英语被动语态课件.ppt

英语被动语态,英语的语态：主动语态和被动语态,语态是动词的一种形式，用以说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，一般说来，只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态。汉语往往用“被”、“受”、“给”等词来表示被动意义。如：,主动：Wecleanedtheclassroomyesterday.被动：Theclassroomwascleanedbyusyesterday.,需要强调动作的承受者时，用被动语态。Theroomhasntbeencleanedyet.,什么时候要用被动语态呢,不知道动作的执行者是谁，用被动语态。Footballisplayedallovertheworld,没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者，用被动语态。Thebridgewasbuiltlastyear.,当动作的执行者不是人时，多用被动语态。如：Thewindowwasblownbywind.窗户被风吹开了。,汉语中含有“据说”、“据悉”、“有人说”、“大家说”等客观的说明时。例如：Itissaidthatonedayheclimbedtothetopofahouse.ItwasreportedthathermotherdiedofSARS.Itiswellknownthat众所周知Itissupposedthat据推测说,汉语中含有“被”、“由”等词时。例如：TinaisaskedtocomebyPaulTina是被Paul叫来的。,某些句子习惯上用被动语态。例如：HewasborninOctober，1989,动词的被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”(根据句子的主语和时态，助动词be的变化是通过人称、数和时态的变化表现出来的，疑问式和否定式的变化也如此。有am,is,are,was,were,been几个形式变化。)当主动句变为被动句时，原来的宾语变成了主语，原来的主语变成了介词by的宾语。主动句与被动句的结构虽然不同，但动作的执行者和承受者的关系并没有改变。,被动语态的构成,即：be+v.(p.p)(+bysb.),各种时态的主动语态和被动语态谓语结构对照表,主动语态变被动语态解题步骤:,1.一划-划出句子的主语、谓语、宾语,2.二看-看句子的时态,3.三变-把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语把主动语态的谓语动词变为被动语态把主动语态的主语放在介词by之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。,主动句中谓语动词的发出者由by引出，作为by的宾语，也可以省略。请看以下主动语态和被动语态结构的转换：主动语态:主语谓语宾语被动语态:例：Wecleanourclassroomeveryday.（主动）注意把主动语态改为被动语态时，句子的时态不能变。如上例，所给的主动句子是一般现在时，改为被动语态时，也要用一般现在时。如果主动句中的主语是人称代词，改为被动句时作介词by的宾语，要用宾格。如上例中的主语we改为us。,主语,by+宾语,be+过去分词,（被动）,everyday,byus,Ourclassroom,iscleaned,各种时态的被动语态,am/is/are+过去分词,一般现在时被动语态,PeoplespeakEnglishallovertheworld.,Englishisspokenbypeopleallovertheworld.,Heridesthemotorbiketohisfactoryeveryday.,Themotorbikeisriddentohisfactoryeveryday.,WecallthesnowmanMr.Strong.,ThesnowmaniscalledMr.Strong.,Weusuallyhearhimplayinthenextroom.,Heisusuallyheardtoplayinthenextroom.,Presenttense(am/isare+done),1.LiMingdrivesthebusthroughthecity.Thebus_byLiMingthroughthecity.2.Theylookafterthechildrenwell.Thechildren_well_bythem.3.Thepolicemanstopsusatthestation.We_bythepolicemanatthestation.4.Hisfathertellsthemastoryeveryday.They_astoryeveryday.5.Theysellfruiteveryday.Fruit_by_everyday.,isdriven,arelookedafter,arestopped,aretold,issoldthem,waswere+动词的过去分词.,一般过去时被动语态,Mikebroketheglassyesterday.,Theglasswasbrokenbymikeyesterday.,Heboughtsomefruitsyesterday.,Somefruitswereboughtbyhimyesterday.,Pasttense(was/were+done),1.LiMingdrovethebusthroughthecity.Thebus_byLiMingthroughthecity.2.Theylookedafterthechildrenwell.Thechildren_well_bythem.3.Thepolicemanstoppedusatthestation.We_bythepolicemanatthestation.,wasdriven,werelookedafter,werestopped,Myunclecanrepairthiswatchintwodays.,情态动词+be+v.p.p.,情态动词的被动语态,Thiswatchcanberepairedbymyuncleintwodays.,Hecancarrythebasket.,Thebasketcanbecarriedbyhim.,Theycansingsomebeautifulsongs.,Somebeautifulsongscanbesungbythem.,“Wemustputtheminthefridge.”Thedogsthought.,“Theymustbeputinthefridge.”Thedogsthought.,ExercisesforPassiveVoice(7),1.Youmustreturnthebookstohimatonce.Thebooks_tohimatonce.2.Hecanfinishtheworkintwodays.Thework_by_intwodays.3.Weshouldcleanthemachineeveryday.Themachine_everyday.4.Theymayfixthecarinthreedays.Thecar_by_inthreedays.5.Shewillbuyanotherbikesoon.Anotherbike_by_soon.,mustbereturned,canbefinishedhim,shouldbecleaned,maybefixedthem,willbeboughther,Theywillfinishtheworkintendays.,Theworkwillbefinished(bythem)intendays.,一般将来时被动语态,S+will+be+过去分词,Theyaregoingtohaveaneveningpartytomorrow.,Aneveningpartyisgoingtobehadtomorrow.,Futuretensewith“begoingto”begoingto+be+done(10),1.Heisgoingtowritedownthestory.Thestoryisgoingto_downby_.2.Theyaregoingtobuildthebridge.Thebridgeisgoingto_bythem.3.Shewasgoingtoreadthebook.Thebookwasgoingto_by_4.HisbrotherisgoingtospeakEnglishinclass.Englishisgoingto_byhiminclass.5.YouaregoingtoanswerthephonefromSH.ThephonefromShanghaiisgoingto_byyou.,Someworkersarepaintingtheroomsnow,Theroomsarebeingpaintedbysomeworkersnow.,现在进行时被动语态,S+am/is/are+being+过去分词,Theyareholdingasportsmeetingnow.,Asportsmeetingisbeingheld(bythem)now.,Someworkerswerepaintingtheroomsat10:00yesterday,Theroomswerebeingpaintedbysomeworkersat10:00yesterday.,过去进行时被动语态,S+was/were+being+过去分词,Wehavemadetwentymorekeys,Twentymorekeyshavebeenmadebyus.,现在完成时被动语态,S+have/has+been+过去分词,Workershavebuiltthehousesincetwoyearsago.,Thehousehasbeenbuiltsincetwoyearsago.,have(has)+been+done,1.Thedoctorhassavedmanypeopleslives.Manypeopleslives_bythedoctor.2.Thedustmenhaventcollectedtherubbish.Therubbish_bythedustmenyet.3.Theyhavesoldoutthemagazines.Themagazines_by_.4.Someonehasjustbrokentheglass.Theglass_just_bysomeone.,havebeensaved,hasntbeencollected,havebeensoldout,them,hasbeenbroken,Wehadmadetwentymorekeysbytheendoflastweek.,Twentymorekeyshadbeenmadebyusbytheendoflastweek.,过去完成时被动语态,S+had+been+过去分词,Wehadreceivedmanylettersbytheendoflastweek.,Manylettershadbeenreceivedbytheendoflastweek.,过去将来时被动语态,S+would+be+过去分词,Theywouldhaveapartythenextday.,Apartywouldbehad(bythem)thenextday.,Theywouldhaveapartythenextday.,Apartywouldbehad(bythem)thenextday.,四几种值得注意的被动语态变化,一些使役动词(let,have,make等)或感观动词(see,hear,watch,notice等)在动语态中后面接的动词不定式不带to，但改为被动语态时，要补上to。如：,Thebossmakestheworkerswork18hoursaday.Theworkersaremadetowork18hoursadaybytheboss.,Isawhimenterthehouse.Hewasseentoenterthehousebyme.Theteacherletthemleavetheclassroomafterclass.Theywerelettoleavetheclassroombytheteacherafterclass.Wehearhersingintheroomeveryday.Sheisheardtosingintheroomeveryday.注意当使用see/hear/watchsbdoingsth时，变为被动语态时，doing保持不变。如：Isawhimgoingintotheshop.(主动)Hewasseengoingintotheshop.(被动),使役动词和感观动词主被动语态对照表,go,含有短语的被动语态结构。一般来说，只有及物动词才有被动语态，因为只有及物动词才有承受者。但许多不及物动词加上副词或介词构成动词短语也相当于及物动词的用法，可以带宾语，因而也有被动语态。