英美文学鉴赏.ppt

英美文学复习材料,1.JefferyChaucer(1340-1400),Father/founderofEnglishPoetrywasburiedin“poetscorner”inWestminsterAbbeyMajorworks:TheRomauntoftheRose玫瑰传奇TheParliamentofFowls百鸟议会TroilusandCriseyde特鲁伊罗斯和克里塞德TheLegendofGoodWomen好女人传TheCanterburyTales坎特伯雷故事集,TheCanterburyTales,ThestoryofagroupofthirtypeoplewhotravelaspilgrimstoCanterbury.Arich,tapestry(织锦)ofmedievalsociallifecombiningelementsofallclasses,fromnoblestoworkers,frompriestsandnunstodrunkardsandthieves.,TheCanterburyTales,1.londondialect伦敦方言2.heroiccouplet英雄双韵体3.iambicpentameter五音步抑扬格4.orderofwords语序5.humor,satireandirony幽默与讽刺艺术,TheGeneralPrologue（总序）,TheGeneralPrologueconsistsofcharactersketchesofeachmemberofthegroupthatisgoingtoCanterburyThesetting(P3-4)ThePrioress女修道院副院长(P4-5)irony反讽secular世俗的hypocritical虚伪的,2.WilliamShakespeare(1564-1616),RenaissanceMeaning:rebirthorrevivalTime:beganinthe14thcentury,endinthe17thcentury.Place:beganinItaly,laterspreadtoFrance,SpainandEngland.AkeeninterestintheGreekandLatinculture;theartandscienceofancientGreeceandRomewerebeingbornagainafterlongyearsofneglect.Essence:humanism,WilliamShakespeare,Works37plays2longnarrativepoems154sonnets,WilliamShakespeare,Drama:Tragedies-Hamlet,Macbeth,KingLear,Othello,RomeoandJulietComedies-AsYouLikeIt,TheMerchantsofVenice,MuchAdoAboutNothing,AMidsummerNightsDream，TheTamingoftheShrew,TwelfthNightHistories-HenryIV,HenryV,HenryVI,HenryVIII,RichardIII,Romances/tragicomedies:Cymbeline,TheTempest,Hamlet,Characters:Hamlet,Claudius,Gertrude,Ophelia,Polonius,LaertesPlot(P10-11)ThemeActIII,SceneI“Tobeornottobe”(P11-12)Soliloquy(内心独白)（P16）,WilliamShakespeare:Sonnet,Asonnetisalyricinvariablyoffourteenlines,usuallyiniambicpentameter五音步抑扬格,restrictedtoadefiniterhymescheme韵律.Threetypesofsonnet1)Petrarchansonnet(彼特拉克体/意大利十四行诗)2)SpenserianSonnet（斯宾塞体十四行诗）3)ShakespearianSonnet（莎士比亚/英国体十四行诗,ShakespearianSonnet,3quatrains+acoupletababcdcdefefggSonnet18(P14)“ShallIcomparetheetoasummersday?”Theme:Anicesummerdayisusuallytransient,butthebeautyinpoetrycanlastforever.ThusShakespeareexpresseshisfaithinthepermanenceofpoetry,ofartandlove.Figuresofspeech:simile,metaphor,personification,Artisticachievements,Characterization:Shakespearesmajorcharactersareindividualsrepresentingcertaintypes.Shakespearesucceedsinexploringthecharactersinnerworld.ShakespearealsoportrayshischaractersinpairsContrastsplotconstruction:Shakespeareseldominventshisownplot;instead,heborrowsthem.Thereareusuallyseveralcluesrunningthroughtheplay,thusprovidingthestorywiththesuspenseandapprehension.Language:differentpoeticforms,suchasthesonnet,theblankverseandtherhymedcouplet.richinvocabularyandidiom.,3.JohnMilton(1608-1674),Englishpoetin17thcenturyBothhislifeandhisworksarecloselyrelatedtopoliticsHebecamecompletelyblindin1652Majorworks:ParadiseLostParadiseRegainedSamsonAgonistes,ParadiseLost,epic史诗blankverse无韵诗Plot(P21-22)SatansAdjuration(P22-23)TheimageofSatan/God,Sonnet,OnHisDeceasedWife(P24)TohissecondwifeKatherineWoodcockabbaabbacdcdcd,4.DanielDefoe(1660-1731),Oneofthepioneersoftherealisticnovelin18thcenturyMasterpiece:RobinsonCrusoe(1719),RobinsonCrusoe,ForerunneroftheEnglishrealisticnovelBasedonarealstory(P30)plot(P30-31)ImageofRobinsonCrusoe:typicaloftheEnglishbourgeoisie(资产阶级)ofthe18thcentury：hard-working,iron-willed,persistent,self-relianttheme:themoldingofcharacterthroughtheinfluenceofvariedenvironment;glorifyingthehumanlabor;atypicalcharacterofEnglishbourgeoisieattheearlystagesofitsdevelopment;colonizationingerm.