英语语言学大全ppt课件VIP

.,语言学知识点,Mr.Potato,.,I语言学导论II语言学主要分支学科III语言学的流派和理论,.,I语言学导论,1.designfeatureoflanguage（语言的定义特征）2.LanguageFamilies(世界语言分类)3.importantdistinctionsinlinguistics(语言学研究中几对重要的概念)4.scopeoflinguistics(语言学的研究范围),.,LOREMIPSUMDOLOR,1.designfeatureoflanguage（语言的定义特征)definingpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication,.,1.designfeatureoflanguage语言定义特征,1)Arbitrariness（任意性）2)Duality(二层性)3)Creativity/Productivity(创造性)4)Displacement（移位性）5)CulturalTransmission(文化传递性),.,1）Arbitrariness(任意性):定义：theformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.举例：书,book,livre喜欢，like，aimer,LOREMIPSUMDOLOR,.,LOREMIPSUMDOLOR,2）Duality（二层性）:定义：thepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevel.举例：Soundssyllableswordsphrasesclausessentencestexts/discourses,.,LOREMIPSUMDOLOR,3）Creativity/Productivity（创造性）:定义：Languagecanbeusedtocreatenewmeaningsbecauseofitsduality举例1：/k/,/a:/,/p/-carporpark举例2：England,defeated,FranceEnglanddefeatedFrance.FrancedefeatedEngland.,.,4）Displacement（替代性）:定义：Humanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizesomethingwhicharenotpresentatthemomentofcommunication.,.,5）CulturalTransmission（文化传递性）:定义：languageispassedonfromgenerationtogenerationthroughteachingandlearningratherthaninstinct.反例：印度狼孩,LOREMIPSUMDOLOR,.,3.Designfeature定义特征,1)Arbitrariness（任意性）2)Duality(二层性)3)Creativity/Productivity(创造性)4)Displacement（移位性）5)CulturalTransmission(文化传递性)如何记忆:五性，创意遗传,.,LOREMIPSUMDOLOR,4.ImportantDistinctionsinLinguistics(语言学研究中几对重要的概念)1)descriptivethespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringcommunicationareallphones举例:too和tea中的/t/发too中的/t/时,舌位更靠近口腔前部发tea中的/t/时，舌位更靠近口腔后部所以too和tea中的/t/两个不同的音子,.,LOREMIPSUMDOLOR,Phoneme(音位):phonologicalandabstractunit,aunitofdistinctivevalue;thesmallestunitofsoundinalanguagewhichcandistinguishtwowords.举例：tea和sea,/t/和/s/是两个不同的音位morpheme,.,LOREMIPSUMDOLOR,Whatisthepointofdepartureofphonology?A.phoneB.soundC.voiceD.phoneme,.,LOREMIPSUMDOLOR,Whatisthepointofdepartureofphonology?A.phoneB.soundC.voiceD.phoneme(音位),.,LOREMIPSUMDOLOR,Whatisthepointofdepartureofphonetics?A.phoneB.soundC.voiceD.phoneme,.,LOREMIPSUMDOLOR,Whatisthepointofdepartureofphonetics?A.phoneB.soundC.voiceD.phoneme,.,Suprasegmentalfeatures(超音段特征),Suprasegmentalfeatures:phonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegments.Theprincipalsuprasegmentalsare:,.,LOREMIPSUMDOLOR,Supra-segmentalfeatures(超音段特征)：stress（重音）举例:perfect(adj)和perfect(v)tone(声调)/pitch(音高):定义:soundfeaturewhicharecausedbythedifferingrateofvibrationofthevocalfolds.举例:m妈,m麻,m马，m骂比较：英语单词，如me,.,LOREMIPSUMDOLOR,intonation（语调）：pitch,stress,andsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation.举例:,.,Morphology形态学,1.学科定义2.语素的定义和分类3.