Copy of 法律翻译2.ppt

TranslationSkills,DefinedTermsLegalese“May”“Shall”,精确、无歧义的措词英汉法律用语涉及到当事人的切身利益,必须明确地规定权利、义务、行为等，要避免模棱两可的措词，以免产生不同的理解，被人钻了法律空子。例如：自9月20日起，甲方已无权接受任何定单或收据。PartyAshallbeunauthorizedtoacceptanyordersortoacceptanyordersortocollectanyaccountafterSeptember20.,PartyAshallbeunauthorizedtoacceptanyordersortoacceptanyordersortocollectanyaccountonandafterSeptember20.AnadvancePaymentequaltotwelve(12%)percentoftheSubcontractpricetobeexpressedinRMBshallbepaidbytheContractorafterthecomingintoforceofthisAgreement.,正式古雅的用词为了显示其权威性，英汉法律用语经常沿袭一些专业术语，避免标新立异，避免用通俗语或俚语，有时甚至使用古语，以表示其“固守成规”。例如，一些英语惯用副词在英汉法律用语中频繁出现，成了该文体的标志之一，常用的有herein，hereafter，hereinafter，hereto，hereunder，thereon,whereby，wherein等词。其中，here指this，there指that，where指which。而在汉语英汉法律用语中，也经常使用文言虚词，使行文显得凝炼、端雅，常见的有：兹、本、上述、就此、为此等。,中国A公司与日本B公司遵照中华人民共和国中外合资经营法及有关法律的规定，本着平等互利的原则,同意共同投资兴办合资经营企业，兹签订本合同。InaccordancewiththestipulationsofTheLawofthePeoplesRepublicofChinaonJointVenturesUsingChineseAndForeignInvestmentandotherrelatedlawsandrules,andonthebasisofequalityandmutualbenefit,AofthePeoplesRepublicofChina(PRC)andBofJapan,bothagreetoestablishaJointVentureEnterprisewithjointinvestmentandherebysignthiscontract.,TheCommitteeonBudget,FinanceandAdministrationsshallreviewtheannualbudgetestimateandthefinancialstatementpresentedbytheDirector-GeneralandmakerecommendationsthereontotheGeneralCouncil.预算、财政和管理委员会应当对总干事提出的年度概算和财务报表进行审查，并就此向总理事会提出建议。,Article19Ifanorganinchargeofinvestigatory,procuratorial,judicialorprisonadministrationwork,oritsfunctionaries,infringeupontherightsandinterestsofacitizen,alegalperson,orotherorganizations,intheexerciseofitsfunctionsandpowers,therebycausingdamagetothevictims,thatorganshallbetheorganliableforcompensation.,Article31Ifapeoplescourt,inviolationofthelaw,adoptsinciviloradministrativeproceedingscompulsorymeasuresorpreservativemeasuresinimpairmentoftheproceedings,orwronglyexecutesajudgmentorarulingorothereffectivelegaldocuments,therebyresultingindamagebeingdone,thecriminalcompensationproceduresofthisLawshallbeapplicabletotheprocedureformakingclaimsforcompensationbytheclaimant.,Article12TermsofContractThetermsofacontractshallbeprescribedbytheparties,andgenerallyincludethefollowing:(i)namesofthepartiesandthedomicilesthereof;(ii)subjectmatter;(iii)quantity;(iv)quality;(v)priceorremuneration;(vi)time,placeandmethodofperformance;(vii)liabilitiesforbreachofcontract;(viii)methodofdisputeresolution.Thepartiesmayenterintoacontractbyreferencingamodelcontractfortherelevantcontractcategory.,Article26EffectivenessofAcceptanceAnoticeofacceptancebecomeseffectiveonceitreachestheofferor.Wheretheacceptancedoesnotrequirenotification,itbecomeseffectiveonceanactofacceptanceisperformedinaccordancewiththerelevantusageorasrequiredbytheoffer.Whereacontractisconcludedbytheexchangeofelectronicmessages,thetimeofarrivaloftheacceptanceshallbegovernedbyParagraph2ofArticle16hereof.,Where在法律英语中的特殊用法法律英语中,Where常引导状语成句,可译为“在时”,“当时候”,但它说明的是事物的状况,不同于表示时间的when。