英语构词法课件

英语构词法,英语构词法主要有三种：转化、合成与派生。,英语构词法种类,另外还有截短、缩合等。,1.转化:是指有一种词类转化为另一种词类。,watern.水-watervt.浇水,常见的转化形式两种：动词-名词名词-动词,动词-名词stopvt.停止-n.车站lovevt.爱-n.爱Watchvt.观看-n.手表recordvt.录音-n.纪录combvt.梳理(头发)-n.梳子abusevt.辱骂-n.辱骂,名词-动词handn.手-vt.上交seatn.座位-vt.坐nursen.护士-vt.护理oiln.油-vt.上油timen.时间-vt.定时，测时shouldern.肩膀-vt.肩负,minen.矿山-vt.开矿barbecuen.烧烤-vt.在烤架上烤shipn.船-vt.用船装运financen.金融-vt.为提供资金stainn.污点,污迹-vt.玷污，污染draftn.草稿-vt.起草headn.头-v.前进transportn.运输-vt.运输,副词-动词downadv.向下-v.放下副词-名词nowhereadv.任何地方都不-n.无处，无名的地方,形容词-名词freezingadj.冰冻的-n.冰点solidadj.固体的,坚实的-n.固体,数词-动词secondnum.第二-v.赞成-n.秒,2.合成:有两个或更多的词合成一个词。class班级+room房间=classroom教室,warm+heart+ed=warmhearted热心肠的good+looking=good-looking相貌好看的,hard+working=hard-working勤劳的peace-lovingstate-ownedwell-knownready-madesightseeingbloodthirsty,3.派生:是通过在词根上加前缀或者后缀构成一个新词。,happy-unhappydevelop-development,前缀一般只引起意思上的变化而不造成词类的变化，只有少数能引起词类的变化。,mis-错误的+understandv.理解-misunderstandv.误解,en+largeadj.大的-enlargev.扩大,后缀一般只引起词性上的变化而不造成意思的变化。,carev.照料-carefuladj.细心的workv.工作-workern.工人,常见的前缀,(A)表示否定或逆转的前缀：de-defrostdecentralizeun-unfair,unhappy,unlocknon-nonsmoker(常用在n.adj.adv.前)in-inactive,inhuman,indirect(常用在adj.后)dis-disagree,disappearm-impolite,impossible(用在b,p,m开头的词前)il-illegalillogicalir-irreal,irregular,irrelevant,(B).表示错误或失当的前缀:mis-misjudge,misdirect(误导)(C).表示向背的前缀:pro-(亲，支持)pro-Chinese,pro-Americananti-（阻止，抗）antiwar,anti-Japanesewar,(D).表示程度、大小的前缀super-superstar,supermarket,superman,superpowerover-overeat,overuseout-outnumber,outdomacro-macroeconomicsmicro-microeconomicsmicroscopemini-minibus,miniskirt,mini-carunder-underestimate,under-develop,(E).表示时间的前缀ex-ex-president,ex-wifepre-prewar,precautionpost-postwarfore-(前，预先)foretell,forecast,foresee,weatherforecast,(F).表示方位的前缀：ex-export,excludeextra-extranuclear,extraordinaryin-inland,invadeintra-intranuclear,intrastate,sub-subway,submarineinter-international,intercity,interclasstrans-(横过，通过，超越，进入)trans,culturaltransatlantic,G表示数量,semi-(半，部分)semicircle,semiskilled,semi-steeluni-unicycle,unilateralmono-monorailbi-bicycletri-triangle,tricyclepoly-polysyllablemultimultifunctional,multinational,H表示方式或态度,auto-autobiography,automobileco-cooperatecoexistencecon-connectionconcentratecol-colleague,collectcom-combinecommoncompanioncompresscontra-contradictioncounter-counterattack,countermeasure,I变换词类的前缀,be-befriendbelittle(轻视)en-inable,endangerem-embitter,empower,J其它,bio-biochemistry,biologymal-malnutrition,maltreatpseudo-pseudosciencetherm(o)-thermometer,常见的后缀,1.动词变名词：-ationsatisfaction,education,realization-mentdevelopment,movement,disappointment,-alarrival,refusal-eetrainee,employee-erteacher,worker-orvisitor,sailor,2.形容词变名词-nesshappiness,meanness,carelessness-ityability,possibility-ismMarxism,criticism,3.名词变形容词：-ywindy,rainy,sandy-ishfoolish,feverish-somehandsome,troublesome-ousdangerous,humorous-fulhelpful,careful,peaceful,3.