词的分类（classificationofwords）,.,形态学研究的基本单位,1.morpheme(语素）.Themostbasicelementofmeaninginlanguage，anelementthatcannotbefurtherdividedintosmallerunitswithoutalteringitsmeaning.举例：ballfootballballs,.,.,TypesofMorphemes,Freemorphemesvs.Boundmorphemes（自由语素和黏着语素）:Freemorphemes:thosethatmayconstitutewordsbythemselves,egboy,girl,table,nation.Boundmorphemes:thosethatcannotoccuralone,eg-s,-ed,dis-,un-.,.,TypesofBoundMorpheme,Inflectionalmorpheme(屈折语素)=inflectionalaffix(屈折词缀)：changethegrammaticalmeaning(number,aspect,case,tense)Derivationalmorpheme（派生语素）=inflectionalaffix(派生词缀）:changethelexicalmeaning,.,dis+like+sderivationalfreeinflectionalmorpheme,.,light+en+edfreederivationalinflectionalmorpheme,.,LOREMIPSUMDOLOR,Derivationalmorpheme(改变词义):改变词义：dis-,un-,multi-,micro-改变词性：en-,-full,-mentInflectionalmorpheme（改变语法含义）:改变名称的性，数，格：-ess,-s,改变动词的时,态，体:-ing,-ed,改变形容词的级：-er,-est,.,词的分类-按构词法分,.,LOREMIPSUMDOLOR,如何区分派生词（derivationalword）和合成词(compoundword):拆开后看各个组成的语素能否都单独成词，如果可以，就是合成词，如果不能就是派生词。Businessman:business+manPlayboy:play+boyMouthful:mouth+fulLighten:light+en,.,词的分类-按词义分,.,词的分类-按开放性分,.,词的分类-按在句子重要性分,.,.,考点1.定义2.句法范畴3.句子类型,Syntax句法,.,LOREMIPSUMDOLOR,1.Syntax定义：:studiesinternalstructureofsentenceandrulesofsentence-formation,.,LOREMIPSUMDOLOR,Category(范畴):agroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularlanguagesuchassentence,anounphraseoraverb(起相同作用的一类语言单位)Syntacticalcategory(句法范畴):agroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinsentence-formation.（在句子构成中起相同作用的一类语言单位）,.,Syntacticalcategory(句法范畴),Word-lexicalcategoryPhrase-phrasalcategoryClause-clausalcategorySentence,.,LexicalCategory词法范畴=PartsofSpeech词类,.,.,phrasespecifierheadcomplementacarfivemetersaway,.,72,SentenceTypes(句子类型),simpleSentencecomplexnon-simplecompound,.,LOREMIPSUMDOLOR,4.句子分类：Simplesentence简单句Coordinatesentence并列句Complexsentence复杂句,.,LOREMIPSUMDOLOR,simplesentence简单句定义：alsocalledindependentclause,containsasubjectandaverb,anditexpressesacompletethought.,.,LOREMIPSUMDOLOR,练习：JimandMikeplayfootballeveryafternoon.(simplesentence)Marygoestothelibraryandstudieseveryday.(coordinatesentence),.,LOREMIPSUMDOLOR,coordinatesentence并列句:containstwoindependentclausesjoinedbyacoordinator(并列连词)suchasand,or,butetc.Coordinatorsareoftenprecededbyacomma.例句:ItriedtospeakSpanish,andmyfriendtriedtospeakEnglish.Lilywenttoplayfootball,butMariawentshopping.,.,LOREMIPSUMDOLOR,Youhavetodoitonewayortheother.SimplesentenceTheworkerswerecheerful,oratleasttheyappearedtobecheerful.Coordinatesentence,.,LOREMIPSUMDOLOR,complexsentence定义：Acomplexsentencehasanindependentclausejoinedwithoneormoredependentclausesbyoneormoresubordinators(从属连词)suchasif,when,because,althoug.,.,LOREMIPSUMDOLOR,Asheisgrowingold,heseldomgoesout.Heisgrowingold,whereashebecomeshealthier.如何区分并列和复杂句-看连词表示的关系并列，选择和转折关系-并列句时间，条件，原因和让步关系-复杂句,.,Semantics,考点：1.定义：studyofmeaning2.