanese critical realism literature foundation as two Pavilion four fans of the novel: cloud日本浪漫主义文学：Japanese romantic literature:森鸥外的短篇小说舞姬被认为是日本浪漫主义文学的开创之作。森鸥外同时也是知名的评论家，他和坪内逍遥并为日本“评论界的双杰”。Mori Ogais short story e is thought to be Japanese romantic literature created for. Mori Ogai is also well-known critic, he and Tsubouchishoyo and Japanese critical double.浪漫主义文学的先驱者和理论倡导者：诗人北村透谷，他主张个性解放、反对写实主义。Romantic literature and theory advocates: Pioneer poet of emperor, he advocated the liberation of personality, opposed to realism.日本唯美主义文学：Japanese Aestheticism literature:代表作家：永井荷风和谷崎润一郎Writers: Yongjinghefeng and saki run a Lang术语解释Explanation of terms白桦派：The white birch school:1 白桦派由一些近代日本作家创办的同名刊物白桦而得名。1white birch school founded by some modern Japanese writers of the same name publication Birch.2白桦派作家追求个性解放、提倡人道主义精神，强调人的尊严和意志。主要代表作家是志贺直哉。2birch writers pursuit of the liberation of personality, to promote the humanitarian spirit, emphasizing human dignity and the will. The major writers is Shika Naoya.新思潮派：New ideas of pie:1新思潮派以近代日本作家芥川龙之介等人创办的新思潮杂志而得名。1new trends of modern Japanese writers such as Akutagawa Ryunosuke and sent to the founder of the new trends magazine named.2芥川龙之介是该派的代表作家，罗生门是他早期代表作。2 Akutagawa Ryunosuke is the representative writer, Rashomon was his early masterpiece.日本自然主义文学：Japanese Naturalism literature:(1)自然主义文学是20世纪初出现在日本近代文学史上一个占有重要地位的文学流派，它的产生对日本近代文学有一定影响。(1) naturalist literature at the beginning of twentieth Century appeared in modern Japanese history of literature the last occupied an important position in the literary genre, which has certain influence on Modern Japanese literature.(2)从岛村抱月的理论著作被囚禁的文艺和岛崎藤村的长篇小说破戒问世之后，日本文学史上便出现了自然主义文学运动的高潮。(2) from Shimamura Zukis theoretical works of literature and art imprisoned and Toson Shimazakis novel breaking after coming out, the history of Japanese literature appeared the climax of naturalist literature movement.(3)日本自然主义文学的特点：(3) the characteristics of Japanese Naturalism literature:1在理论上主张“破理显实”，不带任何功利目的地按照事物原样子去描写“真实”。1in theory breaking science significant real, without any utilitarian purposes in accordance with the original way to describe the real thing.2在实践上主张遵循绝对客观主义的创作方法。即要求作家冷静地、客观地、不带任何倾向地去描写事物。2 in the practice that follow the absolute objectivism creation method. That requires the writer calmly, objectively, without any tendency to describe things.3在方式上要作家自我忏悔和自我暴露。即作家不仅要写自己，而且要写自己作为动物的“性本能”和“性冲动”要对个人丑恶的私生活进行忏悔。3in a manner to the writers self confession and self exposure. The writer not only to write their own, but also to write their own animal as instinct and impulse to personal ugly privacy confession.岛崎藤村是从浪漫主义转向自然主义的作家，也是自然主义文学奠基人。自然主义奠基作是破戒：主人公濑川丑松是一名小学教员，出身被称为“秽多”的日本贱民阶级。Toson Shimazaki is from Romanticism to naturalistic writer, is also the founder of literary naturalism. Naturalism is bad foundation : the heroine Segawa Matsu is a primary school teacher, was known as the dirty scheduled castes in japan.具有更典型的自然主义特色作品是他的自传性质的小说：新生。With more typical features of naturalism works is his autobiographical novel: new.田山花袋是日本自然主义文学先驱之一：长篇小说棉被Tianshanhuadai is one of the pioneers of Japanese Naturalism Literature: novel quilt二 印度文学The two India literature印度是个多民族的国家，近代印度文学中，孟加拉语文学和印地语文学成就最高，具有代表性。India is a multi-ethnic country, the modern India literature, Bengali literature and Hindi literary achievements of the highest, representative.般。钱。查特吉是孟加拉语近代文学的创始人之一：毒树第一次提出了寡妇改嫁问题。Like. Money. Chatterjee was one of the founders of modern Bengali Literature: poisonous tree presented the first widow remarried problem.