增进英文作文与翻译写作技巧.ppt

增進英文作文與翻譯寫作技巧HowtoWriteSmart?,國立高雄師範大學李翠玉07-25-2008,李翠玉學經歷,學歷：台灣大學外國語文博士美國伊利諾大學比較文學碩士高雄師範大學英語研究所碩士經歷：高雄師範大學英語系助理教授兼研究發展處推廣合作組組長高師大推動英語環境諮詢委員英美文學學會理事高雄縣政府英語村設置諮詢委員高中職教科書編輯委員全民英檢中高級評試委員,Writemore.Writemoreandmore,andWriteSmart.,Outline,中英文修辭大不同ChineseRhetoricvs.EnglishRhetoric英文作文DosandDonts英文作文答題原則TakingaWritingTest段落式寫作技巧ParagraphWriting腦力激盪及大綱Brainstorming如何寫主題句TopicSentence如何發展段落ParagraphDeveloping起承轉合常用句transitionalphrases頭尾呼應Coherence學測與指考英文作文評分樣例ScoringSamples歷屆翻譯與作文考題分析ScoringCriteria,中英文修辭大不同,circular迂迴ChineseRhetoric,枝狀,線型EnglishRhetoric,英文作文十大忌,天馬行空不要離題後繼無力不要沒寫完句子言少必失沈默不是金，不要寫太少，低於100字要求，致文意不清龍飛鳳舞不要太潦草或塗改太多誤入歧途不要把標點符號放在行首（儘量不要把and,but,so放在句首，不要出現中文標點符號，如。【】等）順手牽句不要抄前面選擇題（也不要讓閱卷老師察覺是疑似背誦的文章）縮頭烏龜不要用縮寫字旁門左道不要用阿拉伯數字表示第一、第二或數量弄巧成拙不要出現大綱式寫法自以為是不要賣弄學問，用艱深難懂的語彙及比喻（含古字）,英文作文切記(15守則),第一個字要大寫，句子結束要有標點符號段落式寫作，單行不成段開門見山，開宗明義（主題句放最前面）要舉實例支持（個人經驗；明確之人事時地物）拼字先求正確playsafe，再求適當或優美用對時態及時態變化，且一致（敘述過去經驗用過去式，描述一本書故事情節可用現在式）注意單複數可適度用諺語，但不落入俗套避免贅字或不相關之敘述,英文作文切記(15守則),參考使用倒金字塔式新聞寫作，發展順序：由一般而至詳細(GeneralSpecificdetails)由原則而至具體(PrincipleConcrete)由重要而至不重要(themostimportanttheleastimportant)由簡至繁(EasyComplex)由近而遠(closeremote)前後呼應，邏輯連貫單句、合句及複句，靈活運用，才會拿高分（科技文章常用被動語態）書名或外語用劃底線（電腦文書處理亦可用斜體字）方式表示開頭引人入勝，結尾強而有力(不要虎頭蛇尾或劃蛇添足)語氣肯定明確，勿模擬兩可或含混不清,英文作文答題原則,先看題目，記下腦海中浮現之關鍵字作完選擇題後，靜下心來仔細看題目，瞭解題意判斷題目文類，腦力激盪，作大綱，想例子開始作答（有時間者，可先寫草稿，再謄稿）檢查，逐字逐句檢查，包括拼字、動詞時態、單複數,段落式寫作技巧(I),一、腦力激盪及大綱範例：,段落式寫作技巧(II),二、如何寫主題句建議放在第一句多用肯定句語意明確，是段落軸心（段落中的每一句都與其相關）Oneday,IwasflyingfromKaohsiungtoTaipei.Whentheplanetookoff,thewindwasblowing,anditwasraininghard.Iwasalittlenervous.直接寫出MyworstexperiencehappenedonanairplaneinAugust1995.,段落式寫作技巧(III),三、如何發展段落援用例子或個人經驗感受定義某一個原則或概念詳細說明主題句,範例一(詳細說明twocities,taste)Avisitortomycountryshouldvisittwocitiestogetatasteofthecountry.Fromnorthtosouth,thetravelershouldstopat_whichismainlyanindustrialcitywithmanytallbuildingsandstores.Afterhehasseen_,thetravelershoulddrivesouthtoward_.Hewillsee(thesea)ashedrivesalongthecoast.Whenhearrivesin_,hewillfindafriendlycity,withmanyfruittreesandplants.,範例二（定義kind）Mymotherwasoneofthekindestpeopleonearth.WhenIwasyoung,shewouldoverlookalmostallmymistakesandgentlycorrectme.Mymotherwouldoftenbenicetootherchildrenintheneighborhoodbysharingmyfood,toys,andevenclotheswiththem.,範例三詳細說明主題句seriousproblemFormostpeoplenowadays,theneedofenergyisaseriousproblem.Inindustrializedcountries,peopleneedalotofgasandelectricity.Economistsandpoliticalleaderscontinuallywarnusabouttheproblem.Theyencourageustosaveenergybydrivingless,turningdownheaters,andturningofflights.,範例四(詳細說明severalimportantqualities舉例)Myidealhusbandwouldhavetohaveseveralimportantqualities.Firsthewouldbekindandloving.Forexample,hewouldneverstayangryforlongandhewouldalwaysfindlittlewaystomakelifemorefunforhisfamily.Secondhewouldbewillingtosharewithmetheresponsibilitiesofthehousehold.Hewould,forinstance,dosomeofthecooking,laundry,andcleaning.Hewouldalsoshareintheraisingofourchildren.Finally,hewouldbetallandthinwithdarkeyes.,常用於引言的字句-起,1.AsanoldEnglishsayinggoes,“”有句英文諺語是這麼說的，2.Thereisnodenying(doubt)thatS+V不可否認的是3.Generallyspeaking,S+V.