Speech-Act-Theory-言语行为理论PPT课件

SpeechActTheory,keris,1,.,Introduction,Speechacttheoryisamajortheoryofbothlanguagephilosophyandpragmatics.ItwasoriginallyputforwardbyordinarylanguagephilosophyJohnL.AustinandJohnR.Searleintheearlyfiftiesofthelastcentury.Theessenceofthistheorymainlyconcernsthatlanguageisoftenusedto“dothings”,toperformactsandtoemphasizereallanguageusageinactualsituation.Itchallengesthe“truth-value”statementandopensanewareaoflinguistics-pragmatics.Thistheoryexplainsthenatureoflinguisticcommunication.Thecoreofthecommunicationistodealwithlanguage,thingsandaction.,2,.,ConstativesVSPerformatives,Constativesarestatementsthateitherstateordescribe,andtheyhavethepropertyofbeingeithertrueorfalse.,Performatives,bycontrast,havenotruth-value;theyareusedtodosomething.,3,.,Constativeutterance（言有所述）Theearthisround./Wearehavingclass.,Performativeutterance（言有所为）Ipromisetogiveyoutendollars.,4,.,Felicityconditions,A.(i)Theremustbeaconventionalprocedurehavingaconventionaleffect.(ii)Thecircumstancesandpersonsmustbeappropriate,asspecifiedintheprocedure.B.Theproceduremusebeexecuted(i)correctlyand(ii)completely.C.(i)Thepersonsmusthavetherequisitethoughts,feelingsandintentions,asspecifiedintheprocedure,and(ii)ifconsequentconductisspecified,therelevantpartiesmustsodo.,5,.,ExplicitperformativesVSImplicitperformatives,Firstpersonsubject,simplepresenttense,indicativemood,activevoice,performativeverbs,IpromiseIwillattendyourwedding.IpromiseIllbethere.IadmitIwasfoolish.,withoutperformativeverbs,Iwillattendyourwedding.Howaboutsometea?Sitdown.,Aperformativeverbisaverbthatexplicitlyconveysthekindofspeechactbeingperformedsuchaspromise,invite,apologize,predict,vow,request,warn,insist,andforbid.,6,.,Collapseofthedichotomy,Problems:Containingaperformativeverbdoesnotnecessarilymaketheutteranceitselfperformative.IpromisedtoherthatIwouldhelpher.Everyactofsayingisdoing.-Directspeechact-IndirectspeechactWillyougoornot?/Imaskingyouifyouwillgoornot.Hesdishonest./Imtellingyouthatheisdishonest.AnutterancewithaperformativeverbmaynotbethetypeofactsuggestedbytheverbAkidnapper:Iadviseyoutogivemeallinyourpocket.,7,.,ReformulationofSpeechActTheory,Locutionaryact（以言指事）:theactofverballysayingsomething.Illocutionaryact（以言行事）:theintendedactbehindsayingsomething.Perlocutionaryact（以言成事）:theintendedeffect/happeningofanillocutionaryact.,Utteranceacts,propositionalacts,Illocutionaryacts,Perlocutionaryacts,8,.,Classifyingillocutionaryacts,Austin:verdictives裁决类exercitives行使职权类commisives承诺类expositives阐述类behavitives表态行为类,Searle:representatives阐述类directives指令类commisives承诺类expressives表达类declarations宣告类,9,.,DirectspeechactVSIndirectspeechact,Ifthereisadirectmatchbetweenasentencetypeandanillocutionaryforce,wehaveadirectspeechact.,IpromiseIwillattendyourwedding.Iorderyoutolistentothenews.IadmitIwasfoolish.,Ifthereisnodirectrelationshipbetweenasentencetypeandanillocutionaryforce.wearefacedwithanindirectspeechact.,Canyoupassthesalt?Canyouturnoffthelight?,10,.,NeglectofContext,Speechacttheoryemphasizesthewordsmeaninginconversation,butitneglectsthesocialandculturalbackgroundsA:Itishothere?B:OK,Iwillturnonthefan.A:XiaoWangisnotanhonestman.B:Itishothere.M:Doyouhavesupper?N:Yes,Howaboutyou?,11,.,ProblemsofIndirectSpeechAct,Indirectspeechactemphasizesthehearer,whereastheillocutionaryactpaysmoreattentiontothespeaker.However,theyhavemanyoverlappingmeanings.Forexample:A:Doyouknowthemeaningofthesewords?B:Dontyouhaveadictionary?Bs