,Wheretheinvoiceamountisinthecurrencyofneitherexportersnorimporterscountry,theissuingbankmustempowerabankinthecorrespondingcurrencyareatocreditortransfertheowedamountondemandtothecorrespondentbank.Wherethesumpayableisexpressedinwordsandalsoinfigures,andthereisadiscrepancybetweenthetwo,thesumdenotedbythewordsistheamountpayable,good,Neglectofdutyisgoodcauseforremovalofatrustee.TheVendorshallprocurethatthePurchaseracquiresgoodtitletotheSharesfreefromallcharges,liens,encum-branches,equitiesandclaimswhatsoever.,Nowtherefore,inconsiderationofthepremises,andtherepresentations,warranties,covenants,andundertakingsofthepartieshereinaftersetforth,andforothergoodandvaluableconsideration,thepartiesagreeamongthemselvesasfollows.PartyAisacompanydulyorganized,validlyexistingandingoodstandingasalegalpersonunderthelawsofthePRC.,IfanytermorprovisionofthisAgreementshallbecomeorbedeclaredillegal,invalidorunenforceableforanyreasonwhatsoever,suchtermorprovisionshallbeseveredfromthisAgreementshallbedeemedtobedeletedfromthisAgreement,providedthatifsuchdeletionmateriallyaffectsoraltersthebasisofthisAgreement,thepartiesshallnegotiateingoodfaithtoamendandmodifytheprovisionsandtermsofthisAgreementasmaybenecessaryordesirableinthecircumstances.,“goodtitle”是指titlethatislegallyvalidandeffective（“法律上有效的所有权”，亦可译成“无可争辩的所有权”）。“goodcause”表示alegallysufficientreason（“法律上有充分理由”）。“goodconsideration”系considerationthatisvalidunderthelaw（“法律上有效的约因或对价”）。“ingoodstanding”表示是符合法律法规要求的，是有资格的。“goodfaith”的意思是honesty,fairnessandlawfulnessofpurpose，相当于汉语里的“诚信”，译文加了“态度”，使之具体化，符合汉语的表达方式。,Shall,May,法律英语是一种非常正式的语体,法律在规范权利或义务时,常常有“应该”、“必须”、“可以”、“不得”等词,除了必需的主动词外,需要借助情态助动词来表达。用得较多的情态助动词有shall,may,must,will,oughtto等。,shallshall是法律法规等立法用语中最基本、最广泛的情态助动词。在普通英语中,shall的用法是将来时态的一种构成形式,而且其主语一般是第一人称。而在法律英语中,在有shall句子中,主语通常都是第三人称。因此,在翻译shall或其所在句子时,不是将其翻译为表达将来时态的普通含义,而是依据不同情况,进行不同的文字处理。Anycostsandfeesreceivedbyalegalofficerhereundershallbepaidintothegeneralrevenue.律政人员根据本条例所收取的任何讼费及费用,须拨入政府一般收入内。,Thelawfulcivilrightsandinterestsofcitizensandlegalpersonsshallbeprotectedbylaw;noorganizationorindividualmayinfringeuponthem.Article5TheStateshallnotbeliableforcompensationinanyofthefollowingcircumstances:(1)Individualactsofafunctionaryofanadministrativeorgan,whichhavenothingtodowiththeexerciseofhisfunctionsandpowers;(2)Damagearisenfromactsdonebycitizens,legalpersonsorotherorganizationsthemselves;or(3)Othercircumstancesprovidedbylaw.,Arecordershallhaveandmayexerciseallthejurisdiction,powersandprivilegesandshallhaveandperformallthedutiesofajudgeoftheCourtofFirstInstance,andanyreferenceinanylawtosuchajudgeshallbeconstruedaccordingly.特委法官具有并可行使原讼法庭法官的所有司法管辖权、权力及特权,亦具有并须执行原讼法庭法官的所有职责,而任何法律中凡提述此等法官之处,须据此而解释。,法律英语中也有关于shall否定式即shallnot的应用,其译文常为“无须”、“不得”,maynot正是表达此含义的常用专业词汇。因此,shallnot远不及maynot的使用频率高。