动词短语主要有三种：A及物动词+副词如：turnoff、setup、carryout、putoff、takeaway、turnon、handin、moveaway、passon、writedown、putaway、puton、takedown、sendaway、tryon、putdown、sellout、holdon、tryout、sendup、takeoff、wearout、wakeup、takeout、dressup、giveback、workout、getback、findout、pickup、giveup、pullup、putup等B不及物动词+介词如：lookaftertalkaboutplaywith等,C.“动词+名词+介词”构成的短语。如：takecareof、payattentionto、makeuseof等动词短语是不可分割的整体，在变被动语态时，不可把它们分隔开来。请看下面的例子：Theysetupthefactoryin2000.Thefactorywassetupin2000.OurschoolwillputofftheSchoolSportsmeetinguntilDecember.TheSchoolSportsmeetingwillbeputoffuntilDecember.Peoplehavetalkedabouttheaccident.Theaccidenthasbeentalkedabout.Youshouldpaymoreattentiontoyourstudythisyear.Yourstudyshouldbepaidmoreattentiontothisyear.带有介词或副词的动词短语，在改为被动语态时，不能把介词或副词拆开。,带有双宾语的被动结构在句中的使用。有些动词可以带两个宾语，即指人的间宾和指物的直宾。可以将其中一个宾语提到前面做主语，另一个留在后面。A.Herparentsboughtheranewcomputeryesterday.Shewasboughtanewcomputeryesterday.Anewcomputerwasboughtforheryesterday.B.Theyhavegivenmesomegoodadvice.Ihavebeengivensomegoodadvice.Somegoodadvicehasbeengiventome.C.ShewillwritealonglettertoDavidSmith.AlongletterwillbewrittentoDavidSmith.DavidSmithwillbewrittenalongletter.,buysthforsb,givesthtosb,带双宾语的动词主要有以下几个：,give,buy,sell,take,bring,make,hand,pass,keep,send等带双宾语的动词，改为被动语态，当用直接宾语作主语时，要根据动词的习惯配搭、要在间接宾语前补上介词to或for.它们的句型主要有以下几个：givesthtosb=givesbsthbuysthforsb=buysbsthsellsthtosb=sellsbsthtakesthtosb=takesbsthbringsthtosb=bringsbsthmakesthforsb=makesbsthhandsthtosb=handsbsthpasssthtosb=passsbsthkeepsthforsb=keepsbsthsendsthtosb=sendsbsth例：Hepassedmesomepaper.(主动)Somepaperwaspassedtomebyhim.（被动）Youmustkeepsomefruitforhim.(主动)Somefruitmustbekeptforhim.（被动）,五、主动形式也可以表示被动意义的几种情况：,1、主语是物，谓语是表示主语特征或属性的动词。常见的这类动词有write,read,wear,wash,clean,sell,run等。这些动词常与副词连用。例如：,Themachinerunswell.Thispenwritesquitesmoothly.Thiskindofbooksellswell.,*ThatbikedoesntbelongtoMike.,*Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinthiscity.,2、不及物动词没有被动语态。,如：belong,happen,takeplace,last,cometrue,remain,succeed,fall,die,arrive,等。,3、表示“开始”；“结束”类的动词。常见的这类动词有begin,start,open,close,end,finish,stop等。例如：,SchoolbeginsinSeptember.Thestoresinthisareaopenlateratweekendsthanatweekdays.,4、表示主语状态特征的连系动词：look,feel,smell,taste,sound,prove,appear等被动态和进行时态。例如：,Doyoulikethematerial?Yes,it_verysoft.A.isfeelingB.feltC.feelsD.isfelt,C,Yourideasoundsreasonable.Whathesaidprovedtobecorrect.,5、反身代词在句中作宾语时，不能用被动语态。Youmustlookafteryourself,Thecoatfitsmewell.,IhaveaTVset.,have/fit,6、表示静态的及物动词不用被动语态,7、祈使句一般没有被动语态。Lookattheblackboard，please,6、动名词主动形式表示被动意义,（1）.在need,require,want(需要)等动词后，表示某物(人)要进行处理时，后接动名词一般式的主动形式作宾语表示被动意义，相当于不定式的被动式。例如：,Youvecomejustintimetohelpus.Fine,whatrequiresdoing?(=Fine,whatrequirestobedone?)Thissentenceneeds_.A.animprovementB.improveC.improvingD.improved,C,（2）.beworth后接动名词的主动式表示被动意义。