一般說來4.Accordingtomypersonalexperience,S+VInmyopinion,Personally,Ilike/think,根據我個人的經驗5.Nothingintheworldcandelightmesomuchas+Ving.世界上沒有什麼比做讓我更高興了。6.AsfarasIknow就我所知7.AsfarasIcanrecall,S+V就我印象所及,常用於延展的字句-承,1.Indeed;Itistruethat+S+V;Quitetrue;Rightlyso,的確2.Tobehonest,Franklyspeaking;事實上3.Itiswidelybelievedthat+S+V;Beliefhasitthat+S+V誠如所信4.Forexample;Forinstance;Totake+N+foranexample,S+V以為例子5.Wehavereasonstobelievethat+S+V.我們有理由相信6.Infact;Asamatteroffact,S+V.事實上7.Likewise,Inasimilarfashion,Similarly同樣地8.Inotherwords;Tobespecific;換句話說;詳細地說9.Asmentionedfromabove,如前所述,常用於語氣轉換的字句-轉,1.However,Nevertheless,Grantedthat然而2.Despite+N;Despitethefactthat+S+V,儘管.3.Ontheotherhand,S+V.另一方面4.Onthecontrary,Ontheopposite,Incontrast相反的是5.WhencomparedtoA,B+V,與A相比,B.,常用於結論的字句-合,1.Fromthispointofview,S+V.從這觀點來看2.Inaword,S+V.總而言之3.Tosumup,S+V;Toconclude;Inconclusion總之4.Ifwecanreallyput+N+intoaction,S+V如果我們能付諸實行5.Lastbutnotleast,S+V.最後,常用轉折詞,（1）因此；結果asaresult,consequently,asaconsequence,inconsequence,hence,therefore,accordingly,thus,onthisground,becauseofthis（2）順序:first/firstly,inthefirstplace,second/secondly,next,finally（3）此外inaddition,additionally,besides,furthermore,moreover,also,whatsmore（4）然而however,nevertheless（5）換言之thatis,thatistosay,namely,inotherwords,toputitdifferently（6）同樣地likewise,similarly,inthesimilarway（7）相反地instead,onthecontrary,bycontrast,conversely,段落式寫作技巧(V),四、頭尾呼應雖然有二段，但首句及末句不能相互矛盾末句不要重覆首句範例一首句：Youcanlearnmanythingsfromtravelingthatyoucannotlearnanyotherway.末句：IlearnedalotmoreaboutAustraliafromthatexperiencethanabookorTVshowcouldhavetaughtme.首句：Fortheclassreunion,Ihavedecidedthatweshouldhaveabeachparty.末句：Thisreunionwillbeawayoffulfillingourpromisetoeachother,aswellasremindingourselvesofthevalueofourfriendship.,段落與標點符號練習,Tobewelleducatedapersonmustdofiveimportantthingsfirstshemustusehertimewiselysheshouldnotwatchtoomuchtvandsheshouldplanherdayscarefullysecondshemustnotlimitherstudiessheshouldtrytostudyasmanydifferentsubjectsasshecanforexampleifsheisascientistsheshouldstudymusicartanddramashemustseetherelationshipbetweendifferentfieldsthirdshemusthaveimaginationshemustbereadytoseewhatothersareunwillingorunabletoseefourthshemusthaveselfconfidencesheshouldlistentowhatotherssayhowevershemusttrustherselfenoughtochoosethegoodfromthebadfifthshemustneverlethercuriositydieshemustalwayslookforknowledgenotwaitforittocometoher,段落與標點符號練習-解答,Tobewelleducated,apersonmustdofiveimportantthings.First,shemustus