萨。钱。查特吉士印度语近代文学的创始人之一：斯里甘特是一部自传体小说，共4卷。Sa. Money. This is one of the founders of modern literature - India: Sri Gunter is an autobiographical novel,4 vols.夏目漱石 (近代日本)Natsume Soseki ( Japan )夏目漱石原名夏目金之助。Natsume Soseki Natsume Kimnosuke.主要作品：Major works:1905年：第一部长篇小说我是猫(代表作)，是日本近代文学史上一部风格独特的作品。主人公中学教员苦沙弥是日本文学史上第二个“多余人”形象。1905: first novel I am a cat ( representative ), is the history of modern Japanese literature is a unique style of the works. Hero high school teacher from novices are the history of Japanese literature second superfluous man.作品还塑造了迷亭、寒月、东风等一系列小资产阶级知识分子的形象。The works also created fan Pavilion, air, wind and a series of petty bourgeoisie intellectuals image.1906年：中篇小说哥儿1906: the novella Sport1908年：“前三部曲”(爱情三部曲)：三四郎、其后、门1908: the trilogy ( love Trilogy ): three or four, followed by Lang, door1911年：“后三部曲”：过了春分时节(又译春分过后)、行人(又译使者)、心(是夏目漱石晚年创作的代表)1911: trilogy: after the vernal equinox (also translated as after the vernal equinox ), pedestrian (also translated as messenger ), ( heart is one of Natsume Sosekis later creation representative )明暗(又译明与暗)是作者未完之作：被誉为日本近代心理小说的典范。 Light and shade (also translated as light and dark ) is the author of unfinished: known as the Japanese modern psychological novel paradigm.理解后简答题Understanding short answer questions简析我是猫中苦沙弥的形象及其典型意义。Brief analysis of cat bitter monk image and typical significance.苦沙弥是近代日本作家夏目漱石的在其代表作我是猫中塑造的一个，日本小资产阶级知识分子的典型形象。Bitter novices are modern Japanese writer Natsume Soseki in his representative work, I am a cat in the shape of a Japan, the typical image of petty bourgeoisie intellectuals.1苦沙弥为人正直、善良、蔑视权贵，甘居清贫。他对现实不满，厌恶资本家，尤其敢于蔑视资本家的走狗。Honest, kind, monk1bitter scorn dignitaries, Gan poor. He is dissatisfied with the reality, aversion to capitalists, especially dared to defy the capitalist stooge.2苦沙弥的弱点表现在他为人心胸狭窄，目光短浅，消极混世，得过且过，精神十分空虚，夸夸其谈，不学无术，庸俗无聊。2bitter monk weakness in his small-minded people, short-sighted, negative nevertheless, muddle along, spiritual emptiness, indulge in verbiage, have neither learning nor skill, vulgar and boring.典型意义：Typical meaning:1苦沙弥的懦弱、无能正是日本近代社会的产物。一方面，他们接受了比较新式的教育;另一方面，刚刚起步的近代教育还无力全面、健康地培养他们。1bitter monk weakness, impotence is the product of the modern society of japan. On one hand, they received a more modern education; on the other hand, just at the beginning of the modern education is to cultivate their comprehensive, healthy.2他们即真砭时弊，不满现状，又缺乏高度的社会责任感，无力把握时代的潮流，同时丧失了人生目标，是一群无所适从的弱者。2they really and malpractice, dissatisfaction with the status quo, and the lack of a high degree of social responsibility, unable to grasp the trend of the times, at the same time lost the goal of life, is a bunch of not know what course to take the weak.简析我是猫的艺术特色。Brief analysis of cat artistic characteristics.夏目漱石的代表作我是猫，有着高超的艺术特色：Natsume Sosekis masterpiece cat, has a superb artistic characteristics:1作品没有曲折的故事情节，缺乏整体的结构、框架。1 piece without complicated plots, the lack of overall structure, frame.2通篇以猫的见闻和感受为主线，以苦沙弥及周围人物的活动为中心，表达起来都比较灵活、自由。2there is a cats knowledge and experience as the main line, with a bitter novices and surrounding character of the activities as the center, are more flexible, freedom of expression.3小说中出色的幽默和讽刺艺术即继承了日本古典文学中讽刺传统，又吸引了英国18世纪文学中的幽默讽刺手法。插科逗趣，荒诞奇妙，猫态猫语等。The 3 novels in good humor and satire art inherited the classical Japanese literature in the satirical tradition, also attracted the British eighteenth Century the humor in the literature of satire. Interpolation absurd funny, strange, cat cat.4语言即平白、通俗，有生活气息。4language is simple, popular, there is breath of life.简析我是猫中猫的典型意义。Brief analysis of cat cat in the typical significance.夏目漱石的代表作我是猫中的猫有其典型意义：Natsume Sosekis masterpiece cat in the cat has the typical significance:1小说以猫为叙述者，就可以见人之所未见，言人之所不能言，随心所欲地表达作者对客观事物的认识和态度。1novels by the cat as the narrator, can see the unseen words, people are not words, free to express the author s understanding of objective things and attitudes.2猫是作品中有着特别重用意义的独立形象，即有动物的特性，又被赋予了人的感情，是作者的代言人。2 cats were the works with special reuse significance independent image, namely animal characteristics, endowed with human emotions, is the spokesman.3这只猫也同人一样，在丑恶的现实社会中产生了苦恼和悲观情绪，最后因偷喝主人的啤酒，昏迷中掉进水缸淹死了。3the cat and others, the ugly reality of society have had a troubled and pessimism, finally because of drinking his beer, fell into the water drowned in a coma.第三节 泰戈尔 (近代印度)Third Tagore ( Modern India )他于1931年获诺贝尔文学奖，成为获得此项荣誉的第一位东方作家。印度人把他奉为“诗祖”，世界许多国家的人们尊他为“诗圣”和“诗哲”。In 1931 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature, be obtained this honor the first Oriental writers. The Indians to make him as poem progenitor, many countries of the worlds people respect him as a poet and poetry and philosophy.在哲学思想上，泰戈尔想从旧的印度教神学中摆脱出来，建立一种新型的宗教原则。他在自己的创作中着力宣传“泛神论”。In philosophy, Tagore wants to come from the old Hindu theology freed, the establishment of a new religious principles. He is in his creation to the propaganda pantheism.泛神论的特点：Pantheism characteristics:1泰戈尔所信仰的神存在于万物之中，人与万物都是神的表现。1 Tagore God in everything, and everything is God s performance.2泰戈尔宣传“泛神论”的反对，表明对印度教派纷争及种姓制度严格的不满，有其合理的唯物主义因素。2 Tagore propaganda pantheism against India, suggests that the sectarian strife and the caste system strictly dissatisfaction, its reasonable factor of materialism.3一味追求与神的融合与和谐，又流露出一种超自然的情绪，步人到纯精神的方舟之内，势必导致人们脱离现实去追求神秘朦胧的臆想。因此“泛神论”思想又含有唯心主义色调。3pursuit of God and the integration and harmony, and reveals a kind of supernatural mood, step into pure spirit of the ark, will inevitably lead to people from reality to pursue mystical dim conjecture. Therefore pantheism thought and containing the idealism color.主要作品：Major works:诗集：吉檀迦利、新月集、园丁集、飞鸟集以及一些故事诗。Anthology: Jitanjiali , new moon set, the gardener, stray as well as some story poem.剧本：摩克多塔拉、邮局、红夹竹桃The script: Mokeduotala, post office, red oleander.长篇小说：戈拉、沉船The novel: Gora, ship短篇小说：喀布尔人、摩诃摩耶Short stories: Kabul, Maya.泰戈尔的诗歌创作，大致可分为三个时期：Tagores poetry creation, can be roughly divided into three periods:1早期：1 early:1875年：在甘露市场报第一次发表爱国诗篇献给印度教庙会。1875: the amrita Bazar patrika first published a patriotic poem to Hindu temple.1878年：长诗诗人的故事1878: the long poem the poets story1880-1890年：抒情诗集暮歌、晨歌、画与歌1880-1890: Lyrical Poems song twilight, morning song, pictures and songs代表意义的是叙事长诗两亩地：主人公巫宾是一位贫苦农民。Representative of the significance of the narrative poem two acres : the hero Wu Bin is a poor farmer.反抗殖民者的作品：被俘的英雄Against the colonists works: the captured heroes2中期：2period:英文诗集：English poems:吉檀迦利(1921年)：“吉檀迦利”是孟加拉的音译，原意是奉献。诗人的诗歌是献给神的。Jitanjiali (1921): Ji angle benefit is Bengali transliteration, is intended to give. Poets poetry is devoted to god.园丁集：反映诗人对人生道路的探索与追求。 The gardener: on the road of life reflects the poet s exploration and pursuit.新月集：歌颂母爱与童真。 Crescent moon: to love and innocence.飞鸟集：蕴含着深邃的哲理。 Stray birds: contains a profound philosophy.理解后简答题Understanding short answer questions简述吉檀迦利的思想内容与艺术特色。The Jitanjiali ideological content and artistic characteristics.泰戈尔的英文诗集吉檀迦利获得了诺贝尔文学奖，最能代表作者的创作成就，它的思想内容和艺术特色上有以下几点：Tagores English poems Jitanjiali won the Nobel Prize in literature, most can represent the authors creative achievements, its ideological content and artistic characteristics on the following points:一 思想内容有两个方面：Ideological content has two aspects:1诗人日夜盼望与神相会，与神结合，以达到合而为一的理想境界，表现诗人虽强烈追求但却难以达到合而为一境界的痛苦。