暴风英语高三艺术班 第七讲 定语从句

第七讲句法（三）定语从句,主讲人：刘灿德,自我简介：毕业于中国科学院多年来致力于中高考英语命题研究，组建本硕博教学研究团队，重点研究单词和语法记忆方法。近年来出版专著数部，发表研究论文数十篇。,电话Q:398832612,并列句,在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。定语的位置是个句子。Themanismyteacher.Themanwearsglasses.Themanwhowearsglassesismyteacher.先行词关系词定语从句并列句的构成：并列句是由并列连词and，but，or，for，so等把两个或两个以上互不依从，但意思紧密联系的简单句连在一起而构成的句子。其结构为：简单句+并列连词+简单句。,定语从句两要素：先行词和关系词先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词或代词关系词：用来引导定语从句的词。关系词处在先行词和定语从句之间，起着连接主从句、指代先行词和在从句中作句子成分的三重作用。,关系词又分为关系代词和关系副词引导定语从句的关系代词有：that,which,who,whom,whose,as引导定语从句的关系副词有：where,when,why定语从句分为两类：限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句,1.关系代词用来连接定语从句，并在从句中代表先行词的代词。引导定语从句的关系代词有：that,which,who,whom,whose先行词是物：thatwhich先行词是人：whothat在从句中的作用：主语、宾语、表语,Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.（作主语）Theschoolthatwevisitedyesterdayisverybeautiful.（作宾语）Theyplantedsometreeswhichdidntneedmuchwater.（作主语）ThebookswhichIboughtyesterdaywereonscience.（作宾语）ThemanwhovisitedourschoolisfromCanada.（作主语）Thegirltowhomyoujusttalkedismydaughter.（作宾语）Whoisthemanthatisreadingabookoverthere?（作主语）,Heisnotthemanthathewastenyearsago.他不是十年前的样子了。（作表语）Sheisallthatateachershouldbe.她具备一个老师应该具备的所有条件。（作表语）HehaswrittenabookwhosenameIveforgotten.=HehaswrittenabookthenameofwhichIveforgotten.=HehaswrittenabookthatIveforgottenthenameof.=HehaswrittenabookofwhichIveforgottenthename.,关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语时，介词常可以提前，但介词提前时，关系代词只能用which或whomThemanisafamousrunner./Youtalkedtohimjustnow.Themantowhomyoutalkjustnowisafamousrunner.Thechairismadeofwood./Heissittingonitnow.Thechaironwhichheissittingnowismadeofwood.有一些动词短语中的介词是固定搭配，不可以拆开，一般还是放在动语之后，不提前：Heisthestudentwhotheteachersarelookingfor.,2.关系代词中whose的用法关系代词whose为关系代词who的所有格形式，用作名词的限定语，whose引导的定语从句既可为限定性定语从句，也可以为非限定性定语从句。先行词既可以指人，也可以指物，whose和它所修饰的名词在定语从句中可作主语及动词或介词的宾语。whose表示“谁的”，在定语从句中作定语。DoyouknowanyonewhosefamilyisinWuhan?Helivesinthehousewhosewindowsfacesouth.Thisisthescientistwhosenameisknownallovertheworld.,非限制性定语从句：非限定性定语从句和主句的关系不十分密切，只是对先行词作些附加的说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚。这种从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开。非限制性定语从句一般不用that引导，关系词更不能省略。Yesterdayshesoldhercar,whichsheboughtamonthago.Weshouldntspendourmoneytestingsomanypeople,mostofwhomarehealthy.Manychildren,whoseparentsareawayworkinginbigcities,aretakengoodcareofinthevillage.TheywillflytoWashington,wheretheyplantostayfortwoorthreedays.,注意点：非限制性定语从句不能用that引导.SheisveryfondofFrench,whichindeedshespeaksquitewell.which还可以用来指代上文中的一件事情.Theirhouseiswashedawaybythefloods,whichmadethemverysad.Helosthisjobfinally,whichwasexactlywhatwewanted.,4.