美国小学四年级英语单词词库

Short a Long aGeneralization:Comparison of the short a and the long a sounds.Short aamaddLong agaveablesadrantablecradlefastcantAprilbasicclassbrassbagelfatalstand magicrattle cattlenative spacelabor statetragicbattlevaporbecameblackplanetapronradiojacketstrandbasinyesterdaysplash baskettablet lanternagent stamenstranger stationladderhappentomatopotatodazzlechaptercapablefavoritetrashcanafternoonfamousangelbackground basketballflashlight ratheralligator behaviordangerous sacredgadgetcanvasarrangeancientcannonattackmannersacceptaccess happilyattic happinessaverageanswercaptainbandagepackageapplesaucehandsome accuratealphabet accidentvaluableasphaltcalendarvacuumamorousanimosityPatterns for Long aGeneralization:The following patterns can produce a long /a/ sound CVCe, ai, ay, eia-e (CVCe)jadeaidailyaystayeireingratestainmayveilquakefaithhayneighawakepraisepaywayfaze estatequaint straighttray laysleigh reignlocatestraitnayeightbecamewaifgrayweightrenametrainerawayfreightfemale baseballafraid daintystray sprayeighth reindeercavemansailboatlayerneighborsomeplacerainbowdelayneighborhoodairplaneremaindecaygrapefruit paraderemainder raisinfray betrayengagecontaindismayupgradeexplainpaymentdecadecomplainfreewaydebate vibratedetain obtainTuesday crayonsmistakereclaimhooraylemonaderefrainanywayhomemadeacquainteverydaylandscape celebratedisdainplaymatebraceletteammatehurricanecorrelate cooperateescalatedissipatecontemplatePatterns for Long eGeneralization:The following patterns can produce a long /e/ sound: ea, ee, ieeaeatee (CVVC)greeniefieldleakfeelthiefleash easecheese creepchief beliefpealsweetgriefpeakspeedbriefmeanwheelbriefcaseseam steamfleet sweepshield shriekstreamstreetpriestcleansleekyieldreachqueenpiecepeach beachsleeve sneezegrieve relieveweavefreezebelievepleagreedachievepleadspeechsiegeplease bleatwheeze squeezefiend grievanceceaseseepcreasebreedgreasepeekwheat screamreel reedsquealsteelseatbeltsucceeddefeatrepeat peacefeatkneadleaguebreathe reallyWhen you have a short vowel followed by a single consonant, double the consonant when adding ed and ing.-ed-ingpattedgettingdotteddiggingrubbedrunningwaggedpoppingshoppedwaggingdroppedrunningclappedjoggingstoppedhoppingwrappedstoppingrappedskippingtrippedplanningsteppedswimmingplannedclappinggrinneddraggingtrimmedbragginggrabbedwrappingspottedsleddingplottedtrimmingthrobbedstrummingstrippedgrinningploddedstrippingknottedploddingshruggedthrobbingadmittedquittingregrettedupsettingcancelledbeginninghiccuppedenrollingreferredhiccuppingexcelledforgettingcontrolledexcellingtransmittedpreferringcommittedfulfillingWhen a verb ends in silent e, drop the e and add -ed. When a word ends in two consonants (CVCC) or ends in two vowels and a consonant (CVVC), add ed.remove silent eadd -edadd edusedwalkedbakedtalkedmovedworkedlivedmarchedtiredreachedsmiledtrackedclosedpeeledchasedcheeredshovedfinishedtradedbelongedprovedclimbedpraisedlaughedescaped excused amused adored ignored decided divided arrived refused quoted promoted rattled bruised argued continued grieved seized rhymedSome verbs have irregular spellings.irregular verbsgo/went get/got pay/paid lay/laid fly/flew see/saw have/had tell/told fall/fell draw/drew grow/grew know/knew hold/held sing/sang drink/drank meet/met feed/fed feel/felt keep/kept weep/wept sweep/swept send/sent lend/lent kneel/knelt mean/meant leap/leapt deal/dealt leave/left sleep/slept hear/heard wear/wore write/wrote speak/spoke buy/bought teach/taught bring/broughtThe syllable break in words with the VCCV spelling pattern occurs between the two and double consonants (sur-vive, ap-pear).Double ConsonantsTwo ConsonantsmittenuntilsuddenintoattacksisteratticcentermatterchapterwinnermarketslipperorderladderpersondollarbaskettrafficgardenofficemembercabbageharvestmessageplasticvillagepostagechannelsignalflannelformalvesselsentencequarrelinsectsquirrelsubjectmammalcanyonblizzardsurfaceblossomwindowcommonelbowscissorswhimperraccoonseldomcollegemarginarrangecertaingrammarchimneypressurehusbandsurroundreptiledifferentcostumehappenedadmireunhurriedestimateassociatepicturefinallyinjureleggingscaptureIn words with the VCV spelling pattern, a consonant between two vowels tends to go with the second vowel unless the first vowel is accented and short (open syllable: bro- ken; closed syllable: wag-on).OpenClosedlazyriverevenrapidpapershiveritemmagicopencometcraterplanetmeterpetalcloverpresentbaconcleverbasinproperCupidpunishcubicfamilytulipdrivenhumancamerahumidregularspiderliquidcloverenergydinertropicssilenttenantmomentrapidminuspalettesecretmaliceyogurt closely navel vital spoken chosen vapor razor major minor climate motive bridalTo make a comparative adjective add er. To make a superlative adjective, add est.-er-estfewerfewestnewernewestolderoldestcoldercoldestbolderboldestcoolercoolestslowerslowestfasterfastestcalmercalmestnearernearestmeanermeanestlouderloudestlighterlightestharderhardestcheapercheapestsmallersmallestquickerquickestyoungeryoungestsmartersmartestcleanercleanestsweetersweetestblackerblackestTo make an adjective ending in y comparative or superlative, add (-ier) or (-iest), respectively.Words that end in ydry-ierdrier-iestdriesteasyeasiereasiestlazylazierlaziestluckyluckierluckiestdirtydirtierdirtiesthappyhappierhappiestfunnyfunnierfunniestprettyprettierprettiestscaryscarierscariestheavyheavierheaviestangryangrierangriestwindywindierwindiestcloudycloudiercloudiestglossyglossierglossiestwittywittierwittiestdeadlydeadlierdeadliestthirstythirstierthirstiestwealthywealthierwealthiesthealthyhealthierhealthiestjuicyjuicierjuiciestnoisynoisiernoisiestlonelylonelierloneliestThe following words end in el.-elangel bagel camel cancel channel chapel flannel tinsel towel gravel hazel kennel kernel label level model panel parcel shovel ravel vessel novel jewel bushel nickel morsel barrel swivel squirrel shrivel sequel satchel-leable simple sample double trouble couple single triple turtle purple jungle hustle middle hurdle handle marble amble buckle bundle chuckle cycle gentle eagle dimple gamble grumble freckle fumble bottle bubble cuddle doodle fiddle kettle needle noodle paddle-ge-dgeageedgepagewedgecagejudgewageledgelargepledgeragebadgehugeridgestagefudgevillagebridgebaggagehedgebeveragedodgecottagebudgepackagelodgerummagenudgechangesmudgeorangeknowledgestrange urgeThe following words end in er, -ar, -or. The suffix means “one who” or “person”.-erworker-arliar-ordoctorownerfriarminorwaiterburglarsailorpainterbeggartailorhelperregistrarmayorwriterscholarpastorsingereditorfatherauthorsisterprotectormotherinventorbrothercreditorteacherdebtorpreacherdictatorrancherdirectorbakersenatorridersponsorjoggersculptorrobberoperatorswimmersurvivorrunnerprofessordrummereducatorgardenernavigatorprowlergovernorbutcherspectatorarcherinspectorgrocerconductorpartnercommentatorpitcherinvestigatorcarpenterinstigatorcustomeragitatorcharacteremployertreasurerdistillercashiertravelergrandmotherThe following words ending in en, -in, -on, -an make the schwa sound.-eneven-incabin-onwagon-anwomansevensatindragonhumangivenrobinbaconorganoftenraisinmelonorphankittenbasinpersonslogansirenpumpkinlessonurbandarkennapkincottonIndiangoldencousincannonMexicanwidendolphingallonAmericangardenoriginbuttonRepublicansharpenmarginprisonCalifornianthickengelatinpardonsweetenviolincanyonsoftenapronchickenseasonchildrenreasonhardencommonsuddensummonwoodenweapondozenpoisonkitchencinnamonbrokenonionchosenpigeonspokensalmonstolenfrightenfrozenfastenhastenglistenpollenswollencitizenoxygenspecimenA compound word is a word formed from two or more smaller words. There are three types of compound words: Closed: the smaller words form one whole word (baseball). Open: the smaller words are separated by a space (milk shake). Hyphenated: the smaller words are joined by a hyphen (twenty-five).nobodyanythingnothinganothercowboygood-byeafternoonnewspapersleeping baglife jacketsnowstormsomehowsometimesdrive-invice-presidentice creammiddle schoolhouseworkbaseballbasketballhomemadeclassmatehomesicktouchdownshinbonewaterfallnewscastovercomerailroaddownstairsunderstandeverythingeverybodyeverywherewhenevergrandparentsweatshirtwastebasketseaweedearthquakeshorelinebackgroundwholesalehandsomehighwayhoneycombknapsackkneecapbabysittinggrown-upshearing aidturn signalshower curtainpaper towelsrain forestroller skatesA prefix is a syllable, group of syllables, or word joined to the beginning of a root or base word to alter its meaning or create a new -combatcon-contestco-coworkercompactconcertcopilotcomfortconsentcoauthorcomfortercontrastco-chaircomputercontractco-actorcompassconfirmco-directcompressconcreteco-starcompeteconcaveco-captaincompletecontextco-createcompanyconstructco-anchorcompelconstructionco-counselcomposecontinentcooperatecompareconservecoordinatecombinecondensecompoundconnectcompileconfercomplainconsumecomprehendconcludecompartmentcondemncompromisecontributecompassionconcentratecomplimentcongregatecompetitionconferencecompulsivecongestedcompensateconsignmentcompanionconjunctioncommitconversationcommencecongratulatecommerceconfiscatecommotioncommissioncommendablePrefixes ex-, e-Generalization:A prefix is a syllable, group of syllables, or word joined to the beginning of a root or base word to alter its meaning or create a new word.ex-e-exitelectexactejectexactlyemitexampleeruptexisteraserexileerodeexpeleludeexplainelopeexpandelectionexclaimelectronexcuseelectricexcludeelectricianexpresselaborateexcepteloquentexpectemissionexpenseemigrateexpensiveenunciateexchangeeradicateexplode explorer excellent experiment exercise excitable exceed execute executive excrete excursion existence exclamation exempt exaggerate extension explanationword to alter its meaning or create a new word. The prefix dia- and trans- generally mean through, across, and beyond.dia-trans-diagramtransmitdiamondtransmitterdiagonaltransparentdiametertranslatedialecttransferdialoguetransplantdiabolictransformdiabolicaltransformerdialysistransformationdiagnosetransactdiagnosistransactiondiagnostictransportationdiabetestransitdiaphragmtransistorword to alter its meaning or create a new word. The prefixes semi/hemi generally mean half, poly/multi mean “many”, uni/mono mean “one”.semi-, hemi-semicirclepoly-, multi-polygonuni-, mono-unicyclesemifinalpolygraphuniformsemisweetpolyesterunicornsemicolon semiprivatepolychromesemiseriousmultiplymonoclesemiannualmultiplexmonorailsemimonthlymulticolormonologuemultipurpose multiplicationmonotone monocyclehemisphere hemisphericinter-= betweenmid-= middleintro/intra = inside, withininter-intercommid-midairintro-, intraintrovertinteractmiddayintroduceinteractivemidwayintroductioninterfacemidnightintrospectiveinterview interestmidyear midtermintrastateinterceptmidstreamintramuralinteractionintravenousinterestedinteresting interruptintervalinterfereinteriorinterpret interpreterintermissionintermediateintersperseinterrogate internationalintergalacticGeneralization:Prefixes im-, in-A prefix is a syllable, group of syllables, or word joined to the beginning of a root or base word to alter its meaning or create a new