泛读教程_第三册_Unit_2_课件_答案 (1).ppt

,Education,Skimming,Educationcostsmoney,butthensodoesignorance.,Education,Skimming,Educationspurposeistoreplaceanemptymindwithanopenone.Educationiswhatremainsafteronehasforgotteneverythinghelearnedinschool.-AlbertEinstein(1879-1955),Contents,SpeedReading,SpeedTechniques,HowtoSKIM,WhentoSKIM,WhatisSkimming,ReadingSpeed,Speed,2007,2008,2009,2010,150,300,600,800,SpeedReadingFactorsThatInfluenceReadingRate,Apassagewithverylongsentencescanmakereadingmoredifficultandwillforceyoutoreadmoreslowly,Understandingbecomesdifficultorimpossibleandyourreadingrateisslow,Complicatedideasorasophisticatedlineofreasoning,TextFactors,SentenceLength,Vocab-ulary,IdeasandConcept,ReaderFactors,VocabLevel,ComprehensionAbility,BackgroundKnowledge,Howmanywordsdoyoudeterminetolearnperday?,Coreparts,topic,mainideaanddetails,Schema.,ToLearn,ToKnow,ToPractice,TechniquesforSpeedReading,Seeingmorethanonewordinasingleeyefixation.,Itinvolveswideningyoureyespansothatyoucanseeseveralwordsinonefixation.,WhatisPhraseReading,PhraseReading,Phrasereadingisatechniquethatbuildsfluency,aidscomprehension,andimprovesoralreading.,TechniquesforSpeedReading,ToReadefficientlyyoushouldtrytogetridofbadreadinghabitsandgetintogoodones,Studyingeconomicsisdifficultbecauseitrequirescarefulattentiontofactsandfigures,Groupwordsthatnaturallygotogether,HowtoPhraseRead,Groupwordstogetherintomeaningfulunits,Practicephrasereadingpersistently,Youmayfindittakesseveralweeksofcontinuedpracticetodevelopthehabit.,PhraseReadingExample,Actually,thecommoncoldisnotassimpleasitseems.Itcanbecausedbyanyof200differentviruses,anditcanbringmiseryineightways:sorethroat,sneezing,runnynosewateryeyes,achesandpains,mildfever,nasalcongestion,andcoughing.,KeyWordReading,TVNewsCaption:AirlineHijackingLosAngeles53hostages.FourHijacker.IdentityandPurposeUnknown,.Keywordreadinginvolvesskippingovernonessentialwordsandreadingonlythosewordsandphraseswhichcarrytheprimaryorcoremeaningofeachsentence.Keywordreadingidsimilartoreadingatelegram,theheadlineinanewspaper,oranewscaptionwhichisrunningacrossthebottomofatelevisionscreenwhileaprogramisinprogress.,Example,Keywordreadingisanewtechnique.Althoughitisfasterthanmostofthecarefulreadingtechniques,thereadermustexpectadecreaseinfactualcomprehension.Insomesituations,itisworththeloss,dependingonthereaderspurposeandthetypeofmaterialbeingread.,Keywordreadingisanewtechnique.Althoughitisfasterthanmostofthecarefulreadingtechniques,thereadermustexpectadecreaseinfactualcomprehension.Insomesituations,itisworththeloss,dependingonthereaderspurposeandthetypeofmaterialbeingread.,UsingSentenceStructure,UsingGrammaticalStructure,UsingTypographicalAids,Howtolocatekeywords,Rereading,Rereadingestablishedthemechanicalprocessofmorerapideyemovementandgivesyoupreliminarypracticeora“trialrun”withreadingatahigherreadingrate.,1.Selectanarticlereadatyournormalspeed.Timeyourself.2.Takeabreak,thenrereadthematerial.Pushyourselftoreadfaster.Timeyourself.,Skimmingisthereadingstyleusedbyflexiblereaderswhentheirpurposeistoquicklyobtainageneralideaaboutthereadingmaterial.TheSkimmingstyleismostusefulwhenyouhavetoreadalargeamountofmaterialinashortamountoftime.WhenusingtheSkimmingstyle,youshouldidentifythemainideasineachparagraphandignorethedetailsinsupportivesentences.Becauseyouareonlylookingforthemainideaineachparagraphyouread,alowerlevelofcomprehensionistobeexpectedthanwhenusingtheStudyReadingstyle,WhentoSkim?,HowtoSkim,Rules:Eyesfloatdownoverthecontentforkeywords.Payattentiontodirectionwords,too.,Steps:1.readthetitle.2.readthefirstparagraphcompletely.3.Readsubheadingsandfirstsentencesofremainingparagraphs.4.Alternatelyreadthebodyofthematerial.5.Ifthefinalparagraphappearstobeasummary,readitcompletely.,DemonstrationofSkimming,Usuallythefirstparagraphwillbereadataveragespeedallthewaythrough.Itoftencontainsanintroductionoroverviewofwhatwillbetalkedabout.Sometimes,however,thesecondparagraphcontainstheintroductionoroverview.Inthefirstparagraphtheauthormightjustbe“warmingup”orsayingsthclevertoattractattention.Readingathirdparagraphmaybeunnecessarybut.themainideaisusuallycontainedintheopeningsentence.topicsentence.Besidesthefirstsentencethereadershouldgetsomebutnotallthedetailfromtherestoftheparagraphnames.datesThistellsyounothinghencesometimesthemainideaisinthemiddleorattheendoftheparagraph.Someparagraphsmerelyrepeatideas.Occasionallythemainideacantbefoundintheopeningsentence.Thewholeparagraphmustthenberead.ThenleaveoutalotofthenextparagraphtomakeuptimeRemembertokeepaveryfastrate.400w.p.m.DontbeafraidtoleaveouthalformoreofeachparagraphDontgetinterestedandstarttoreadeverything.Loweredcomprehensionisexpected.50%.nottoolow.Skimmingpracticemakesiteasier.gainconfidence.Perhapsyouwontgetanythingatallfromafewparagraphs.dontworrySkimminghasmanyuses.reportsnewspaperstext.examTheendingparagraphsmightbereadmorefullyasoftentheycontainasummary.Rememberthattheimportanceofskimmingistogetonlytheauthorsmainideaataveryfastspeed.,PulpFriction,Everysecond,1hectareoftheworldsrainforestisdestroyed.Thatsequivalenttotwofootballfields.AnareathesizeofNewYorkCityislosteveryday.Inayear,thataddsupto31millionhectares-morethanthelandareaofPoland.Thisalarmingrateofdestructionhasseriousconsequencesfortheenvironment;scientistsestimate,forexample,that137speciesofplant,insectoranimalbecomeextincteverydayduetologging.InBritishColumbia,where,since1990,thirteenrainforestvalleyshavebeenclearcut,142speciesofsalmonhavealreadybecomeextinct,andthehabitatsofgrizzlybears,wolvesandmanyothercreaturesarethreatened.Logging,however,providesjobs,profits,taxesforthegovernmentandcheapproductsofallkindsforconsumers,sothegovernmentisreluctanttorestrictorcontrolit.,MuchofCanadasforestryproductiongoestowardsmakingpulpandpaper.AccordingtotheCanadianPulpandPaperAssociation,Canadasupplies34%oftheworldswoodpulpand49%ofitsnewsprintpaper.Ifthesepaperproductscouldbeproducedinsomeotherway,Canadianforestscouldbepreserved.Recently,apossiblealternativewayofproducingpaperhasbeensuggestedbyagriculturalistsandenvironmentalists:aplantcalledhemp.,Hemphasbeencultivatedbymanyculturesforthousandsofyears.Itproducesfibrewhichcanbemadeintopaper,fuel,oils,textiles,food,andrope.Forcenturies,itwasessentialtotheeconomiesofmanycountriesbecauseitwasusedtomaketheropesandcablesusedonsailingships;colonialexpansionandtheestablishmentofaworld-widetradingnetworkwouldnothavebeenfeasiblewithouthemp.Nowadays,shipscablesareusuallymadefromwireorsyntheticfibres,butscientistsarenowsuggestingthatthecultivationofhempshouldberevivedfortheproductionofpaperandpulp.Accordingtoitsproponents,fourtimesasmuchpapercanbeproducedfromlandusinghempratherthantrees,andmanyenvironmentalistsbelievethatthelarge-scalecultivationofhempcouldreducethepressureonCanadasforests.,However,thereisaproblem:hempisillegalinmanycountriesoftheworld.Thisplant,sousefulforfibre,rope,oil,fuelandtextiles,isaspeciesofcannabis,relatedtotheplantfromwhichmarijuanaisproduced.Inthelate1930s,amovementtobanthedrugmarijuanabegantogatherforce,resultingintheeventualbanningofthecultivationnotonlyoftheplantusedtoproducethedrug,butalsoofthecommercialfibre-producinghempplant.AlthoughbothGeorgeWashingtonandThomasJeffersongrewhempinlargequantitiesontheirownland,anyAmericangrowingtheplanttodaywouldsoonfindhimselfinprison-despitethefactthatmarijuanacannotbeproducedfromthehempplant,sinceitcontainsalmostnoTHC(theactiveingredientinthedrug).,Inrecentyears,twomajormovementsforlegalizationhavebeengatheringstrength.OnegroupofactivistsbelievesthatALLcannabisshouldbelegal-boththehempplantandthemarijuanaplant-andthattheuseofthedrugmarijuanashouldnotbeanoffense.Theyarguethatmarijuanaisnotdangerousoraddictive,andthatitisusedbylargenumbersofpeoplewhoarenotcriminalsbutproductivemembersofsociety.Theyalsopointoutthatmarijuanaislesstoxicthanalcoholortobacco.Theotherlegalizationmovementisconcernedonlywiththehempplantusedtoproducefibre;thisgroupwantstomakeitlegaltocultivatetheplantandsellthefibreforpaperandpulpproduction.Thissecondgrouphashadamajortriumphrecently:in1997,Canadalegalizedthefarmingofhempforfibre.Forthefirsttimesince1938,hundredsoffarmersareplantingthiscrop,andsoonwecanexpecttoseepulpandpaperproducedfromthisnewsource.,WordPretest,1.A2.B.3.A4.C5.C6.A7.B8.A9.B10.C11.C,ReadingSkill,4.C5.B6.B1.F2.T.3.F4.F5.T6.T,WilliamFaulkner,TheSoundandtheFuryAsILayDyingLightinAugustAbsalom,Absalom!,“Memorybelievesbeforeknowingremembers.Believeslongerthanrecollects,longerthanknowingevenwonders.”“Alwaysdreamandshoothigherthanyouknowyoucando.Dontbotherjusttobebetterthanyourcontemporariesorpredecessors.Trytobebetterthanyourself.”Amulewilllabortenyearswillinglyandpatientlyforyou,fortheprivilegeofkickingyouonce.,“IfIwerereincarnated,Idwanttocomebackabuzzard.Nothinghateshimorenvieshimorwantshimorneedshim.Heisneverbotheredorindanger,andhecaneatanything.”“Read,read,read.Readeverything-trash,classics,goodandbad,andseehowtheydoit.Justlikeacarpenterwhoworksasanapprenticeandstudiesthemaster.Read!Youllabsorbit.Thenwrite.Ifitisgood,youllfindout.Ifitsnot,throwitou