Article114.Ifonepartyissufferinglossesowingtotheotherpartysbreachofcontract,itshalltakepromptmeasurestopreventthelossesfromincreasing;ifitdoesnotpromptlydoso,itshallnothavetherighttoclaimcompensationfortheadditionallosses.,Article107.Civilliabilityshallnotbeborneforfailuretoperformacontractordamagetoathirdpartyifitiscausedbyforcemajeure,exceptasotherwiseprovidedbylaw.Article128.Apersonwhocausesharminexercisingjustifiabledefenseshallnotbearcivilliability.Ifjustifiabledefenseexceedsthelimitsofnecessityandundueharmiscaused,anappropriateamountofcivilliabilityshallbeborne.,maymay表达一种“可以”意思,使其主语(主体)有一定的选择空间,这种功用在普通英语和法律英语中是一样的。但是,要注意两点:其一,may在法律英语中的内涵和外延都相对较窄,它没有表达“可能”等猜测意思的功用,其在这方面的应用要受限制;其二,中文里的“可以”表示主体实施或不实施某行为的一种选择性的权利,此即“授权性法律规范”文字的意思,但有时又是“义务性法律规范”的言词。所以,对中文“可以”的含义要辨证看待。同样道理,处理may的译语则要求不能过于呆板,即不能只翻译为“可以”,根据特定语境,也可译为“应该”、“必须”等。,TheGovernmentmay,insuchmannerandonsuchtermsandsubjecttosuchconditionsasmaybeagreedbetweentheGovernmentandanyperson,borrowfromsuchpersonsuchsumorsumsandforsuchpurposesasmaybeapprovedbyresolutionoftheLegislativeCouncil.政府可向任何人借入款项,借入的方式、条款及规限条件由政府与该人以协议议定,而借入的款额及借款的目的则须由立法会藉决议批准。,shall用在法律文件中是用来表达义务的；may在法律文件中是用来表达权利的。法律起草人一般仅在具有法律效力的法律文件中使用shall，而在不具有法律效力的准法律文件中用will来代替shall，以示文件为非正式文件，不具有充分的法律效力。,Article11.Acitizenaged18orovershallbeanadult.Heshallhavefullcapacityforcivilconduct,mayindependentlyengageincivilactivitiesandshallbecalledapersonwithfullcapacityforcivilconduct.Acitizenwhohasreachedtheageof16butnottheageof18andwhosemainsourceofincomeishisownlaborshallberegardedasapersonwithfullcapacityforcivilconduct.,从形式上看,maynot是may的否定式,但从法律英语中体现出来的实际意义上看,maynot并不是对may(可以)的直接否定(不可以),而是特指法律上一种禁止性规定的表达形式,常作“禁止”、“不得”讲。Unlessthebuyerhasreceivednoticefromthesellerthathewillnotperformwithintheperiodsofixed,thebuyermaynot,duringthatperiod,resorttoanyremedyforbreachofcontract.除非买方收到卖方的通知,声称他将不在所规定的时间内履行义务,买方在这段时间内不得对违反合同采取任何补救措施。,Article58.Civilactsinthefollowingcategoriesshallbenullandvoid:(1)thoseperformedbyapersonwithoutcapacityforcivilconduct;(2)thosethataccordingtolawmaynotbeindependentlyperformedbyapersonwithlimitedcapacityforcivilconduct;(3)thoseperformedbyapersonagainsthistrueintentionsasaresultofcheating,coercionorexploitationofhisunfavorablepositionbytheotherparty;,Article80State-ownedlandmaybeusedaccordingtolawbyunitsunderownershipbythewholepeople;itmayalsobelawfullyassignedforusebyunitsundercollectiveownership.Thestateshallprotecttheusufructoftheland,andtheusufructuaryshallbeobligatedtomanage,protectandproperlyusetheland.Therightofcitizensandcollectivestocontractformanagementoflandundercollectiveownershiporofstate-ownedlandundercollectiveuseshallbeprotectedbylaw.Therightsandobligationsofthetwocontractingpartiesshallbestipulatedinthecontractsignedinaccordancewiththelaw.Landmaynotbesold,leased,mortgagedorillegallytransferredbyanyothermeans.,Aclaimantwhodemandscompensationshallfirstapplytotheorganliableforthecompensation,ormaymakedemandsforitsimultaneouslywhenapplyingforadministrativereconsiderationofthecaseorwhenbringinganadministrativeaction.,Article5UpholdingtheprincipleofoneChinaisthebasisofpeacefulreunificationofthecountry.ToreunifythecountrythroughpeacefulmeansbestservesthefundamentalinterestsofthecompatriotsonbothsidesoftheTaiwanStraits.Thestateshalldoitsutmostwithmaximumsinceritytoachieveapeacefulreunification.Afterthecountryisreunifiedpeacefully,Taiwanmaypracticesystemsdifferentfromthoseonthemainlandandenjoyahighdegreeofautonomy.