关系副词whenwherewhy的用法当先行词是表示时间的名词，用when，在定语从句中充当时间状语，这时一般可以用介词+which来代替：Iwillneverforgetthedaywhen(=onwhich)Iwenttouniversity.Doyourememberthemorningwhen(=onwhich)theearthquakehappened?当先行词是表示地点的名词，用where，在定语从句中充当地点状语，这时一般可以用介词+which来代替：Thisistheplacewhere(=at/inwhich)wefirstmet.Thehotelwhere(=inwhich)westayedwasverygood.,先行词是表示原因的名词，即reason，用why，在定语从句中充当原因状语，这时一般可以用for+which来代替：Idontknowthereasonwhy(=forwhich)hedidit.Thereasonwhy(=forwhich)hewaslatewasnotclear.,注意点：关系副词why引导的定语从句的先行词只有reason一词，why可转换为forwhich，在口语中可用that或省略。Thereason(why/forwhich/that)Iboughtthebookisthatmysonlikesit.关系副词why在定语从句中作原因状语，不可看到reason一词，就用why。Idontbelievethereasonthathegaveforhisdecision.Thereasonwhy(=forwhich)hemadethisdecisionisnotclear.,how不能用作关系副词，不用来引导定语从句。修饰表示方式的way的定语从句用inwhich来引导，也可用that引导或省略。Thisistheway(inwhich/that)Ididit.Idontliketheway(inwhich/that)hetalks.,5.关系词的选择（1）只用that的情况当先行词是不定代词all,everything,anything,nothing,much,few,little,none,theone等Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.Ididntmeanthisone;Imeantheonethatwasboughtyesterday.先行词（指物的)前面有only,few,oneof,little,no,all,every,very等词修饰时Theresnodifficultythatwecantovercome.Ivereadallthebooksthatcanbeborrowedhere.,先行词被序数词first,last,next等或形容词的最高级修饰时ThisisthefirstletterthatIvewritteninJapanese.SheisthemostcarefulgirlthatIveeverknown.当先行词既有人又有物时Theytalkedabouttheteachersandschoolsthattheyhadvisited.Thespeakertalkedofsomewritersandbooksthatwereunknowntous.,当先行词是系动词be后面的表语或关系词本身是从句的表语时Chinaisntthecountrythatsheusedtobe50yearsago.Heisnolongerthemanthatheusedtobe.Itsabookthatwillhelpyouagreatdeal.当主句是以who,which或what开头的特殊疑问句时Whoisthemanthatiswaitingatthebusstop?Whichisthecarthatovertookusyesterday?,当先行词是what时Whatdidyouhearthatmadeyousoangry?当先行词是基数词时YesterdayIcaughttwofish.Nowyoucanseethetwothatarestillalive.,（2）只用which的情况在非限制性定语从句，充当主语或定语Theyhavethreehouses,whicharebuiltofstone.当关系代词前有介词时Thisisthefactoryinwhichweonceworked.Westudyintheclassroomofwhichthedoorsfacesouth.,当先行词本身是that时Whatsthatwhichflashedintheskyjustnow?当关系代词后面带有插入语时HereistheEnglishgrammarbookwhich,asIhavetoldyou,willhelpimproveyourEnglish.IveboughtyousomebookswhichIthinkmayinterestyou.,（3）as,which的特殊用法在非限制性定语从句中，除了用which外，还可以用as，均可替代整个主句的内容，翻译为“这一点”。在从句中作主语，宾语，表语。若从句在主句之后，两者皆可用。Theyfailedintheexam,as/whichisnatural.Theroadconditionsthereturnedouttobeverygood,as/whichwasmorethanwecouldexpect.Grammarisnotasetofdeadrules,which/asIhavesaidbefore.,如从句在主句之前，只能用asAsweallknow,hisparentswerekilledinthiswar.Asisknowntoall,theearthtravelsaroundthesun.