,Hissuggestionisnotworthconsidering.,7、动词不定式的主动形式表示被动意义,（1）不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式有逻辑上的主谓关系时。例如：,ThenexttraintoarrivewasfromNewYork.,（2）作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词或代词有逻辑上的动宾关系，且句子的主语或间接宾语与该不定式有逻辑上的主谓关系时。,Pleasegivemesomethingtoeat.Ihavealotofworktodotoday.,（3）.用在作表语或宾语补足语的形容词后面的不定式，如果与句子的主语或宾语有动宾关系时，一般用主动形式。例如：,HisspeechinEnglishwasdifficulttofollow.Doyouthinkhimeasytogetalongwith?,(间接宾语me是toeat的逻辑主语),(主语I是todo的逻辑主语),(不定式与宾语有动宾关系),(状语tofollow与主语有动宾关系),把下列主动句改为被动句,1.Theboycleanedthedeskamomentago.Thedeskwascleanedbytheboyamomentago.2.Wewillplant2000treesnextyear.2000treeswillbeplantedbyusnextyear.3.Youmustkeeptheroomcleanandtidy.Theroommustbekeptcleanandtidybyyou.4.Thepolicehavecaughtthethief.Thethiefhasbeencaughtbythepolice.5.Thefarmersarecuttingdownthetreesonthehill.Thetreesonthehillarebeingcutdownbythefarmers.,Fillintheblanks1.He_(buy)adictionarylastSunday.Butthisdictionary_(notbuy)byhim.2.TheLeague_(found)in1922.3.Look!Thatchild_(sing)thissong.Andit_(sing)bymanychildren,too.4.They_(mend)10desksalready.5.Heisveryill.Hedbetter_(take)tothehospital.6.It_(snow)hardnowandtheground_(cover)withsnowsoon.,bought,wasntbought,wasfounded,issinging,issung,havemended,betaken,issnowing,willbecovered,7.YesterdayI_(make)onekite.Theothertwo_(make)byKate.8.Shewasseen_(help)thatoldman.9.We_(do)homeworkeverydayanditmust_（do)carefully.10.Therearefourboys_(plant)treesintheparkandthereare10moretrees_(plant).,tobeplanted,planting,bedone,do,made,weremade,tohelp,1.Peopleuseknivesforcuttingthings.Knives_forcuttingthings.2.Thestudentscleanthewindowsoftheirclassroomtwiceamonth.Thewindowsoftheirclassroom_twiceamonth.,areused,are,cleaned,(变被动语态）,七嘴八舌,3.Ifoundtheticketonthefloor._onthefloor.4.Itoldhertoreturnthebookintime.She_toreturnthebookintime.,Theticketwasfound,wastold,3.Wefoundtheticketonthefloor.,5.Hisdoctormadehimhaveonlytwomealsaday.He_onlytwomealsaday.6.Nowpeoplecanusecomputerstohelpthem.Nowcomputers_tohelpthem.,wasmadetohave,canbe,used,7.Didyouplantmanytreesatthistimelastyear?_atthistimelasttime?8.Mustwefinishourworktoday?_ourwork_today?,Weremanytreesplanted,Mustbefinished,9.Theforeignfriendsgaveussomewonderfulstamps.1)_somewonderfulstamps.2)Somewonderfulstamps_.,weweregiven,were,giventous,10.TheteacheraskedTomtoturnonthecomputer.Tom_toturnonthecomputer.11.Inthisfactorywomendomostofthework.Mostofthework_bywomeninthisfactory.,wasasked,isdone,12.Hecanmendthebikeintwodays.Thebike_intwodays.13.Youmusttakethismedicinethreetimesaday.Thismedicine_threetimesaday.,canbemended,mustbe,taken,14.ThestudentsinthisschoolstudyGerman.German_bythestudentsinthisschool.15.Dotheyoftentalkaboutthisquestion?