(P31)Excerpt:P31-34,Romanticism,BeginswiththepublicationofLyricalBallads(1798)andendswiththedeathofSirWalterScott(1832).Pre-romanticpoets:WilliamBlake,RobetBurnsActiveromanticpoets:GeorgeGordonByron,PercyByssheShelley,JohnKeatsPassiveromanticpoets/LakePoets:WilliamWordsworth,SamuelTaylorColeridge,RobertSouthey.,5.WilliamWordsworth,PoetLaureate桂冠诗人CollaboratewithColeridgeonLyricalBallads:adeclarationofromanticismDefinePoetryas“thespontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeelings,whichoriginatesinemotionrecollectedintranquility”.Aworshipperofnature,IWanderedLonelyasCloud,Structure:foursix-linestanzas;iambictetrameter;rhymescheme:ababcc;theme:theharmonybetweenthingsinnatureandtheharmonybetweennatureandthepoethimself/Naturesbeautyupliftsthehumanspirit.Figuresofspeech:simile,metaphor,personification,6.JaneAusten(1775-1817),ThefirstimportantEnglishwomannovelistWritingstyle:Theme:mostlyaboutloveandmarriageLanguage:simple,humourous,witty,ironicPlot:straightforward,littleactionCharacters:likereallivingpersonsDialogues:truetolife,JaneAusten(1775-1817),Shecalledherwork“afineengravingmadeuponalittlepieceofivoryonlytwoinchessquare”(“两寸牙雕”):AverynarrowliteraryfieldButwithinherownfield,sheisunrivaled:vividportraitofhermajorcharactersandrealisticandcolorfulpicturesofthelifeandmannersoftheuppermiddleclassinrualEnglandofhertime,JaneAusten,Majorworks:NorthangerAbbey诺桑觉寺(1818)SenseandSensibility理智与情感(1811)PrideandPrejudice傲慢与偏见(1813)MansfieldPark曼斯菲尔德庄园(1814)Emma艾玛(1816)Persuasion劝导(1818),PrideandPrejudice,“Itisatruthuniversallyacknowledged,thatasinglemaninpossesionofagoodfortunemustbeinwantofawife.”Maincharacters/plot/themeDialoguesCharacteranalysis:Mr.andMrs.Bennet;ElizabethandMr.Darcy;JaneandMr.BingleyPride/prejudice,7.WashingtonIvring(1783-1859),FatherofAmericanliterature.thefatherofAmericanshortstories.thefirstAmericanwritertogaininternationalgame.HiswritingmarksthebeginningofRomanticisminAmericanliterature,WashingtonIvring,MajorworksAHistoryofNewYork纽约外史TheSketchBook见闻札记including:“TheLegendoftheSleepyHollow”睡谷的传说“RipVanWinkle”瑞普凡温克尔,RipVanWinkle,ThestoryofRipVanWinklebeginsaboutfiveorsixyearsbeforetheAmericanRevolutionandendstwentyyearslater.TheactiontakesplaceinavillageinBritishcolonialNewYork,neartheHudsonRiverandtheCatskillMountains.ThecharacterofRipVanWinkle:Asimple,good-naturedman;Anobedient,henpecked(惧内的)husband;Agreatfavoriteamongneighborsandchildren;wholoathes（厌恶）profitablelabor.Language:humorousTheme:thenostalgiafortheunrecoverablepast,8.Bronteesisters,CharlotteBrontee:JaneEyreEmilyBrontee:WutheringHeightsAnneBrontee:AgnesGreyTheTenantoftheWildfellHall,JaneEyre,ThefirstimportantgovernessnovelintheEnglishliteraryhistoryPlot:fivestagesChildhoodatGatesheadEducationattheLowoodSchoolAsagovernessatThornfieldWiththeRiversfamilyatMoorHouseHerreunionwithandmarriagetoRochesteratFerndean,JaneEyre,DoyouthinkIcanstaytobecomenothingtoyou?DoyouthinkIamanautomaton?-amachinewithoutfeelings?andcanbeartohavemymorselofbreadsnatchedfrommylips,andmydropoflivingwaterdashedfrommycup?Doyouthink,becauseIampoor,obscure,plain,andlittle,Iamsoullessandheartless?Youthinkwrong!Ihaveasmuchsoulasyou-andfullasmuchheart!AndifGodhadgiftedmewithsomebeautyandmuchwealth,Ishouldhavemadeitashardforyoutoleaveme,asitisnowformetoleaveyou.Iamnottalkingtoyounowthroughthemediumofcustom,conventionalities,norevenofmortalflesh:itismyspritthataddressesyourspirit;justasifbothhadpassedthroughthegrave,andwestoodatGodsfeet,equal-asweare!,JaneEyre,Aground-breaking(开拓性的)novel:Theheroineissmall,plain,nature;love;truth,beauty,etc.,EmilyDickinson,Poems:BecauseIcouldnotstopfordeath(P116-117)Structure:six4-linestanzasTheme:deathleadstoimmortalityForm:unconventionaldash;capitalletterFiguresofspeech:metaphor;personificationIDiedforbeauty-butwasscarce(P118)Theme:beautyandtruthareultimatelyoneImNobody!