当先行词被thesame,such,so修饰时，用asThisisthesamebookasyouboughtyesterday.这是和你昨天买的一样的书（同类书）。比较：Thisisthesamebookthatyouboughtyesterday.这就是你昨天买的书（同一本书）。Itissuchamodernmachineasfewoftheworkersknowhowtooperate.Inevergivemystudentssodifficultaquestionasnoonecanworkout.,6.同位语从句与定语从句的区别定语从句的引导词that或which在句子中用作主语或宾语，而同位语从的引导词that只起连接主句和从句的作用，不作任何成分。Thenewsthathepassedtheexammadeushappy.（同位语从句，that不作成分）Thenewsthatmadeushappywasthathepassedtheexam.（定语从句，that作主语）,定语从句之口诀记忆定语从句主要是如何运用关系代词和关系副词的用法，因为关系代词that,which,who,whom,as这五个在定语从句中做的是主语或宾语（表语），关系代词whose在定语从句中做的是定语。关系副词只有三个when,where,why在定语从句中做状语，因此，我们可以如下记忆：,定语可以是句子，定语从句便成立；修饰者称先行词，连接者为关系词；关系词分两大类，关系代词和副词；关系代词有六个，that,which,who,whom,whose,as关系副词有三个，when,where,why；从句当中缺成分，关系代词副词选；若缺主语和宾语，that,which,who,whom填；从句当中缺定语，只有whose最恰当；从句当中缺状语，关系副词要补上。as,which较特别，代指整句话时要用上。,实战口诀：缺主语或宾语，则用关系代词that,which,who,whom,as缺定语，则用关系代词whose缺状语，则用关系副词when（表时间）,where（表地点）,why（表原因）as,which引导非限定性定语从句代指整句话，译为“这一点”非限定性定语从句不能用that,1.Yesterdayshesoldhercar,_sheboughtamonthago.A.whomB.whereC.thatD.which考点解析：1）本句有逗号，可以看出是非限定性定语从句。2）非限定性定语从句不能用that,故排除C；3）确定好哪个是定语从句，定语从句缺少的是宾语（bought的宾语）；4）缺主语或宾语，则用关系代词that,which,who,whom，that已排除，故选D.,2.TheywillflytoWashington,_theyplantostayfortwoorthreedays.A.whereB.thereC.whichD.when考点解析：1）本句有逗号，可以看出是非限定性定语从句。2）非限定性定语从句中基本句子成分完整，不缺少主语或宾语，缺少的是状语；3）缺状语，则用关系副词when（表时间）,where（表地点）,why（表原因）；4）先行词是Washington,是地方，故选A.,3.Villagersheredependonthefishingindustry,_therewontbemuchwork.A.whereB.thatC.bywhichD.withoutwhich考点解析：1）本句有逗号，可以看出是非限定性定语从句。2）非限定性定语从句不能用that,故排除B；3）根据句意，可以断定选择D。（注意：介词+which相当于一个副词）,4.Nancyenjoyedherselfsomuch_shevisitedherfriendsinSydneylastyear.A.thatB.whichC.whenD.where考点解析：1）本句没有出现先行词，故不是定语从句；2）本题实际应为时间状语从句(lastyear可知)，只能选择when,5.Theroadconditionsthereturnedouttobeverygood,_wasmorethanwecouldexpect.A.itB.whatC.whichD.that考点解析：1）本句有逗号，可以看出是非限定性定语从句。2）非限定性定语从句不能用that,故排除D；3）根据句意可以看出所缺少成分应代指前面的一句话；4）as,which引导非限定性定语从句代指整句话，译为“这一点”,故选择C。,6.Alltheneighboradmirethisfamily,_theparentsaretreatingtheirchildlikeafriend.A.whyB.whereC.whichD.that考点解析：1）本句有逗号，可以看出是非限定性定语从句。2）非限定性定语从句不能用that,故排除D；3)非限制性定语从句并不缺少主语和宾语，缺少的是状语；3）先行词是family,根据句意是表示地点的，缺状语，则用关系副词when（表时间）,where（表地点）,why（表原因），所以选B。,7.Becauseofthefinancialcrisis,daysaregone_local5-starhotelscharged6000yuanforonenight.A.ifB.whenC.whichD.since考点解析：B.先行词为days，且定语从句仅缺少状语。,8.Occaisionsarequiterare_Ihavethetimetospendadaywithmykids.A.whoB.whichC.whyD.when考点解析：D.我有时间和我的孩子们度过一天的机会是很少的。