第五条坚持一个中国原则，是实现祖国和平统一的基础。以和平方式实现祖国统一，最符合台湾海峡两岸同胞的根本利益。国家以最大的诚意，尽最大的努力，实现和平统一。国家和平统一后，台湾可以实行不同于大陆的制度，高度自治。,Article8IntheeventthattheTaiwanindependencesecessionistforcesshouldactunderanynameorbyanymeanstocausethefactofTaiwanssecessionfromChina,orthatmajorincidentsentailingTaiwanssecessionfromChinashouldoccur,orthatpossibilitiesforapeacefulreunificationshouldbecompletelyexhausted,thestateshallemploynon-peacefulmeansandothernecessarymeasurestoprotectChinassovereigntyandterritorialintegrity.TheStateCouncilandtheCentralMilitaryCommissionshalldecideonandexecutethenon-peacefulmeansandothernecessarymeasuresasprovidedforintheprecedingparagraphandshallpromptlyreporttotheStandingCommitteeoftheNationalPeoplesCongress.,第八条“台独”分裂势力以任何名义、任何方式造成台湾从中国分裂出去的事实，或者发生将会导致台湾从中国分裂出去的重大事变，或者和平统一的可能性完全丧失，国家得采取非和平方式及其他必要措施，捍卫国家主权和领土完整。依照前款规定采取非和平方式及其他必要措施，由国务院、中央军事委员会决定和组织实施，并及时向全国人民代表大会常务委员会报告。,Must在法律英语中,must表示“应该、必须”的意思,但是它所表达的对主语要求的语气要比shall表达的强得多。由于法律语言是要求极为庄重的正式语体,所以语言表达本身多客观现实、少主观臆想内容,must自然比shall使用得少。SuchdecisionsshallbemadeintheAssemblyorthroughvotingbycorrespondenceandmustbeunanimous.上述决定应在大会作出或者经由通讯投票作出而且必须一致通过。,Article6.Civilactivitiesmustbeincompliancewiththelaw;wheretherearenorelevantprovisionsinthelaw,theyshallbeincompliancewithstatepolicies.,will情态助动词will是法律英语中表达将来时态的一个常用词。其功用和翻译的处理和普通英语是一样的。Nopersonshallenterinto,reneworcontinueacontractofemploymentasanemployerunlesshebelievesuponreasonablegroundsthathewillbeabletopayallwagesdueunderthecontractofemploymentastheybecomedue.任何人,除非有合理理由自信会有能力在到期支付时付给所有根据雇佣合约须到期支付的工资,否则不得以雇主身分订立、续订或继续任何雇佣合约。,oughtto情态助动词oughtto是表示“应该”含义中语气较弱的一个助动词,而且带有主体的主观思想在内,所以它(包括否定式oughtnotto)用得也不多。Anyshareholderofthecompanywhokneworoughttohaveknownabouttherelevantaccountingtransactionandalldirectorsofthecompanyshallbepersonallyliableforanydebtorliabilityofthecompanyarisingoutoftherelevantaccountingtransaction.任何知道或应已知道该项有关会计交易的公司股东以及公司全体董事,均须对该公司因该项有关会计交易而引起的任何债项或债务,承担个人法律责任。,DefinedTerms,A“Person”includesanyindividual,company,bodycorporateornincorporatedorotherjudicialperson,partnership,firm,jointventureortrustorfederation,stateorsubdivisionthereoforanygovernmentoragencythereof.,“Law”andor“Regulation”includesanyconstitutionalprovisions,treaties,conventions,statutes,acts,laws,decrees,ordinances,subsidiaryandsubordinatelegislation,orders,andruleshavingtheforceoflawandrulesofcivilandcommonlawandequity.“SAIC”meanstheStateAdministrationforIndustryandCommerceofthepeoplesRepublicofChina.,“Commission”theSecuritiesandFuturesCommissionestablishedundersection3oftheSecuritiesandFuturesCommissionOrdinanceandcontinuinginexistenceundersection3oftheSecuritiesandFutureOrdinance.“ValueAddedTax”or“VAT”meansthetoxreferredtoasvalueaddedtaxintheProvisionalRegulationsofthePeoplesRepublicofChinaConcerningValueAddedTax,promulgatedbytheStateCouncilofthePeoplesRepublicofChinaon13December1993oranytaxofasimilarnaturewhichreplacessuchtax.,1、按原文翻译“Articles”meanstheArticlesofAssociationoftheExchange.