民间艺术英文资料

Cloisonn2Brief introduction2Development2Examples2Pictures3New Year pictures4Brief introduction4Development4Production Method4Theme4Pictures5Papercutting6Brief introduction6Development6Classification6Pictures6Embroidery8Brief introduction8Origin8Materials8Machine8Pictures9Shadow play10Brief introduction10Development10Terminology10Pictures11CloisonnBrief introductionCloisonn is an ancient technique for decorating metalwork objects, in recent centuries using vitreous enamel, and in older periods also inlays of cut gemstones, glass, and other materials. The resulting objects can also be called cloisonn. The decoration is formed by first adding compartments (cloisons in French) to the metal object by soldering or affixing silver or gold wires or thin strips placed on their edges. These remain visible in the finished piece, separating the different compartments of the enamel or inlays, which are often of several colors. Cloisonn enamel objects are worked on with enamel powder made into a paste, which then needs to be fired in a kiln.DevelopmentThe technique was in ancient times mostly used for jewellery and small fittings for clothes, weapons or similar small objects decorated with geometric or schematic designs, with thick cloison walls. In the Byzantine Empire techniques using thinner wires were developed to allow more pictorial images to be produced, mostly used for religious images and jewellery, and by then always using enamel. By the 14th century this enamel technique had spread to China, where it was soon used for much larger vessels such as bowls and vases; the technique remains common in China to the present day, and cloisonn enamel objects using Chinese-derived styles were produced in the West from the 18th century.ExamplesEnamel The 8th-century Irish Ardagh Chalice The Alfred Jewel, a 9th-century Anglo-Saxon ornament The Khakhuli triptych, a large gold altarpiece with over 100 Georgian and Byzantine plaques, dating from the 8th to 12th centuries, said to be the largest enamelled work of art in the world. the eyes of the 10th century Golden Madonna of Essen The 12th century Mosan Stavelot Triptych, combining cloisonn and champlev work.Gems and glass The Pectoral of Tutankhamun, (image), and several others. The 5th century grave goods of Childeric I, last pagan king of the Franks, died c. 481 The 5th-century Germanic Treasure of PouanThe 6th-century Merovingian Treasure of GourdonPicturesMing Dynasty cloisonn enamel bowl, using nine colors of enamel.Chinese cloisonn enamel incense burner, 17th-18th centuriesAdding frit with dropper after sintering cloisons. Upon completion the piece will be fired, then ground (repeating as necessary) then polished and electroplatedNew Year picturesBrief introductionA New Year Picture is a popular Banhua in China. It is a form of Chinese colored woodblock print, for decoration during the Chinese New Year Holiday, then later used to depict current events.DevelopmentIts original form was a picture of a door god fashioned during the Tang dynasty. Later, more subjects, such as fairs, the Kitchen God, women and babies were included. Customarily, as each Chinese New Year arrives, every family replaces its New Year picture in order to say goodbye to the Past and welcome the Future.In the 19th century Nianhua were mass-produced and displayed for those who could not read. They often depicted the Chinese point of view of events.The scenes sometimes were used to create patriotic sentiment. Many Nianhua were produced during the Boxer Rebellion depicting the Muslim Kansu Brave forces of General Dong Fuxiang, showing them as victorious over the Eight Nation Alliance of the western powers and Japan.As times changed, people, especially those in cities, were influenced by modern arts to see New Year Pictures as traditional and staid. Moreover, people considered the door god was too menacing to hang in their homes. They wanted something more artistic. At the middle of the 1980s, the sales amount of New Year Pictures in Mianzhu was around five hundred thousand. However, the number dropped sharply since the early 1990s.Production MethodProduction method: hand draws pictures, wood printing, watermarks trapping, Half-drawing and half-painting, lithography, offset printing and so on.Usually, Chromatic woodblock New Year pictures have four steps:Firstly, artist draw rough sketch on the paperSecondly, carving the rough sketch on the wood board and print few sampleThirdly, add color on the sample and carving couple color meme for each part of color on the sample. (Usually no more than 5 color)Finally, when the preparation is complete. The printer paint color on the color board before carved, then put paper on the wood board and use brush to flat brush the paper. Then the Chromatic woodblock New Year picture is complete.ThemeNew Year pictures content can have many things and that is more than 2000 different. But roughly the New Year pictures have four main memes.1. The gods and mascot2. The secular life3. The baby and beauty4. The story and mythPicturesNew Year picture of Qing DynastyChange Flying to the Moon.Wu Shaoyun. 