两种基本意义：reference指称和sense涵义3.五种词语语义关系,.,LudwigWittgenstein:Themeaningofawordisitsuseinthelanguage.Meaningisstudiedbymakingdetailedanalysesofthewaywordsandsentencesareusedinspecificcontexts.Reference（指称）:howlanguagereferstotherealphysicalworld(语言指代外部物质世界)Sense（涵义）:inherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Itisabstractandthemeaningdictionarycompilersareinterestedin.(语言形式的内在意义),.,conceptsymbolizesreferstosymbolreferent(word)standsfor(object),.,.,Synonymy同义,Synonymy同义:samenessorsimilarityofmeaning.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonyms.,.,同义分类举例,dialecticalsynonym地域同义词：举例:fallandautumn,flatandapartmentstylisticsynonym风格同义词：举例:copandpolice,kidandoffspringcollocationalsynonym搭配同义词：举例:accuseof,chargewith,rebukeforSemanticallydifferentsynonym语义稍有不同的同义词:举例:surpriseandastound,blameandrebuke,.,Antonymy反义,Antonymy反义:oppositenessofmeaning.Wordsthatareoppositeinmeaningarecalledantonyms.Antonymy反义关系分类：gradableantonymy等级反义complementaryantonymy互补反义converseantonymy反向反义,.,Gradableantonymy等级反义,young-middle-aged-oldbig-middle-sized-smallgood-average-bad,.,Complementaryantonymy互补反义,alive:deadmale:femalepresent:absentinnocent:guilty,odd:evenpass:failboy:girlhit:miss,.,Converseantonymy反向反义,buy:selllend:borrowgive:receiveparent:childhusband:wife,teacher:studentabove:belowbefore:afterhost:guestemployer:employee,.,Hyponymy上下义关系,Hyponymy上下义:referstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.Superordinate/hypernym上义词:themoregeneraltermHyponym下义词:themorespecificterm,.,LOREMIPSUMDOLOR,举例:hypernym上义词:animalHyponym下义词:bird,fish,tiger,cat如何记忆:hyper-向上hype炒作hypo-向下hypothesis假设,.,Animalbirdfishinsectanimalhumananimaltigerlionelephant.,.,Polysemy一词多义,Polysemy:thesameonewordhasmorethanonemeaning.Suchawordiscalledpolysemicword.举例:Fish:1.鱼2.鱼肉3.水生动物4.捕鱼5.寻找,.,LOREMIPSUMDOLOR,Homonymy同音/同形异义词:wordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform,differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.Identicalinsound:homophones同音词Identicalinspelling:homograph同形词Identicalinboth:completehomonyms同音同形词,.,LOREMIPSUMDOLOR,homophones同音词：举例:knightandnight,pieceandpeacehomograph同形词举例:tear(v)andtear(n),lead(v)andlead(n)completehomonyms同音同形词:fast(adj)andfast(n),.,LOREMIPSUMDOLOR,如何区分同音同形和一词多义现象:beauty,fish,ball,scalebeauty:美丽；美女fish:鱼；鱼肉；水生动物；捕鱼；寻找ball:球；舞会scale:规模；鱼鳞看其多个意义之间是否有关联，如果有就是一词多义，没有就是同音同形词,.,Pragmatics语用学,考点:定义和与语义学的区别：studyofmeaningincontextorinuse言语行为理论（两位理论家和三种行为）会话原则,.,2.SpeechActTheory,JohnAustin(1911-1960)HowtoDoThingswithWords(1962)MainIdea:thingscanbedonewithwords,.,Constatives(叙事句)vs.performatives（施为句）Constatives（叙事句）:utteranceswhichroughlyservestostateafact,reportthatsomethingisthecase,ordescribewhatsomethingis,eg:IgototheparkeverySunday.IteachEnglish.,.,LOREMIPSUMDOLOR,Performatives（施为句）:utteranceswhichareusedtoperformacts,donotdescribeorreportanythingatall;theutteringofthesentenceisthedoingofanaction;theycannotbesaidtobetrueorfalse.Performativeverbs:name,bet,etc.,.,ThreeSpeechActs(三种言语行为),Alocutionaryact(言内行为):theactofutteringwords,phrase,sentences.Itisanactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.Anillocutionaryact（言外行为）:anactofexpressionspeakersintention;itisanactperformedinsayingsomething.Aperlocutionaryact（言后行为）:theactpreformedbyorasaresultofsaying,theeffectsonthehearer.,.,三种话语行为-举例,老师对学生说:Youhaveleftthedooropen.Locutionaryact(言内行为):theactofutteringthewordsof“you”,“have”,“left”,“the”,“door”,“open”Illocutinaryact(言外行为):theactofexpressingtheteachersintentionofaskingthestudenttoclosethedoor.Perlocutionaryact(言后行为):theeffectoftheutterance:studentgoestoclosethedoor,.,103,IllocutionaryActTheory,美国哲学家JohnSearle(约翰-塞尔，1932-)在Austin理论基础上把言外行为进一步分为5类：陈述（assertives），指示(directives)，承诺(commissives)，表达(expressives)，宣告（declaratives）,.,ConversationalImplicature（会话含义理论）,Theorist：英国语言学家HerbertPaulGrice(格莱斯，1913-1988)MainIdea:Peopledonotusuallysaythingsdirectlybuttendtoimplythem.,.,TheCooperativePrinciple(CP，合作原则),MaximofQuality（数量准则）MaximofQuantity（质量准则）MaximofRelation（关系准则）MaximofManner（方式准则）,.,TheCooperativePrinciple(CP，合作原则),MaximofQuality（数量准则）Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.Donotsaysomethingifyoulackadequateevidence;MaximofQuantity（质量准则）MaximofRelation（关系准则）MaximofManner（方式准则）,.,LOREMIPSUMDOLOR,MaximofQuality（数量准则）MaximofQuantity（质量准则）：Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasrequired(forthecurrentpurposesoftheexchange).Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanrequired.MaximofRelation（关系准则）MaximofManner（方式准则）,.,LOREMIPSUMDOLOR,MaximofQuality（数量准则）MaximofQuantity（质量准则）MaximofRelation（关系准则）：Berelative.MaximofManner（方式准则）,.,LOREMIPSUMDOLOR,MaximofQuality（数量准则）MaximofQuantity（质量准则）MaximofRelation（关系准则）MaximofManner(方式准则)：Beperspicuous.Avoidobscurityofexpression.Avoidambiguity.Bebrief.Beorderly.,.,Macro-Linguistics宏观语言学,LOREMIPSUMDOLOR,.,LOREMIPSUMDOLOR,Sociolinguistics社会语言学1.定义2.语言变体languagevariety3.双语,.,LOREMIPSUMDOLOR,Sociolinguistics社会语言学1定义：Thesub-fieldoflinguisticsthatstudiestherelationbetweenlanguageandsociety,betweentheusesoflanguageandthesocialstructuresinwhichtheusersoflanguagelive.Speech语言变体双语,.,LOREMIPSUMDOLOR,Sociolinguistics社会语言学定义Speechvariety/languagevariety语言变体:refertoanydistinguishableformofspeechusedbyaspeakeroragroupofspeakers.双语,.,.,.,.,LOREMIPSUMDOLOR,Pidgin(洋泾浜语/皮钦语)：aspeciallanguagevarietythatmixesorblendslanguagesanditisusedbypeoplewhospeaksdifferentlanguagesforrestrictedpurposessuchastrading.上海洋泾浜,.,LOREMIPSUMDOLOR,上海话中的洋泾浜英语“蹩脚”（BILGE，船底污水，引申为肮脏的、下三滥的、劣质的）“瘪三”（BEGSIR，乞丐先生，用来形容叫花子、难民、逃荒者等各式穷人，后引申为最广泛的骂人用语之一。