英语词汇学 Unit 02 Word fromation

EnglishLexicologyUnit2,WordFormation(1),Contents,BasicsofmorphologyMaintypesofWordbuildingAffixationCompoundingConversion,Basicsofmorphology,MorphemeMorpheme,Morph,AllomorphComplementarydistributionClassificationofMorphemesRoot,stemsi.e.,amorphememaytakedifferentforms.Ifso,theyarecalledallomorphsofthatmorpheme.,Morpheme,Morph,Allomorph,twodifferentspellingforms，andthreedifferentphonologicalforms,butthesedifferentformsrepresentthesamegrammaticalmeaningPlural),ComplementaryDistribution,Allomorphsaremorphsincomplementarydistribution;i.e.theyareneverfoundinidenticalcontexts.Thechoiceofallomorphusedinagivencontextisnormallybasedonthepropertiesoftheneighboringsounds.Example:ThethirdpersonsingularverbsuffixandthepluralnominalsuffixsinEnglish,s,z,iz,morpheme,morph,morph,morph,allomorphs,PLURAL,ComplementaryDistribution,morphemenegativemorphemein-morph1:immorph2:inmorph3:inimpossibleindecentincompleteimp-ind-ik-,bilabialstop,velarnasal,alveolarstop,allomorphs,bilabialnasal,alveolarstop,velarstop,ClassificationofMorphemes,Morphemescanbeclassifiedinvariousways.freeorboundrootoraffixinflectionalorderivational,FreeandBoundMorphemes,Wecandividereaderintoreadander.However,wecannotsplitreadintosmallermorphemes.Thismeansthatthewordreadisitselfasinglemorpheme.Amorphemewhichcanstandaloneasawordiscalledafreemorpheme.Bycontrast,-erhastocombinewithothermorphemes.Soitisaboundmorpheme.,nature,natural,naturalist,naturalistic,naturalism,unnatural,Stem/base:rootplusaffixes;astemisalsocalledabase.,affixes:boundmorphemeswhichattachtorootsorstems.,Root:thebasicmorphemewhichprovidesthecentralmeaninginaword,simpleword,ComplexWord,nature+al=natural,un+nature+al=unnatural,Root,stemsperceive;conceive;deceive-mit:permit;commit;transmit;admit;remit;submit,Allmophemesareboundorfree.Affixesareboundmorphemes.Rootmorphemes,canbeboundorfree.,ceivewasonceawordinLatintotake,butinModernEnglish,itisnolongeraword,soitisnotafreemorpheme.,Exampleofboundroot,revivevitaminvitalvivaciousvivid,viv-id:havingthequalityoflife,re-vive:toliveagain,tobringbacktolife,vit-amin:lifemedicine,Latinrootviv-/vit-meaning“life”or“tolive”.,vit-al:fulloflife,viv-acious:fulloflife,InflectionalandDerivationalMorphemes,Affixescanbedividedintoinflectionalmorphemesandderivationalmorphemes.Thisreflectstwomajormorphological(wordbuilding)processes:,Derivation,Inflection,Helpstomakenewlexicalwords,Helpstowraplexicalwordsforvariousgrammaticalfunctions,InflectionalMorphemes,Inflectionalmorphemesdonotchangegrammaticalcategoryofthebasetowhichtheyareattached.Theydonotchangethemeaningofthebase.Theyonlycarryrelevantgrammaticalinformation,e.g.plural.Thus,bookandbooksarebothnounsreferringtothesamekindofentity.Thenumberofinflectionalaffixesissmallandfixed.NOnewoneshavebeenaddedsince1500.,ExamplesofInflectionalAffixes,DerivationalMorphemes,Derivationalmorphemesformnewwordseitherbychangingthemeaningofthebasetowhichtheyareattachedkindunkind;obeydisobeyaccurateinaccurate;actreactcigarcigarette;bookbookletorbychangingthegrammaticalcategory(partofspeech)ofthebasekindkindly;actactiveactivityableenable;dampdampencarecareful;darkdarkness,ExamplesofDerivationalAffixes,Sum,Wordsarecomposedofmorphemes.Amorphemeistheminimalmeaningfulunit,possessingbothsoundandmeaning.Anallomorphisanyofthevariantformsofamorpheme.Morphemescanbeclassifiedintofreemorphemesandboundmorphemes,rootsandaffixes,inflectionalandderivational.Theconceptofmorphemeisimportantinexplainingword-formationprocesses.InEnglishthemostcentralandproductiveword-formationprocessesarecompoundingandaffixation.Compoundingreferstotheword-formationprocessofcombiningtwofreemorphemes,andaffixationreferstotheword-formationprocessofaddingaffixestoroots.,Sum,Derivationalmorphemesareusedtocreatenewlexicalitems(lexemes).Inflectionalmorphemesonlycontributetotheinflectionalparadigmofthelexemes,whichlistsalltheword-formsofthelexeme.,morpheme,Free(自由),freeroot(自由词根),Bound(粘着),boundroot(粘着词根),inflectionalaffixes(语法性后缀),derivationalaffixes(词汇性后缀),affixes,Word-buildingprocesses,Word-buildingprocessesfallintotwobroadcategories:INFLECTIONandDERIVATION.Inflectionisdrivenbytherequirementtoformawordwiththeappropriateforminaparticulargrammaticalcontext.Derivationismotivatedbythedesiretocreatenewlexicalitemsusingpre-existingmorphemesandwords.Derivationtakesoneofthethreeforms:AFFIXATION,COMPOUNDING,orCONVERSION.,Affixation,Affixation:formationofawordbymeansofanaffix.Affixesincludeprefixesandsuffixes.Usuallyprefixeschangemeanings,whilesuffixeschangewordclasses.CommontypesofprefixCommontypesofsuffix,Commontypesofprefix,1.Prefixesofattitudeandorientation2.Prefixesofdegreeandsize3.Locativeprefix4.Numberprefix,1.Prefixesofattitudeandorientation,anti-M-Inreality,however,theKuomintangshoweditspro-Britishandpro-Americaninclination,initiateditsanti-communistactionsandattemptedtoweakenChinasanti-Japanesenationalunitedfront.moreprefixes:co-exist,co-authorcounter-revolution,counteract,2.Prefixesofdegreeandsize,super-supercarrier;superbomberout-Theshipoutlivedthestorm.Thechildoutgrewallhisclothes.extra-extraordinary,extracurricularactivitiesmicro-Themicrowaveovenisoneofthegreatinventionsofthe20thcentury.microbiology,microeconomics,Moreprefixesarch-enemy,arch-bishophyper-critical,hyper-sensitiveover-react,over-confidentultra-fashionable,ultra-conservativemini-van,mini-skirtmacro-structure,macro-economics,Prefixesofdegreeandsize,Inter-IercontinentalmissileIntra-intranationalmovementsofthepopulationMoreprefixessubway,submarine；foreleg,forefront,3.Locativeprefix,4.Numberprefix,semi-Peruisasemifeudalandsemicolonialsociety.semicentury,semicircle,semidrydemi-Herculeswasknownasademigodandwasconsideredoneofthegreatestheroesofmythology.demiwolf,demilance,hemi-Generallyspeaking,theEasternHemisphereconsistsofEurope,Africa,Asia,andAustralia,whiletheWesternHemisphereincludesNorthandSouthAmerica.hemicycleuni-Unicornisanimaginarycreaturerepresentedasawhitehorsewithalonghorngrowingfromitsforehead.Duringthelate1980s,somesportsmentookaninterestintheunicycle.,Numberprefix,mono-Shespeaksinmonotone,withnoemotion,anditishardtogetthroughherlectures.Carbonmonoxide,withthechemicalformulaCO,isacolorless,odorless,andtastelessgas.bi-,di-ThebilateralagreementwillcreatesignificantnewopportunitiesforUSexportersofindustrialandagriculturalgoods.DioxideoxideTri-“SpringDays”APainfulTriangularLoveStoryTestingTheBrotherhoodSpirit.tricycle,tridimensionalspace,Numberprefix,multi-AmultipurposesatelliteofSouthKoreaistobelaunchedonJuly28inRussiaMultimediakits,multilateraltradepoly-Whatisthenatureofunityinamultinational,polyethniccountry?Polysyllablereferstoawordofmorethanthreesyllables.,Numberprefix,Commontypesofsuffix,Word-classchangingsuffixesNominalizersareusedtofromnounsVerbalizersareusedtoformverbsAdjectivizersareusedtoformadjectivesAdverbializersareusedtoformadverbsWord-classmaintainingaffixes,Nominalizer,MorphologicalRule:V+ageNA+yN,Verbalizer,MorphologicalRule:N+enVA+enV,Adjectivizer,MorphologicalRule:N+alAV+ableA,Adverbializer,MorphologicalRule:A+lyAdvN+wardAdv,Word-classmaintainingderivationalaffixes,Compounding,DefinitionOrthographic,Phonologic,SemanticfeaturesSyntacticfeaturesCompoundNounsCompoundAdjectivesCompoundVerbsStylisticfeatures,Compounding-definition,Compoundingisaprocessofwordformationbywhichtwoindependentwordsareputtogethertomakeoneword.Thewordformedinthiswayiscalledcompound,Orthographicfeatureofcompounds,Accordingtoorthographiccriterion,compoundsarewritteninthreeways:1)solid,suchasbedtime2)hyphenated,suchasabove-mentioned3)open,suchasreadingmaterial,Phonologicalfeatureofcompounds,Phonologically,compoundscanoftenbeidentifiedashavingamainstressonthefirstelementandasecondarystressonthesecondelement.old/friendsnew/friendspure/scientists,Semanticfeatureofcompounds,Semantically,compoundscanoftenbeidentifiedas“havingameaningwhichmayberelatedtobutcannotsimplybeinferredfromthemeaningofitsparts.Adarkroomisnotjustaroomthatisdark,ratheraroomusedforphotographicprocessing.,CompoundNouns,1.subject+predicate:housekeeping:tokeepthehouse2.predicate+object:pickpocket:topickthepocket3.verb+adverbial:(a)Theadverbialrelationofplace:divingboard:divingfromtheboardlivingroom:liveinaroomwaitingroom:waitinaroom,CompoundNouns,(b)Theinstrumentalrelationofanadverbial:sewingmachine:sewwithamachinewalkingstick:walkwithamachine4.subject+object:steamboat:Thesteampowerstheboat.honeybee:Thebeeproduceshoney5.appositive:apeasantgirl:agirlwhoisapeasant,CompoundAdjectives,1)thecompoundadjectivescomingfromadverbials:a:anoff-the-cuffopinion临时想起的意见b:round-the-clockdiscussion连续24小时的讨论会c:on-the-spotobservationd:theahead-of-schedulegeneralelection提前举行的大选e:anoff-cameraannouncer影屏外的播音员f:thefirston-sceneattempttodetectlifeonMars实景考察2)thecompoundadjectivescomingfromthephrasalverbs:a:aback-upgenerator备用发电机b:astand-upcollar竖领c:awalk-incloset人可以走进去的大壁橱d:asee-throughshirt透明的衬衫,CompoundAdjectives,3)thecompoundadjectivescomingfrominfinitivephrases:a:take-homepayb:across-borderraidc:akeep-fitclass（保健班）4)compoundadjectivescomingfromthecompressedattributiveclauses:a:aneasy-to-paintportraitb:adifficult-to-operatemachinec:hard-to-get-atvolumesd:acant-be-put-downbooke:anever-to-be-forgotteneventf:hishigher-than-averagewages,CompoundVerbs,1)Back-formation:Theback-formationisaprocessofwordformationbywhichawordiscreatedbydroppingthesupposedorimaginedaffixes:mass-produce:frommassproductionwindow-dress:fromwindow-dressing布置橱窗proof-read:fromproof-readerair-condition:fromair-conditioningedit:fromeditorbaby-sit:frombaby-sitting:careforchildren,usuallyduringashortabsenceoftheparents.2)Analogychain-drink:fromchain-smokebottle-feed:feedfromabottle.frombreast-feed:feedfromamothersbreast,StylisticperspectiveonCompounds,1.usu.usedascolloquialisms:Dontnit-pickwithme.(findfaultwithme)Hesweet-talkedherintonotbeingsosore.(coaxbyflattery)2.usu.usedinnewsreports:AfterleavingWashingtonhejob-hopped,servingbrieflyasoperatingvice-presidentofthebank.(job-hop:changejobsfrequently)3.inadvertisements:warmiron:toironwithmoderateheatLinedry（一晾就干）drip-dry（滴干；易快速晾干）LeaveallthatoutandrememberonlythatHughHefinerisamanwhochain-drinksPepsis.,Conversion,ConversionisalsoreferredtoasZeroDerivation