,9.Itshelpfultoputchildreninasituation_theycanseethemselvesdifferently.A.thisB.whenC.whichD.where考点解析：D.先行词situation表地点，故用where。,10.Illgiveyoumyfriendshomeaddress,_Icanbereachedmostevenings.A.whichB.whenC.whomD.where考点解析：D.从句为主系表结构，先行词在从句中作地点状语。我会给你我朋友家的地址，晚上你几乎都可以在那里找到我。,11.Laterinthischaptercaseswillbeintroducedtoreaders_consumercomplaintshaveresultedinchangesinthelaw.A.whereB.whenC.whoD.which考点解析：A.稍后再这章里，那些由于消费者抱怨而致使法律被修改的情况将会被介绍给读者。先行词为cases，从句中缺少的并不是充当主语或宾语的关系词which，而是缺少状语where，相当于inthecases，这种由where引导的定语从句也可以放在point,situation,activity等词后面。,12.Somepre-schoolchildrengotoadaycarecenter,_theylearnsimplegamesandsongs.A.whileB.thereC.thenD.where考点解析：D.考查非限定性定语从句。先行词为adaycarecenter,在定语从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where。,13.Thosesuccessfuldeafdancersthinkthatdancingisanactivity_sightmattersmorethanhearing.A.whenB.whoseC.whichD.where考点解析：D.where引导的定语从句，表示抽象地点，修饰先行词activity，where在从句中作状语。,14.Wheredidyougettoknowher?Itwasonthefarm_weworked.A.thatB.thereC.whichD.where考点解析：D.缺少状语，先行词又是地点，故用where。,15.Myfriendshowedmearoundthetown,_wasverykindofhim.A.whichB.thatC.whereD.it考点解析：A.非限定性定语从句，关系词指代前面整个句子，所以用which。,高中英语定语从句对比测试精编1.1).Itissuchamodernmachine_fewoftheworkersknowhowtooperateit.2).Itissuchamodernmachine_fewoftheworkersknowhowtooperate.A.whichB.thatC.asD.theone,2.1).Isthismuseum_theyvisitedyesterday?2).Isthisthemuseum_theyvisitedyesterday?3).Isthisfarm_youusedtowork?A.whereB.thatC.inwhichD.theone,3.1).Thesunisbiggerthanthemoon,_weallknowit.2).Thesunisbiggerthanthemoon,_weallknow.A.andB.thatC.whichD.as,4.1)._iswellknowntousall,theearthgoesroundthesun.2)._iswellknowntousallthattheearthgoesroundthesun.A.ThatB.AsC.ItD.Which,5.1).Hefailedintheexamagain,_wasexpected.2).Hefailedintheexamagain,_madehisparentsangry.A.thatB.whichC.asD.what,6.1).Ihavetwosisters,_aredoctors.2).Ihavetwosisters,and_aredoctors.A.bothofthemB.bothofwhomC.neitherofwhomD.eachofthem,7.1)Illneverforgetthedays_Ispentwithhim.2).Illneverforgetthedays_Iwasborn.A.whenB.whichC.onwhichD.bothaandc,8.1).WasitOctober1,1949_thePRCwasfounded?2).WasitonOctober1,1949_thePRCwasfounded?A.inwhichB.onthatC.thatD.when,9.1).Ipickedupaman_Ithoughtwashonest.2).Ipickedupaman_IthoughttobehonestA.heB.whoC.whomD.which,10.1).Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswho_theaccident.2).Heisoneofthestudentswho_theaccident.A.knowsB.knowC.hadknownD.known,11.1).Heisnolonger_heusedtobe.2).Heisnolongertheman_heusedtobe.A.whomB.thatC.whoD.what,12.1).Hedecidedtosellthehouse_windowswerealmostbroken.2).Hede