诗人经过不懈追求，达到合而为一理想境界的欢乐。The 1poet hoped to meet with God, combine with God, to be made one of the ideal state, performance poet although strong pursuit but are difficult to reach be made one realm. The poet after relentless pursuit, to be made one ideal state of joy.2 泰戈尔心目中的神，存在于现实生活之中，在最贫贱最失所的人群中歇足。作者通过对神的礼赞，表达出自己的人生理想。诗人笔下的神十分神秘，诗人正是借“泛神”的思想，来表现生活的真理。它即可求，又飘缈;即实际，又神秘。正是这种特征糅和在一起，构成了吉檀迦利的神秘色彩，反映出作家进行理想探索的矛盾心理与一切必归和谐的哲学观念。2 Tagore in the eyes of God, exist in the real life in the meanest, most displaced populations having a rest. The author through to the praise of God, to express his own ideal of life. The poet s God is mysterious, the poet was through Pan God thought, to show the truth of life. It can be calculated, and Piaomiao; namely actual, and mysterious. It is this feature to go together, constitute the Jitanjiali mystery writer, reflects the ideal exploration of ambivalence and everything will be harmonious philosophy.二 在艺术上，吉檀迦利也独具特色。Two in art, Jitanjiali is also unique.1诗集充满哲理，但抒情意味很浓。诗中泰戈尔对大自然最精彩的描述，春天、雨季纯然一幅幅清晰的画面。1poems full of philosophy, but the lyric is very strong. The poem Tagore on natures wonderful descriptions of the rainy season, spring, purely a clear picture.2直述胸臆，似水中月，云中影，飘忽不定，可望而不可即，给人以朦胧之感。2straight heart, like month in water, cloud shadow, erratic, within sight but beyond reach, gives a feeling of vague.3想象奇特，韵律幽雅，将哲学思想融合化在优美的诗行之中，神秘而不枯燥。3peculiar imagination, rhythm, elegant, the philosophy of integration in the beautiful lines, mysterious and boring.三 后期(政治性、战斗性突出)Late three ( political, battle of outstanding )生辰集：第十首视为泰戈尔一生创作中的纪念碑。 Birthday: the first set of tenth as Tagore life in the creation of the monument.泰戈尔的小说创作，可分为两类：Tagores novel creation, can be divided into two categories:一 短篇小说A short story第一个短篇小说：女乞丐The first short stories: the beggar反对殖民主义统治为主题的小说：太阳与乌云Against colonial rule as the theme of the novel: the sun and clouds摩诃摩耶：主人公摩诃摩耶集印度妇女的苦难于一身。 Maya: the protagonist Maya set India women suffering in a body.描写小人物的作品：喀布尔人(颇具典型性)The description of the small characters works: Kabul man ( a typical )泰戈尔短篇小说的艺术特色：Tagores short novels:1以偶然事件作为情节发展契机，常将情节发展的悬念性、传奇性和细节的真实性结合起来。1 by accident as a plot development, often will the development of plot suspense, legendary and details of the authenticity of the combine.2善于运用细节描写、心理描写、对比烘托抒情与议论相结合等手法。2the good use of psychological description, description of details, contrast contrasts lyric and comment in combination with manipulation.二 中长篇小说Two novels长篇小说的代表作之一：沉船主人公青年大学生罗梅西。The novel one representative: shipwreck hero of young college students Luo Meixi.最优秀的一部长篇小说：戈拉Best novel: Gora论述题Discuss a problem分析戈拉中戈拉的形象。Analysis of Gora in the image of Gora.戈拉是泰戈尔在他优秀的长篇小说戈拉中塑造的一个爱国知识分子的典型形象。Gora is Tagore at his best novel Gora in the shape of a patriotic intellectuals image.1他身为印度爱国者协会主席、印度教教徒青年们的领袖，刚正不阿、一身民族正气，不去逢迎英国县长以求怜悯或饶恕。In 1 he was president of the association of the India patriot, Hindu youth leader, upright and outspoken, a national righteousness, not to meet British magistrate to pity or mercy.2戈拉身上有着明显的宗教偏见。他严格遵守印度教一切清规戒律，甚至为种姓制度辩护。他行触脚礼，不喝异教徒拿过的水，反对于异教姑娘谈恋爱。一种高尚的爱国思想于是蒙上了狭隘民族情感的色彩。2KORA who have obvious religious prejudice. His strict adherence to the Hindu caste system all the sacred rules of the religious order, even for defense. Touched his feet ceremony, dont drink the pagan took the water, against pagan girl fall in love. A noble pat