“赤佬”是英语“CHEAT”（欺骗）和中文“佬”的混生词语，一个鲁迅时代最流行的洋泾浜俚语（隐语）。,.,119,Frompidgintocreoles(克里奥语):Pidginhasbecometheprimarylanguageasaresultofintermarriage,itisspokenathomeandlearnedbychildrenasamothertongue.举例.French-basedHaitianCreole,EnglishbasedjamaicaCreole,.,LOREMIPSUMDOLOR,Sociolinguistics社会语言学定义语言变体双语,.,LOREMIPSUMDOLOR,Bilingualism(双语现象)Diglossia(高低双语现象)Multilingualism（多语现象）,.,LOREMIPSUMDOLOR,Bilingualism(双语现象):alinguisticsituationinwhichtwostandardlanguagesareusedeitherbyanindividualorbyagroupofspeakers.举例：Canada(FrenchandEnglish),Wales(WelshandEnglish)Diglossia(高低双语现象)Multilingualism（多语现象）,.,LOREMIPSUMDOLOR,Bilingualism(双语现象)Diglossia(高低双语现象):alinguisticsituationinwhichtwovarietiesofalanguageexistsidebysidethroughoutthecommunity,witheachhavingadefiniteroletoplay.举例：Switzerland:HighGermanasthestandard(public,official)SwissGermanasthevernacular(informal,daily)Multilingualism（多语现象）,.,LOREMIPSUMDOLOR,Bilingualism(双语现象)Diglossia(高低双语现象)Multilingualism（多语现象）:alinguisticsituationinwhichmorethantwolanguagesareusedeitherbyanindividualorbyagroupofspeakers.举例：Singapore(English,Chinese,Malay),.,LOREMIPSUMDOLOR,Bilingualism(双语现象):alinguisticsituationinwhichtwostandardlanguagesareusedeitherbyanindividualorbyagroupofspeakersDiglossia(高低双语现象):alinguisticsituationinwhichtwovarietiesofalanguageexistsidebysidethroughoutthecommunity,witheachhavingadefiniteroletoplayMultilingualism（多语现象）:alinguisticsituationmorethantwovarietiesareusedeitherbyanindividualorbyagroupofspeakers,.,LOREMIPSUMDOLOR,人类语言学AnthropologicalLinguistics定义:studyoftherelationshipbetweencultureandlanguage假说：Sapir-WhorfHypothesis(萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说)：structureofthelanguagepeopleuseinfluencesthewaytheythinkandbehave(简言之,语言影响人的思想行为),.,127,Sapir-WhorfHypothesisEdwardSapir(1884-1939)andBenjaminLeeWhorf(1897-1941)Ourlanguagehelpsmouldourwayofthinkingand,consequently,differentlanguagesmayprobablyexpressspeakersuniquewaysofunderstandingtheworld.Linguisticdeterminism:Lmaydetermineourthinkingpatterns.Linguisticrelativity:differentlanguagesofferpeopledifferentwaysofexpressingtheworldaround.,.,128,English:horseshoeFrench:ferachevalironforhorseGerman:hufeisenhoofironTheEskimoshavecountlesswordsforsnow.TheArabs,forcamels.,.,LOREMIPSUMDOLOR,心理语言学Psycholinguistics:thestudyofthementalprocessoflanguagecomprehensionandproduction.计算机语言学ComputationalLinguistics:studyoftheuseofcomputerstoprocessandproducehumanlanguage.,.,语言学理论流派,LOREMIPSUMDOLOR,.,LOREMIPSUMDOLOR,考点：四大学派的代表人物及其理论名称,.,LOREMIPSUMDOLOR,1.FatherofModernLinguistics现代语言学之父2.PragueSchool布拉格学派3.LondonSchool伦敦学派4.AmericanStructuralism美国结构主义5.Transformative-GenerativeGrammar转换生成语法,.,LOREMIPSUMDOLOR,1.FatherofModernLinguistics现代语言学之父Saussure索绪尔(瑞士)代表作,.,LOREMIPSUMDOLOR,Saussuresnewconcepts:LangueandParole