美国文学自然主义

AmericanNaturalism,StephenCrane,TheodoreDreiser,JackLondon,andothers.,Naturalism,Itisamoredeliberatekindofrealism,involvingaviewofhumanbeingsaspassivevictimsofnaturalforcesandsocialenvironment.Thenaturalistwritersattemptedtoachieveextremeobjectivityandfrankness,presentingcharactersoflowsocialandeconomicclasseswhoweredeterminedbytheirenvironmentandheredity（遗传）.RepresentativewritersareStephenCrane,FrankNorris,JackLondonandTheodoreDreiser.TheRedBadgeofCouragebyCraneSisterCarriebyDreiser,AmericanNaturalism,1.Origin(1)Industrialism:createdalargegroupofverypoorpeople;livedinslumsandcouldnotcontroltheirlives;self-reliancedisappearedinthefastdevelopmentofeconomy(2)TheOriginofSpecies(CharlesDarwin,1859)godlessworld,humanbeast,thesurvivalofthefittest,cruelnaturallawcorrespondwithcruelsocialrealities,AmericanNaturalism,(3)HerbertSpencer:SocialDarwinism(humancontrolledbyheredityandoutsidesocialpower)(4)Howells“smilingaspect”realismseemstoogenteelandevenfalse.Theterm“naturalism”wascreatedbyFrenchwriterEmileZola,whoinfluencedofFrenchnaturalism;TolstoyandTurgenevcametoAmericanliterature.2.Naturalismisapessimisticformofrealism,aharsherone,withdeterministicviewofmanandsociety.,AmericanNaturalism,3.Naturalistsattemptedtoachieveextremeobjectivityandfrankness,presentingcharactersoflowsocialandeconomicclasseswhoweredominatedbytheirenvironmentandheredity.Theworldwasamoral,andpeoplehadnofreewill.4.Significance(1)Breakingthroughsomeforbiddenareainliterature(violence,death,sex,etc.)(2)Greatlyinfluencingthe20thcenturywriterssuchasHemingwayandFaulkner.,StephenCrane(1871-1900),ThePioneerofAmericannaturalism1893Maggie:AGirloftheStreets,theFirstAmericanbookwithoutproviding“wayout”ormoralizingonsocialinjustice(resistanceofherslumlifeandatlastsuicide)1894TheRedBadgeofCourage(HenryFlaming,ayoungfarmerboy,thechangesofayoungmanspsychologicalstateintheCivilWar),StephenCrane,1895TheBlackRiders(poemcollection)1897“TheOpenBoat”,“TheBlueHotel”1898poems:“WarIsKind”,etc.CraneandEmilyDickinsonweretwoforerunnersofImagism.Basicmotif:environmentandheredityoverwhelmmen,AManSaidtotheUniverse,Amansaidtotheuniverse:SirIexist!However,repliedtheuniverse,ThefacthasnotcreatedinmeAsenseofobligation.,AManSawaBallofGold,Amansawaballofgoldinthesky;Heclimbedforit,Andeventuallyheachievedit-Itwasclay.Nowthisisthestrangepart:WhenthemanwenttotheearthAndlookedagain,Lo,therewastheballofgold.Nowthisisthestrangepart:Itwasaballofgold.Aye,bytheheavens,itwasaballofgold.,ISawaMan,Isawamanpursuingthehorizon;Roundandroundtheysped.Iwasdisturbedatthis;Iaccostedtheman.(招呼，搭讪)Itisfutile,Isaid,Youcannever-Youlie,hecried,Andranon.,IWalkedinaDesert,Iwalkedinadesert.AndIcried,Ah,God,takemefromthisplace!Avoicesaid,Itisnodesert.Icried,Well,But-Thesand,theheat,thevacanthorizon.Avoicesaid,Itisnodesert.,IntheDesert,InthedesertIsawacreature,naked,bestial,who,squattingupontheground,Heldhisheartinhishands,Andateofit.Isaid,Isitgood,friend?Itisbitter-bitter,heanswered;ButIlikeitBecauseitisbitter,Andbecauseitismyheart.Bestialbestjladj.