“章程”指交易所的组织章程。2、在译文前加“本”字“Exchange”meanstheStockExchangeofHongKongLimited.“本交易所”指香港联合交易所有限公司。,3、在译文前加“有关”“Group”meanstheissueorguarantoranditssubsidiaries,ifany.“有关集团”指发行人或担保人及其附属公司（如有）。4、在译文前加上限定词“Regulations”meansthesamemeaningasinrule19A.04“特别规定”一词的含义与第19A.04条中该词的含义相同。,Legalese,Ifandonlyif如果及仅如果Unlessanduntil除非与直至Intheeventthat在的情况下Totheextent(that)在的范围内Insofaras只要Subjectto根据的规定Providedthat如果；但Withoutprejudiceto在不损害的原则下Inthecaseof如属的情况,Withoutlimitingthegeneralityof在不局限的一般性的原则下With(out)theprior(written)consentof（未）经事先（书面）同意notwithstanding/inspiteof不论Forthepurposeof为InconnectionwithInrespectofwithrespectto就Includingbutnotlimitedto/includingwithoutlimitation包括但不限于Intheordinarycourseofbusiness在通常业务运作中Jointlyandseverally共同及各别、连带,TheRegistrarshallapproveaproposeddenominationforavarietyif,andonlyif,intheopinionoftheRegistrar,itcomplieswiththeprescribedrequirements.在处长认为某一品种的建议名目符合定名规定的情况下，他须批准该建议名目，亦只有在该情况下他方可批准该建议名目。,IntheeventofanyconflictbetweentheprovisionsofthisagreementandtheprovisionsoftheArticlesofAssociationtheprovisionsofthisagreementshallprevail.IntheeventofanydifferenceordisputearisingbetweenthepartiesastotheconstructionofthisagreementthesameshallbedeterminedbyanarbitratorappointedinaccordancewiththeRulesofArbitrationoftheLondonChamberofCommerce.,IntheeventthatVATischargeableonthetransferofanyoftheAssetspursuanttothisagreementthensubjecttothereceiptbythePurchaserofavalidVATinvoiceorinvoicesrelatingtosuchAssetsthePurchasershallpaytotheVendoranamountequaltotheamountofVATpayableinrespectofthesametogetherwithanypenaltyorinterestincurredforlatepaymentofsuchtax.,TheWarrantiesandallotherprovisionsofthisAgreement,insofarasthesameshallnothavebeenperformedatCompletion,shallremaininfullforceandeffectnotwithstandingCompletion.,Anypartytowhomthesummonsfordirectionsisaddressedmustsofaraspracticableapplyatthehearingofthesummonsforanyorderordirectionswhichhemaydesireastoanymattercapableofbeingdealtwithonaninterlocutoryapplicationintheactionandmust,notlessthan7daysbeforethehearingofthesummons,serveontheotherpartiesanoticespecifyingthoseordersanddirectionsinsofarastheydifferfromtheordersanddirectionsaskedforbythesummons.,Thecreation,alteration,alienationorterminationoftherealrightofarealtyshallbesubjecttoregistrationinaccordancewithlaw.Thecreationoralienationoftherealrightofachattelshallbedeliveredinaccordancewithlaw.Asurvivingspousewhoremarriesisentitledtodisposeofthepropertyheorshehasinherited,subjecttonointerferencebyanyotherperson.,Article41DisputeConcerningConstructionofStandardTermIncaseofanydisputeconcerningtheconstructionofastandardterm,suchtermshallbeinterpretedinaccordancewithcommonsense.Ifthestandardtermissubjecttotwoormoreinterpretations,itshallbeinterpretedagainstthepartysupplyingit.Ifadiscrepancyexistsbetweenthestandardtermandanon-standardterm,thenon-standardtermprevails.,Wecanfinishthejobintimeprovided/onconditionthatthereisastablesupplyofmaterial.Providedthatnoobjectionisraised，wewillsetbacktheprogram.,受要约人在承诺期限内发出承诺,按照通常情形能够及时到达要约人,但因其他原因承诺到达要约人时超过承诺期的,除要约人及时通知受要约人因承诺超过期限不接受该承诺的以外,该承诺有效。