名词、形容词变动词：-ifybeautify,simplify-izerealize-enquicken,widen,sharpen,但也有一些带后缀的派生词仅仅改变词义：Kingdom:“职位、状态”freedomBoyhood:“身份，资格”childhoodFriendship:情态状态性质身份职业技巧技能”leadership,hardshipSpoonful：构成名词mouthful(满口,一口),handful(一把),4.截短:是指用截头取尾的方法构成新词。telephone-phoneinfluenza-flu.流行性感冒,5.缩合:是指把两个或两个以上的词各取一部分合在一起构成一个新单词。,smokeandfog-smog烟雾TestofEnglishasaforeignlanguageTOEFL托福InternationalEnglishlanguagetestsystem-IELTS雅思,1.Theheadmasterhurriedtotheconcerthallonly_thespeaker_.A.tofind；leftB.tofind；goneC.finding；leftD.finding；gone,1.Thepeasantdied,leavinghiswifeandhisthreechildrenintheworld2.Hewokeupthenextmorning,onlytofindhimselfinthehospital.,find+宾语+宾补,findthedooropen(adj.)findhimsittingbythewindow(-ing)findthewallpainted(P.P)findhimselfinthehospital(prep.phrase),2.Ifailedagain.IwishI_harder.Butyou_.A.hadworked；hadntB.worked；dontC.hadworked；didntD.worked；didnt,wish,Iwishyousuccess.Iwishyoutohelpme.GivemybestwishestoIwishIwereabird.IwishIcouldhelpyou.IwishIhadattendedtheballyesterday.,3.Whynotgooutforawalkbeforebreakfast?Oh，yes._ismyfavoritetimeofday.A.IntheearlymorningB.EarlymorningC.TheearlyofmorningD.Theearlymorningthat,ItwasearlymorningwhenIgothome.ItwasintheearlymorningthatIgothome.Wasitintheearlymorningthatyougothome?Whenwasitthatyougothome?,4.Itwasnotuntilliberationthat_tohishometown.A.didhereturnB.washereturnedC.hedidreturnD.hereturned,ItisIwho/thatamgoingtobesenttheretohelpthem,当被强调的是not.until句型时,应将not置于until之前,主句由否定句改为肯定句。,Itwasnotuntil1920thatregularradiobroadcastbegan.,Itwasherthattoldmeaboutit.Itwasshethattoldmeaboutit.ItisIwhotheteacherhaspunishedItismewhomtheteacherhaspunished.,强调句,Itis/was+thatItishethat/whowantstogoinsteadofyou.Itwas2:00whentheyleft.Itwasat2:00thattheyleft.Itwasbecausehewaslatethathewasscolded.Itwasinthestreetthathewasknockeddown.,5.Idlikeapenwhich_well.Willthisone_?A.writes；doB.writes；workC.iswritten；doD.iswritten；work,6.Canyoufinishthewritingontime?_.A.NevermindB.WithpleasureC.NoproblemD.Allright,7.When_wemeetagain?_itanytimeyoulike.A.will；DoB.will；MakeC.shall；DoD.shall；Make,8.Look!Therearelotsof_birdsflyingoverthetrees.A.funnyredlittleB.funnylittleredC.littlefunnyredD.littleredfunny,好美小高状其新，颜色国料特别亲。,good/beautiful/small(little)/tall/round(interesting)/newred/nationality/wood/,9.Theycouldnteatinarestaurantbecause_ofthemhad_moneyonthem.A.all；noB.any；noC.none；anyD.noone；any,10.Shallwemeetrightnow?Sorry.Imtoobusyto_forthemoment.A.getthroughB.getawayC.getoffD.gettogether,getaway（1)逃脱(2)开始，出发；离开；出去旅行或休假(3)使离去；移走；送走,Getoff(1)下去，下来；下（公共汽车、火车、飞机等），下（马等）(2)出发，离去；起飞；起跑(3)寄出；发出(4)脱掉；除去，摆脱(5)免受伤害、灾祸或损失(6)学会，记熟,Gettogether(1)收集，积聚(2)聚集在一处，会集；召集，集拢,Getthrough(1)通过；使通过(2)打通（尤指电话）,11._isknowntoall，goodfriends_happinessandvaluetolife.A.It；addB.As；addC.It；addupD.As；addto,addup总计，总共addto增加addto加到,Thatwillonlyaddtoourdifficulties.那只会增加我们的困难。Addup6,7and8andyoullget21.把六、七、八相加，总数是二十一。,12.Mr.Greenleft_suddenly_hecame.A.so；