word.im-= in, into, onin-= in, into, onim-in-imprisonindentimmigrantinsideimpeachingestimproveinhaleimpressinmateimplantinjectimposeinflateimpositionintrudeimpersonateinsertimminentincomeimplyinspectimplicateinlandimplicationinnateintuition inspire insight invoke invade invite incarcerateGeneralization:A suffix is a meaningful group of letters that can be added at the end of a base or root word to form (derive) a new word with a different but related meaning. The addition of a derivational suffix often changes the part of speech of the original word. Spelling, syllabication, and derivational generalizations are used when adding suffixes to root and base words.-ist=one who-ian, -cian = a person who-ist-ian, -cianartistcomediandentistlibrariananthropologist pathologist electricianradiologistmagicianzoologisttechnicianpsychologist cardiologist columnist ideologist archaeologist meteorologist neurologist paleontologist hypnotist elitist dermatologist perfectionist ecologist astrologist geologist biologist novelist scientistSuffixes -sion, -tionGeneralization:A suffix is a meaningful group of letters that can be added at the end of a base or root word to form (derive) a new word with a different but related meaning. The addition of a derivational suffix often changes the part of speech of the original word. Spelling, syllabication, and derivational generalizations are used when adding suffixes to root and base words.-sion, tion = act, condition, result-sion-tiontensionstationdimensionnationextensioncaptionsuspensionmentioncomprehensionattentionapprehensionconventionintention invention retention detention intervention affection collection connection election infection injection addition audition nutrition position tradition tuition fiction vacation operation restriction-ment-itypaymentcavityshipmentgravityfragmentlevitymovementcaptivityenjoymentabilitytreatmentcapabilitydepartmenthumanityapartmentfinalitymonumentminoritypunishmentbrutalitymeasurementlocalityagreementtotalitydocumentvitalityrepaymentfatalityargumentsecurityreplacementinsanityemploymentmajoritydevelopmentnormalityprepaymentnativitywondermentdivinityamusementserenitygovernmentbrevityimprovementregularityappointmentpopularityarrangementoriginalityrearrangementsimilaritycommitmentinferiorityachievementfamiliarity-al-oustotalnervousdentalfamousvitalfabulousvocalenormousnasalhumorousroyalpoisonousruralglamorousnormalcancerousformalcourageousvandalspaciouscentralviciousscandalridiculousglobalmysteriousfeudalstudiousmusicalincredulousmanualambitiousrefusalanonymousfictionalunanimousfunctionalHomophonesContractionswed weedtheres (there is)well wheeldidnt (did not)its itslets (let us)gate gaitthats (that is)jeans genestheyre (they are)time thymeeverybodys (everybody is)oh owehows (how is)aid aidesomebodys (somebody is)break brakewhens (when is)flee fleacant (cannot)fair farecouldnt (could not)heard herdmustnt (must not)steel stealneednt (need not)fir furtheyd (they had, they would)waist wasteyoud (you had, you would)weve weavecouldve (could have)wait weighttherell (there will)bolder bouldertheyll (they will)course coarseIll (I will)aisle, isleserial cerealwed (we had, we would)weeddoe doughweve (we have)weavehorse hoarse ininnloan lone strait straight pole poll past passed ore orlielyerole roll forth fourthisle Ill aisle rain reign reinLatin Roots: dic/dict, voc/vokGeneralization:Root words are parts of Latin and Greek words. In English they do not stand on their own as independent words; they are always preceded or followed (or both) by affixes. Spelling, syllabication, and derivational generalizations are used when adding prefixes and suffixes to roots.dic/dict = to say, to tellvoc/vok = voice, to callNote: Base words are elements that can be used to build words by adding affixes but are also complete words in themselves