,When,withinthetimelimitforacceptance,theoffereedispatchestheacceptance,theacceptanceinquestionwill,innormalcircumstances,reachtheofferorintime.Providedthatif,becauseofotherreasons,theacceptancereachestheofferorbeyondthetimelimit,theacceptanceshallremaineffective,exceptthat,theofferorpromptlyinformstheoffereethattheofferorinquestionrefusestoaccepttheacceptancebecausethetimelimitforacceptancehasexceeded.,AnyforeignembassyorconsulatestationedinthePeoplesRepublicofChinamayservedocumentsandcarryoutinvestigationandcollectionofevidencewithrespecttoitsnationals,providedthatthelawsofthePeoplesRepublicofChinaarenotviolatedandnocompulsorymeasuresmaybeadopted.,Ifacriminalwhoissentencedtofixed-termimprisonmenthasservedmorethanhalfofthetermofhisoriginalsentence,oracriminalwhoissentencedtolifeimprisonmenthasservednotlessthantenyearsofhisterm,parolemaybegrantedthereto,providedthatheobservestherulesofprisonconscientiously,acceptseducationandreformandshowstruerepentanceandwillnolongercauseharmtothesocietyafterparole.UnderspecialcircumstancesandwithapprovaloftheSupremePeoplesCourt,theaboverestrictionsrelatingtothetermservedmaybedisregarded.,IftheSellerfailstodeliveralloftheGoodsinaccordancewiththecontractontheDeliveryDatethenwithoutprejudicetotheBuyersrightsforbreachofcontracttheBuyermayterminatethecontract.InthiseventwithoutprejudicetotheBuyersotherremediestheSellershallpromptlycollectwhichhavebeendelivered.,IncaseofsalesincomereceivedbytheCompanyinacurrencyotherthanpoundssterling,theroyaltyshallbecalculatedintheothercurrencyandthenconvertedintoequivalentpoundssterling.,Incaseofadisputeoverguardianship,theunitsoftheminorsparentsortheneighborhoodorvillagecommitteeintheplaceofhisresidenceshallappointaguardianfromamongtheminorsnearrelatives.Ifdisagreementovertheappointmentleadstoalawsuit,thepeoplescourtshallmakearuling.,Article6Victimizedcitizens,legalpersonsorotherorganizationsshallhavetherighttodemandcompensation.Incasesofdeathofavictim,hisheirsorotherrelativesinmaintenancerelationshipwithhimshallhavetherighttodemandcompensation.Incaseofterminationofavictimizedlegalpersonorotherorganization,thelegalpersonorotherorganizationthatsucceedstotheformersrightsshallhavetherighttodemandcompensation.,Neitheradecisionbyanadjudicationofficertoexercisehispowerofreviewundersection30northefilingofanapplicationforleavetoappealundersection31or33shalloperateasastayofexecutionofanawardororderunlesstheBoard,theCourtofFirstinstanceortheCourtofAppeal,asthecasemaybe,otherwiseordersandanystayofexecutionmaybesubjecttosuchconditionastocosts,paymentintotheBoard,thegivingofsecurityorotherwiseastheBoard,theCourtofFirstinstanceortheCourtofAppealmaythinkjust.,Withoutlimitingthegeneralityoftheforegoing,neitherpartyshallhaveanyremedyinrespectofanyuntruestatementmadetohimuponwhichhemayhavereliedinenteringintothisAgreement,andapartysonlyremedyisforbreachofcontract.,N