_thisquestionoften_about_?,isstudied,Is,talked,bythem,1Stamps_bypeopleforsendingletters.A.useB.usingC.usedD.areused.2.Mustoldpeople_topolitely?A.speakB.spokenC.bespokeD.bespoken3.Bikemustnt_everywhere.A.beupB.beputC.putC.putting4.Thewomanfelloffthebikeand_ontheroad.A.layB.waslainC.liedD.haslain,D,D,B,A,5.Theoldmanandthechildren_inourcountry.A.musttakegoodcare.B.mustbetakegoodcareofC.musttakegoodcareofDmustbetakengoodcareof6.Alltreesmust_wellwhenitisdry.A.bewaterB.wateringC.waterD.bewatered7._Ithinktheshop_._No,itsopen.It_atsix.close,closeBclosed,closedC.closed;closesD.isclosed,closes,D,D,D,将下列句子变为被动语态，每空一词。1.Wecanfinishtheworkintwodays.Thework_intwodays.2.TheyproducesilkinSuzhou.Silk_inSuzhou.3.ThechildrenwillsinganEnglishsong.AnEnglishsong_bythechildren.4.Youneedntdoitnow.It_byyounow.5.LucysentmeaNewYearCardlastweek.ANewYearCard_mebyLucylastweek.6.Hemademedothatforhim.I_thatforhim.7.Ihavegiventhisbooktothelibrary.Thisbook_tothelibrary.,canbefinished,isproduced,willbesung,needntbedone,wassentto,wasmadetodo,hasbeengiven,1.Riceinthesouthofchina.AgrowsBisgrownCaregrownDgrew2.Englishbyuseverymorning.AisBreadsCarereadDisread3.Acarin1885.AwereinventedBwasinventedCisinventedDinvented4.Theshoplastnight.AisrobbedBwasrobbedCarerobbedDopened5.Theworkmustintwoweeks.AbefinishBbefinishedCfinishDwillfinis,B,D,B,B,B,5.Theworkmustintwoweeks.AbefinishBbefinishedCfinishDwillfinish6.Thosethingsmaytotheroom.AmoveBmovedCbemovedDaremoved7.Wherethecars?AaremadeBdomakeCweremadeDis.made8.Thetrainstationin1981.AisbuiltBarebuiltCwasbuiltDwerebuilt,B,C,C,C,1.ThePeoplesRepublicofChina_onOctober1,1949.A.foundB.wasfoundedC.isfoundedD.wasfound2.English_inCanada.A.speaksB.arespokenC.isspeakingD.isspoken3ThisEnglishsong_bythegirlsafterclass.A.oftensingsB.oftensangC.isoftensangD.isoftensung4.Thiskindofcar_inJapan.A.makesB.madeC.ismakingD.ismade,5.Newcomputers_allovertheworld.A.isusedB.areusingC.areusedD.haveused6.Ourroommust_clean.A.keepB.bekeptC.tobekeptD.tokeep7.-Idliketobuythatcoat.-Imsorry._.A.itsoldB.itssellingC.ItsbeensoldD.ithadbeensold8.Anewhouse_atthecorneroftheroad.A.isbuildingB.isbeingbuiltC.beenbuiltD.bebuilding,9.Thekey_onthetablewhenIleave.A.wasleftB.willbeleftC.isleftD.hasbeenleft10.Doctors_ineverypartoftheworld.A.needB.areneedingC.areneededD.willneed11.Hisnewbook_nextmonth.A.willbepublishedB.ispublishingC.isbeingpublishedD.hasbeenpublished12.Japanese_ineverycountryA.isnotspokenB.arespokenC.isspeakingD.isnotspeaking,13.Thesepapers_yet.A.havenotwrittenB.havenotbeenwrittenC.hasnotwrittenD.hasnotbeenwritten14.Thesportsmeet_behelduntilnextweek.A.didntB.wontC.isntD.doesnt15.-Myshoesarewornout.