(P119)Somebody/nobody/frog/bog,Style,A:Herpoemshavenotitles,hencethefirstlineofeachpoemisalwaysquotedasthetitleofeachpoem.B:particularstresspattern:dash“”C:Capitallettersasameansofemphasis;D:Language:brief,direct,andplain;E:Poem:short,alwaysonoriginalimagesorsymbolsF:Shortpoeticlines,condensedbyusingintensemetaphorsandbyextensiveuseofellipsis.,10.MarkTwain(1835-1910),Relatedliteraryterms:Localcolorism(乡土文学):asatrendbecamedominantinAmericanliteratureinthe1860sandearly1870s,itisdefinedashavingsuchqualityoftextureandbackgroundthatitcouldnothavebeenwritteninanyotherplaceorbyanyoneelsethananative.Inliterature,regionalismorlocalcolorrefertstofictionorpoetrythatfocusesonspecificfeatureincludingcharacters,dialects,customs,history,andlandscapeofaparticularregion.MarkTwainemployedanunpretentiousstyleofcolloquialisminhisnovelswhichisbestdescribedas“vernacular”.,MarkTwain,TheGildedAge(镀金时代):thetermwascoinedbyMarkTwainandCharlesDudleyWarnerintheir1873book,TheGildedAge:ATaleofToday.InAmericanhistory,theGildedAgereferstosubstantialgrowthinpopulationintheUnitedStatesandextravagantdisplaysofwealthandexcessofAmericasupper-classduringthepost-CivilWarandpost-Reconstructionera,inthelate19thcentury.,MarkTwain,TheAdventuresofTomSawyerTheAdventureofHuckleberryFinnThePrinceandthePauperTheCopandtheAnthemRunningforGovernorThe1,000,000Bank-NoteTheInnocentsAbroadTheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaverasCountyTheGildedAgeLifeontheMississippi,MarkTwain,TheAdventureofHuckleberryFinnPlotThemeMaincharactersWritingstyle:humor;localcolorism;vernacularExcerpt(P124-129):HowHuckescapesfromhisfather,11.ErnestHemingway(1899-1961),In1954,hewasawardedtheNoblePrizeforliterature.Deeplydepressedandtormentedbyfailingartisticandphysicalpower,hecommittedsuicideonJuly2,1961.HeisthespokesmanfortheLostGeneration.,Majorworks,TheSunAlsoRises(1926)太阳照常升起AFarewelltoArms(1929)永别了，武器ForWhomtheBellTolls(1940)丧钟为谁而鸣TheOldManandtheSea(1952)老人与海（PulizerPrize,NobelPrize）,ErnestHemingway,Hemingwaysheroisusuallyisolated,andfightsagoodfight.Thereisaparticulartermforhischaracter,“thecodehero/man”(硬汉形象)。（P166）Hethinksawritershouldwritelittle,sothatreaderscanunderstandmuchmore.ThisiscallesIcebergPrinciple(冰山原则).（P166）,TheOldManandtheSea,“Lifeisbutalosingbattle,itisastrugglemancandominateinsuchawaythatlossbecomesdignity；mancanbephysicallydestroyedbutneverdefeatedspiritually.”人生不过是一场注定失败的战斗。但人们可以主导这场战斗，化损失为尊严。人的肉体可以被毁灭，但精神永不败。Attheendofthestory,istheoldmandefeated?Whyorwhynot?,12.ToniMorrison(1931-),AfamousAfricanAmericanwomanwriterWontheNobelPrizeinliteraturein1993Hernovelsmainlydealwiththeproblemsofblackwomendefiningtheirrolesandstrivingtosurviveinamaledominatedsociety.,ToniMorrison,Majorworks:TheBluestEye(1970)SongofSolomon(1977)TarBaby(1981)Beloved(1987)Jazz(1992),Figuresofspeech,Simile明喻Metaphor暗喻Personification拟人Hyperbole夸张Repetition重复Parallelism排比Allusion典故,Termsofpoetry,1.stanza诗节2.meter格律3.foot音步4.pentameter五音步5.iamb抑扬格6.iambicpentameter抑扬格五音步7.rhyme韵8.RhymeScheme韵律,Meter,Referstothearrangedpatterncomposedbystressedsyllableandunstressedsyllable.Oneunit,orcombinationofastressedandunstressedsyllableiscalledafoot(音步).,KindsofMeter,(1)monometer(on