sentence structure(新)PPT参考课件

1,SentenceStructure,2,SentenceAnalysis,AsessionwillbeheldnextMonday.Simplesentence,3,SentenceClauseNPVPNPDetNAuxAuxMVAdjNAsessionwillbeheldnextMonday.,4,Theschoolclosedearly,sowewenthome.Compoundsentence,5,SentenceClause1Clause2NPVPAdvPNPVPAdvPDetNMVAdvConjPronMVAdvTheschoolclosedearly,sowewenthome.,6,Theschoolclosedearlybecausetheelectricitywentout.Complexsentence,7,SentenceClauseClauseNPVPNPVPDetNMVAdvConjDetNMVAdvTheschoolclosedearlybecausetheelectricitywentout.,8,Thesentenceisthehighestrankofgrammaticalunitwhichcanstandbyitselfandperformacommunicativefunction.Asentencecanbelongorshort,simpleorcomplex,andcanconsistofonlyoneclauseormorethanoneclause.Owingtothefactthatsentencesdiffergreatlyinstructure,whatisdescribedhereas“sentencestructure”isonlyconcernedwiththesimplesentence,orratherwiththeclause.,9,Contents,I.Clauseelements1.Subjectandpredicate2.ThewaysofsentenceanalysisII.Basicclausetypeswhattheclauseisabout;knowninformation;generallyanounphraseoranequivalentofnounphrase.ThePredicate:somethingaboutthesubject;newinformation;generallyaverbphrasewithorwithoutcomplementation（补足成分）.,13,Exercise:Identifythesubjectandpredicate,Twentyyearsisashorttimeinhistory.Theteacherwithtwoofhisstudentsiswalkingintotheclassroom.Seeingisbelieving.Todotodayshomeworkwithouttheteachershelpisverydifficult.,14,Compoundsubject并列主语,Thesubjectofafull-fledgedclausecanbecompoundnounphrases,whichiscalledcompoundsubject.E.g.:Theboysandthegirlsareplanningadance.LisaandDanielgotlostinthewoods.,15,Compoundpredicate并列谓语,Thepredicateofafull-fledgedclausealsocanbeacoordinateconstruction,anditiscalledcompoundpredicate.Iopenedthemagazineandbegantoreaditquietly.Myfriendlivesinagreenhouseandridesaredbicycle.,16,Doublepredicate双重谓语Shelaytheremotionless=ShewasmotionlesswhenshelaythereHelefthomeamerechild.=Hewasamerechildwhenhelefthome.Heleftintears=Hewasintearswhenheleft,17,TranslatesentencesusingDoublePredicate.1.上午离开时，他很开心。(v+a.)2.她离开时还是一个害羞的女孩，回来时却是一位年轻的母亲。(v+n.)3.他死时非常绝望。(v+pp),18,2.Thewaysofsentenceanalysis,Onewayistodividethepredicateintopredicateverb（谓语动词）,object（宾语）,complement（补语）andadverbial（状语）.Theseelementstogetherwiththesubject（主语）makethefiveclauseelements（分句成分）.,19,20,Theotherwayistodividethepredicateintotwoparts:theoperator（操作词）andthepredication（述谓成分）.Theoperatoristheauxiliaryorthefirstauxiliaryinacomplexverbphrase,whilethepredicationcomprisesthemainverbwithitscomplementation(object,complementoradverbial).,21,22,Exercise:Analyzethesentences,Mikeopenedthecan.Mikeisacollegestudent.Mikehasdonetheworkalone.,NP,VP,NP,Subject,Predicateverb,Object,NP,VP,NP,Subject,Predicateverb,Complement,NP,VP,NP,Adv.P,Subject,Predicateverb,Object,Adverbial,23,II.Basicclausetypesandtheirtransformationandexpansion,Intermsofthedifferentcombinationofclauseelements,Englishclausescanbeclassifiedintosevenbasictypes.Innumerablesentencesarestructuredonthebasisoftheseclausetypes（分句类型）.,24,1.Basicclausetypes,SVCSVSVOSVOOSVOCSVASVOA,S=subjectV=predicateverbO=objectC=complementA=adverbial,25,Sentenceanalysis,Chattingontheinternetisinteresting.Internetdatingwillhurt.Ilikechattingonline.Chattingonlinebringsmealotoffun.Wecancallinternetaddictsawebaholic.,26,complement,object,indirectobject,object,directobject,objectcomplement,SVC,SV,SVO,SVoO,SVOC,Predicateverb,linkingv.,vi.,mono-transitivev.,ditransitivev.,complexvt.,27,28,Exercise:Identifytheclausetypes,1.Shecame2.Sheishappy3.ShelikesEnglish.4.ShegaveJohnabook5.Theyelectedhimpresident.,29,Exercise:Identifytheclausetypes,1.ShecameSV2.Sheishappy.SVC3.ShelikesEnglish.SVO4.ShegaveJohnabookSVOO5.Theyelectedhimpresident.SVOC,Ex.1B,30,2.Transformationandexpansionofbasicclausetypes,Transformation基本句型的转换Thebasicclausetypesareallaffirmativestatementswithverbsintheactivevoice.Anaffirmativeclause（肯定句）canbetransformedintoanegative（否定句）;astatement（陈述句）intoaquestion（疑问句）;andanactiveclause（主动句）intoapassive（被动句）.Alltheseaddvarietiestothebasicclausetypes.,31,affirmativenegative(a)Shegavehimthebook.(b)Shedidntgivehimthebook.statementquestion(a)Shegavehimthebook.(b)Didshegivehimthebook?activepassive(a)Shegavehimabook.(b)Abookwasgiventohim.(c)Hewasgivenabook.,32,Expansion基本句型的扩大Thebasicclausetypescanbeexpandedintolargergrammaticalunitsthroughmodifier修饰成分coordination并列结构subordination从属结构,33,A.增加修饰语修饰语包括名词修饰语和状语，可以分别由名词词组、形容词词组和副词词组来担任，也可以由介词词组和非限定动词词组来担任。例如：Thebankcloses_.The_mangot_angry.Thevisitors_arereadytoleave.Wefoundthelectureroomfullofpeople_.,34,A_vasewasforsale.Thepicture_mustbeveryvaluable.TheJapanesetroopssurrendered_.Thelittleboywalked_.Thegirlexpressedherwish.Awomanworkertoldthestudentsthestory.,quitesteadilyandsurely,alongthenarrowwall,35,B.分句的并列(P338)Atradeagreementwassigned,andaculturalexchangewasarranged.Theworkerswerecheerful,oratleasttheyappearedtobecheerful.Theyoungmanhasoftenbeenpraised,butheisneverconceited.and;or;but(while,yet,whereas);so;forhowever;therefore;furthermore;hence;accordingly,36,C.使用从属分句充当主语、宾语、补语、定语、状语、同位语等Whathetoldmetheotherdayhasnothingtodowiththisproblem.Hetoldmehowhemanagedtoaccomplishthetask.Thequestionunderdiscussionnowiswheretheyshouldbuildthefactory.JohngaveitawayalthoughMarywantedit.,37,Whathasnothingtodowiththisproblem.Whenwillbedecidedtomorrow.IcantimaginewhyEventhemountainsherearenolongerwhat.OnesurelycangetgoodresultsifIquiteagreewiththeoldsayingthat,38,并列与从属手段并用，会产生更加复杂的句子，如：WhenreportscameintoLondonZoothatawildpumahadbeenspottedforty-fivemilessouthofLondon,theywerenottakenseriously,but,astheevidencebegantoaccumulate,expertsfromtheZoofeltobligedtoinvestigate,forthedescriptionsgivenbypeoplewhoclaimedtohaveseenthepumawereextraordinarilysimilar.,39,并列与从属手段并用，会产生更加复杂的句子，如：WhenreportscameintoLondonZoothatawildpumahadbeenspottedforty-fivemilessouthofLondon,theywerenottakenseriously,but,astheevidencebegantoaccumulate,expertsfromtheZoofeltobligedtoinvestigate,forthedescriptionsgivenbypeoplewhoclaimedtohaveseenthepumawereextraordinarilysimilar.,40,PracticeSentenceexpansion,41,Choosetheappropriatecoordinatorstocompletethesentences.1.Permissionwasnotgrantedfortheinterview;_,thereportersnevergaveuphope.ConsequentlyB.likewiseC.howeverD.moreover2._awell-balanceddiet_adequatesleepisneededforgoodhealth.NeithernorB.NotonlybutalsoRatherthanD.Becauseso3.Twoofthestudentshaveneithertheintelligencenorthediligencetolearntherequiredlesson;_,theywillbedismissedfromtheprogram.butB.consequentlyC.similarlyD.indeed4.Wemusthurry_weshallmissthebus.A.AndB.orC.soD.but,42,Replacetheparticipialwords/phraseswithclauses.Ihadtogetanewpassport,myoldonehavingexpired.Forcedtostop,theywereunableeventopitchatent.Consideringherage,wemustsaysheisdoingwell.Everyonethoughtthebattlelost.Thearticle,publishedasitwasinasmallmagazine,remainedunknownforalongtime.,43,Combinesentences,usingsubordination.Wearepreparedtomakecertainconcessions.Wefindithardtoputupwiththeloss.Airtrafficiscloselycontrolled.Flyingisrelativelysafe.AGermaniscomingtoseeme.ImadehisacquaintanceinHamburglastyear.Illnesskepthimawayfromschool.Hedidntgettheprize.Youpromisetobehaveyourself.Youshallnotgothepartythisafternoon.,44,Rewritethefollowing,usingnon-finiteclauses/phrasesWethinkitstrangethatheshouldsayathinglikethat.Heisnotthemanwhowecantriflewith.Icantunderstandwhyheshouldbehavesofoolishly.WhileIwaswaitingatthedentists,Ireadthewholeofthestory.Astheywereexhausted,thechildrenfellasleepatonce.,45,Rewritethefollowing,usingverblessclauseswherepossible.Themenwereeagertobegintheclimbandtheyroseatfirstlight.Ashewasanexcellentspeaker,hewasneveratalossforaword.ThoughMarywasnogoodswimmer,shesplashedabouthappilyinthesea.Thewindwaskeenasarazoranddrovethembackintotheshelteroftheirtent.,46,Translation谁要是不同意可以保留自己的意见。(subjectclause)他很清楚地表明他不会改变主意。(objectclause)我还记得我成为大学生的那个日子。(attributiveclause)只要你们没有意见，这事我可以做。(adverbialclause)问题是我们在哪儿才能找到那个失踪的孩子。(complementclause),47,Exercise1C:Combinethesentencesintoalogicalone,WaldenPondisnowthesiteofmanytouriststands.ItwasoncepraisedbyThoreauforitsnaturalbeauty.WaldenPond,oncepraisedbyThoreauforitsnaturalbeauty,isnowthesiteofmanytouriststands.,48,1.WaldenPond,oncepraisedbyThoreauforitsnaturalbeauty,isnowthesiteofmanytouriststands.2.Almosteverysummernightthecoolingnortheastwindsweptthroughourbedroomwindows,makingairconditioningunnecessaryandalightblanketwelcome./Sweepingthroughourbedroomwindowsalmosteverysummernight,thecoolingnortheastwindmade3.Thesteepsurroundingslopeswerecappedwithsnow,whichfedtwostreamsplungingdowntojoininthevalleybelow.4.Withtheriverononesideandalargetreeprovidingshade,thisisagoodspotforapicnic,andwecanspreadourblanketonthegrassyknoll.,49,5.Pantingforbreathafterrunningupthestairs,Mr.Woodstoodathisneighboursdoorandknockedagainandagaintillsomeoneopenedit.6.ThetownfolkenviedHorace,whohadcomeintoasmallfortunewithwhichheboughtabighouseandobtainedapartnershipinthebiggestgroceryintown.7.Standinginfrontofthemirror,Jimlookedathisimage,wonderingatthebigchangethathadcomeoverhiminrecentyears.8.Theideathathisonlydaughterwhomhehadgreatlywrongedmightneverforgivehimalmostdrovehimcrazy.9.Thestory,writteninplainlanguage,consistsofthreepartswithaninterestingplotcenteringroundanaristocraticfamilylivingin17th-centuryFrance.,50,10.Mud-coveredandshivering,Johnsathunchedoverabowlofhotbrothpreparedbyhisfathertodriveoffthechill.11.FarabovethewatersofabeautifullakeandoverthetopsofthetallpinetreesgrowingonthesteepslopesofahillstandfiveChinese-stylepavilions.12.Fartherdownthestreet,theoldmanstoppedandleanedagainstalamp-post,listeningtoacheerfulsongcomingoutofarestaurantontheoppositesideofthestreet.13.Sarahsankinthenearestchair,completelyexhausted,herlimbsstiffwithcold,hermindapieceofblank.,51,14.ThroughoutthedayMrs.Rymerbehavedveryproperly,herpleasant,refinedfacewearingagravelook,herelegantfigurewrappedindeepmourningwhileoccasionallysheutteredasighorasob.15.Tonythoughtitnecessarytobreakthenewstohisfamily,thatMr.Jacob,hisformeremployer,hadpromisedhimahalf-dayjobat20poundsaweek.16.Thethoughtthathemighthavewrongedhisfriendwhohadrenderedhimgoodservicesonmanyoccasionstroubledhismind,alreadyoverburdenedwithworriesandcares.17.Themenofthedisbandedr