-_A.Canttheybemended?B.Letmehavealookatit.C.Howmuchdotheycost?D.Canttheymended?16._thewatchbeenrepairedyet?Ibadlyneedit.A.DoesB.HasC.IsD.Are17._thesedesksbeneeded?A.WillB.AreC.HasD.Do,18.Why_totalkaboutityesterday?A.didntameetingholdB.wasntameetingheldC.wasntheldameetingD.ameetingwasntheld19.Whowasthebook_?A.writeB.wroteC.writtenD.writtenby20.Where_theseboxesmade?A.wasB.wereC.isD.am21.Theflowers_often.A.mustbewaterB.mustbewateredC.mustwateredD.mustwater,22.Thebooksmay_fortwoweeks.A.bekeptB.beborrowedC.keepD.borrow23.Theteachermadehim_hishomework.A.todoB.doC.didD.done24.Theboy_streetswithoutpayintheolddays.A.wasmadetocleanB.madecleanC.madetocleanD.wasmadeclean25.Thesechildren_dance.A.wereseentoB.wereseenforC.wereseenD.sawto,26.Thesestones_well.arefittedB.fitC.fitsD.isfitted27.Thebike_500yuan.wascostB.costedC.costD.iscosted28.Theimportantmeeting_onacoldmorninglastyear.washoldingB.washeldC.heldD.had29.Greatchanges_inthepasttenyearsinChina.A.tookplaceB.havetakenplaceC.weretakingplaceD.hadtakenplace,30.I_fiveminutestodecidewhetherIshouldgoornot.A.gaveB.wasgivingC.hadgivenD.wasgiven31.Greatchanges_inourcountryduringthepast20years.A.havehappenedB.happenedC.havebeenhappenedD.werehappened32.Thecoat_hersister.A.madetoB.weremadeforC.wasmadeforD.wasmadeto,33.Pleasepassmeanothercup.Thisone_.isbrokenB.isbreakingC.brokeD.broken34.Thestorybooks_bythewriterinthe1960s.A.arewrittenB.werewrittenC.arewritingD.werewriting35.Whattime_thedoor_everyday?A.does;closedB.does;closingC.is;closedD./;close36.Canhe_himself?A.getdressB.getdressedC.getsdressedD.insteadof,37.Hefelloffhisbikeand_.A.ishurtB.getshurtC.gothurtD.hurt38.Thepapers_tothem.A.wereshownB.showC.shownD.haveshown39.Theapple_verysweet.istastedB.tasteC.tastesD.aretasting40.You_morebeautifulinthelightblueshirt.A.seeB.watchC.lookD.lookat,41.Whatyousaid_.likeagoodidea.heardB.listenedC.soundD.sounds42.-WhatdoyouthinkoftheTVplay?-Wonderful.Itisworth_asecondtime.watchingB.watchedC.seenD.seeing43.Howdirtythetablesare!Theyneed_.tocleanB.cleanC.cleaningD.cleaned44.Thebookisworth_.seeingB.readingC.seenD.read,45.Thebrokenbike_herebyMrSmith.A.canmendB.canmendedC.canbemendD.canbemended46.Theoldbridgeinmyhometown_nextmonth.A.isgoingtoberebuiltB.willrebuiltC.aregoingtoberebuiltD.aregoingtorebuilt47.Theplay_atthetheatrenextSunday.A.isgoingtobeshownB.willshownC.willshowD.isshown48.Theoldstonebridge_nextweek.A.isgoingtoberebuiltB.willberebuildC.aregoingtoberebuiltD.willrebuild,49.Nowthesemagazines_inthelibraryforalongtime.A.havekeptB.arekeepingC.havebeenkeepingD.havebeenkept50.Thepot_for_hotwater.A.used;keepingB.wasused;keepingC.isused;tokeepD.areused;keep51.Tea_inthesouthofChina.A.growsB.isgrownC.weregrownD.willgrow55.Thebridges_twoyearsago.A.isbuiltB.builtC.werebuiltD.wasbuilt,56.Jane_tosingusanAmericansonglastSaturday.A.calledB.wasaskedC.toldD.wassaid57.Theriversmellsterrible.Peoplemust_dirtythingsintoit.A.bestoppedtothrowB.bestoppedfromthrowingC.stoptothrowD.stopfromthrowing58.Theteapot_water.A.isfilledwithB.filledofC.fullingofD.filled59.Oldpeoplemustbelookedafterwelland_politely.speaktoB.spokenC.speakD.spokento,60.Oldpeoplemust_.A.lookafterwellB.belookedwellafterC.lookedwellafterD.