英语词汇学复习资料

英语词汇学复习资料introduction English as a全球1. Lexicology (词汇学) is a branch of linguistics (语言学)2. Lexicology和哪个重要学科取得了联系1) Morphology (构词学)2) Semantics (语义学)3) Stylistics (语体学)4)typemoogy (语源学)。研究lexicology的两大方法1) Diachronic approach :继续语言学2) Synchronic approach :共时语言学chapter1lexicologyandbasicconceptsofwordsandvocabularry1.word awordisminiminialformationalformationthashaviensoundaminingandmaninnin2.theretheisnollogicollogrationbetweensoundandmeaminingasthesymbolicconneconnectionbetweenthemisarbitrary (可选)和兼容性3. sound & formthesoutheshoutheshoubesimilarto/consisterwiththeform，butthesouthesouthesouthessimillogical是不合逻辑的and irregularity1) influenced by Romans2) Pronunciation changed3) early scribes (抄写员)4) borrowing4.vocabulary nottonolycanincantityrotothetotalnofthewordwsinallthewordwsusendaprationallastricalperiod。5 .关于世界的类别basic full/content实义词native/Anglo-Saxon wordsfrequency notion originnonbasic/vocabularryfunctional/empty功能语borrowed/loan(1) thecharacteristicsofbasicwordstockthefoundofthevocabaurryacumentaldovertocenturiesandformstheallnationalcharactercommoncareofthelanguage。稳定性Productivity (高产)Polysemy (多义性)Collocability (适用性) neutral in style (中立性)(2) Two feature of native wordsfrequent in use据现代语言学家统计，现在英语中同系词占多少？它们的起源是(Anglo_Saxon tongue )(什么是borrowed words？1 ) wordstakenoverforforfinglangcges2 ) itisestimatedthatenglishborrowingsconstitude 80 percentofthemodernenglishvocabularry3 ) theenglishlanguagehasvastbedets.inanydictionarysome 80 % oftheentriesareborrowed。chapter2thedevelopmenoftheenglishvocabularry1. Old English属于indo-europeanlanguagefamily german IC，与德语最为相似2. History1)Old English (450-1150 )a.thefiriffferepronnontoinhabit (居住) englandsweelits，the language was Celtic (凯尔特语)b.theseconsionlanguagewasthelatin (拉丁语) of the Roman Legions (罗马军队)Roman invasion Anglo-Saxon三起事件The introduction of Christianity拉丁语的流入Viking invasion (北欧海盗)和scandinavian斯堪的纳维亚语流传下来2) Middle English (1150-1500 )thenormanconqueststarteacontnualflowoffrenchwordintoenglish 高级人物在13世纪末，英语发展过程中出现了哪个阶段确立三个词的现象？ 中型期间，French，Latin，English in Middle English period出现在easel、port、freight、英语发展的哪个阶段，属于哪个外来语的导入？ Middle English，Dutch (带了2500个词)3) Modern English (1500-up to now )renaissance : latinandgreekerecorigingasthelanuagesofthewesternworldsgreatliteralheritage (文化遗产)工业革命： 17世纪中叶British tentacles (魔手) beganastretchingoutoftoeverycorneroftheglobe，thus enabling English to abss16世纪，新工业Printing的出现对词汇的发展有着重要的影响，在sound and form中出现了concord (一致性)和standardization二战后，大量外来语进入英语。 例如，Mao jackets、black belt、kongfu是标准化的Inflectional language屈折语analysislanguage分析语言三主资源(来源) new wordstherapiddevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnologySocial，economic and political changestheinfluenceofotherculaturesandlanguagesthreemodesofvocabularrydevelopmentcreationtheformationofnewwordsbyusingtheexistingmaterials，namely roots，affixes and other elements。semantic change-anoldformwhichtakeonanewmeaningtomeetthenewneed .borrowingtotakeinwordsfromotherlanuages.(particulrlyinearliertime )chapter3thestructureofenglishwords1.morpheme amorphemeisthesmallestmeaningfulwunitofalanguage.(thesmallestfunctionalunitinthecompositingofwords.)free-canstandalonesaword/independentofothermorphmestypeprefix前缀lexicalderivation alaffixationbound-addedtoothermorphmessuffix后缀Grammatical inflectional2.morph amorphemmumemustebrealizedbydiscretemonomorphenicwords morphmesarerealizedbysinglemorphs .allo morph emorphmesarerealizedbymorethanonemorphaccording3 .根 arootisthebasicformofword，whichcconntantberannalydizedwithouttotallossofidentity。(whatremainsofawordaftertheremovalofallaffixes.)stem aformetowhichaffixesofanykincanbeadded .base referstoaformtowhichaffixesofanykincanbeadded.itcanberootorstem .astemmayconsistofasinglerootortworootsandarootplusaaffix。astemcanbearootoraformbiggerthanaroot。请区别以下两个词的特征： nation、dict进行理论分析(1) bothnationanddictbelongtosroots，nation is free root，whichcanfunctionaloneinasentence(2) Nation as a free root，has complete meaning，whenbothprefixesandsuffixesattachedtoitareremoved，nation as a freeroot，still remainsDict is a bound root，whichcannotformentanconformationalgrammatically，dictcariesthefundamentalmeaningofwords，dicthastoconi