残忍的，野蛮的，缺乏智慧的,TheOpenBoat,HumanbeingsinfrontofnaturaldisasterNatureandman:indifferentBrotherhood,FrankNorris(1870-1902),AleaderoftheNaturalismmovement.Norrisbelievedthatanovelshouldserveamoralpurpose.Thenovelwithapurpose,heexplained,bringsthetragediesandgriefsofotherstonoticeandprove(s)thatinjustice,crime,andinequalitydoexist.1899McTeague,tellshoweconomiccircumstances,alcoholism,heredity,andchancecompelamantobecomeamurderer.,Wheattrilogy：TheOctopus:AStoryofCalifornia(章鱼1901):theconflictofpowerofNature(thefarmers)andthemechanicforces(therailroad),andthefarmersaredefeatedby“inevitable”economicforcesThePit:AStoryofChicago(深渊1902)Hischaractersareoftenunabletocontroltheirownlives.Theyaremovedaroundbypassionsorbyfate.Thewholeworld,naturalandhuman,isabattlefieldbetweenuncontrollableforces.TheWolf:AStoryofEurope(unfinished),TheodoreDreiser(18711945),Life(1)Indiana,German-speakingfamily(2)Extremelypoorchildhood(3)WorkedasareporterandhisfirstbookSisterCarriewasrejectedmanytimes(4)Inhislaterlife,heturnedtoCommunism.,Works,(1)SisterCarrie(CarrieMeeber,Drouet,Hurstwood,Ames;nocontrolofherownlife;drivingblindlytocatchallopportunitiestomakelifebetter)(2)AnAmericanTragedy,themasterpieceofDreiser(ClydeGriffiths)(3)CowperwoodtrilogyHisinfluenceisevidentintheworksofSherwoodAnderson,SinclairLewisandErnestHemingway,Analysis,(1)SocialDarwinism(manonlydrivebydesire;onlyfittestcanliveinthesociety)(2)Style:formless,dull,crude(粗糙的),solemnandponderous(笨重的),“theworldsworstgreatwriter”(3)PowerfuldepictionofAmericansociallifeandmovingcharacters,JackLondon(18761916),LifeborninSanFranciscolivedinthelowestpartofsocietyinhisyouthdecidedtochangehislifebyintellectualefforthisworkswererejectedmanytimesatlastsucceededandbecameamillionaireFameandupperclasslifemadehimfeelboring;committedsuicide,Works,1903TheCalloftheWild(storyofBuck,adog)WhiteFang(storyofawolf)1904TheSeaWolfMartinEden,autobiographicalAsolidcraftsman,esp.ofshortstories“Loveoflife”,3.Analysis(1)SocialDarwinism,Neitzcheansuperman,socialistdoctrinesofMarx(2)NaturalismmingledwithRomanticism(3)Limitations:formless,clumsyyetvigorousstyle;stiffandstereotypedcharactersanddialoguesSympathetictreatmentoftheconvictandtramp,hencecalledthe“spokesmanoftheworkingclass”,O.Henry,Originalname:WilliamSidneyPorterHewasgoodatwritingclevershortstoriesandemployNewYorkCityasthebackground.Hisstoriesshowedhissympathywiththelowerclass.Healwayscreatedthespecialeffectdescribedas“tearswithsmile”forhisstoriesandalwayswithsurprisingendings.Hisfamousstoriesinclude“TheGiftoftheMagi”,“TheLastLeaf”and“TheCopandtheAnthem”.HisshortstoriesaresomewhatlikethoseofFrenchwriterMaupassant.,E.A.Robinson(1896-1935),1896ChildrenoftheNight1910TheTowndowntheRiver“ErosTurannos”(meansinGreek:Love,theTyrant)“RichardCory”“MiniverCheevy”,RichardCory,WheneverRichardCorywentdowntown,Wepeopleonthepavementlookedathim:Hewasagentlemanfromsoletocrown,Cleanfavored,andimperiallyslim.Andhewasalwaysquietlyarrayed,Andhewasalwayshumanwhenhetalked;Butstillheflutteredpulseswhenhesaid,Good-morning,andheglitteredwhenhewalked.Notes:“cleanfavored”mayimplyboththatCoryiswellgroomedandthatheisclearlyamanofprivilege.Conservativelybutverywelldressed,Andhewasrichyes,richerthanakingAndadmirablyschooledineverygrace:Infine,wethoughtthathewaseverythingTomakeuswishthatwewereinhisplace.Soonweworked,andwaitedforthelight,Andwentwithoutthemeat,andcursedthebread;AndRichardCory,onecalmsummernight,Wenthomeandputabulletthroughhishead.,Questions:,WhatkindofmanisRichardCory?Whatkindofmanisthespeaker?WhatisthespeakersattitudetoRichardCory?WhathappenedtoRichardCoryandwhy?,MiniverCheevy,MiniverCheevy,childofscorn,Grewleanwhileheassailedtheseasons;(猛烈攻击)Heweptthathewaseverborn,Andhehadreasons.MiniverlovedthedaysofoldWhenswordswerebrightandsteedswereprancing;(战马,腾跃)ThevisionofawarriorboldWouldsethimdancing.Miniversighedforwhatwasnot,Anddreamed,andrestedfromhislabors;HedreamedofThebesandCamelot,AndPriamsneighbors.,Minivermournedtheriperen