1950.PapercuttingBrief introductionPapercutting is the art of cutting paper designs. The art has evolved uniquely all over the world to adapt to different cultural styles.DevelopmentThe oldest surviving paper cut out is a symmetrical circle from the 6th century Six Dynasties period found in Xinjiang China.Papercutting continued to be practiced during the Song and Tang Dynasties as a popular form of decorative art.By the eighth or ninth century papercutting appeared in West Asia and in Turkey in the 16th century. Within a century, papercutting was being done in most of middle Europe.Today, paper cuttings are chiefly decorative. They liven up walls, windows, doors, columns, mirrors, lamps and lanterns in homes and are also used on presents or are given as gifts themselves. Paper cut-outs pasted on or near entrances are supposed to bring good luck.ClassificationPaper-cutting is one of the oldest and the most popular folk arts in China. It can be geographically divided into a southern and a northern style. The southern style, represented by works from Yangzhou in Jiangsu Province and Leqing in Zhejiang Province, features ingenious and beautiful designs, exquisite carving and interesting shapes. The northern style, mainly from Yuxian and Fengning in Hebei Province and best represented by works from northern Shaanxi, features exaggerated shapes, vigorousness, vivid depictions and diverse patterns.The style of window paper-cuts is usually free, except the flower pattern on the corner. The theme of window paper-cuts has a wide range, the most popular of which is based on the stories of traditional Chinese opera. PicturesA Symmetrical cutChinese paper cuttings in a shop.A Paper cut window flower during Chinese New YearEmbroideryBrief introductionEmbroidery is the handicraft of decorating fabric or other materials with needle and thread or yarn. Embroidery may also incorporate other materials such as metal strips, pearls, beads, quills, and sequins. Today, embroidery is most often seen on caps, hats, coats, blankets, dress shirts, denim, stockings, and golf shirts. Embroidery is available with a wide variety of thread or yarn color.OriginThe process used to tailor, patch, mend and reinforce cloth fostered the development of sewing techniques, and the decorative possibilities of sewing led to the art of embroidery.The art of embroidery has been found worldwide and several early examples have been found. Works in China have been dated to the Warring States period (5th3rd century BC).In a garment from Migration period Sweden, roughly 300700 AD, the edges of bands of trimming are reinforced with running stitch, back stitch, stem stitch, tailors buttonhole stitch, and whipstitching, but it is uncertain whether this work simply reinforced the seams or should be interpreted as decorative embroidery.MaterialsThe fabrics and yarns used in traditional embroidery vary from place to place. Wool, linen, and silk have been in use for thousands of years for both fabric and yarn. Today, embroidery thread is manufactured in cotton, rayon, and novelty yarns as well as in traditional wool, linen, and silk. Ribbon embroidery uses narrow ribbon in silk or silk/organza blend ribbon, most commonly to create floral motifs.MachineContemporary embroidery is stitched with a computerized embroidery machine using patterns digitized with embroidery software. In machine embroidery, different types of fills add texture and design to the finished work. Machine embroidery is used to add logos and monograms to business shirts or jackets, gifts, and team apparel as well as to decorate household linens, draperies, and decorator fabrics that mimic the elaborate hand embroidery of the past.There has also been a development in free hand machine embroidery, new machines have been designed that allow for the user to create free-motion embroidery which has its place in textile arts, quilting, dressmaking, home furnishings and more.PicturesTraditional embroidery in chain stitch on a Kazakh rug, contemporary.Detail of embroidered silk gauze ritual garment. Rows of even, round chain stitch used for outline and color. 4th century BC, Zhou tomb at Mashan, Hubei, China.Commercial machine embroidery in chain stitch on a voile curtain, China, early 21st century.Shadow playBrief introductionShadow play which is also known as shadow puppetry is an ancient form of storytelling and entertainment which uses flat articulated figures (shadow puppets) to create cut-out figures which are held between a source of light and a translucent screen or scrim. The cut-out shapes of the puppets sometimes include translucent color or other types of detailing. Various effects can be achieved by moving both the puppets and the light source. A talented puppeteer can make the figures appear to walk, dance, fight, nod and laugh.DevelopmentLegend has it that Chinese shadow puppetry originated during the Han Dynasty (206 B.C.220 A.D.) when one of the concubines of Emperor Wu of Han died from an illness. The emperor was devastated, and he summoned his court officers to bring his beloved back to life. The officers made a shape of the concubine using donkey leather. Her joints were animated using 11 separate pieces of the leather, and adorned with painted clothes. Using an oil lamp they made her shadow move, bringing her back to life. Shadow theatre became quite popular as early as the Song Dynasty when holidays were marked by the presentation of many shadow plays. During the Ming Dynasty there were 40 to 50 shadow show troupes in the city of Beijing alone. In the 13th century, the shadow show became a regular recreation in the barracks of the Mongolian troops. It was spread by the conquering Mon