英汉翻译之增词法

Amplification增词法,教学内容：1.适当增添的必要性2.增词法在英汉翻译中的运用,Warming-upActivity,Readthepassage“TwoBills”anddiscussingroupshowtotranslatetheunderlinedsentences.,TwoBillsWhenBillClintonandBillGatesplayedgolfonMarthasVineyardafewyearsago,theydidntclick.ThePresidentgaveGatesaheavydoseoftheClintontreatment,oozingcharmandseekingemotionalcommongroundinthefactthatbothhadrecentlylosttheirmothers.ClintonmusthavebeendisappointedbythecoolresponseofGates,whosawthesubjectasundulypersonal.Gates,forhispart,wasputoffthatClintondidntengagehimonhisfavoritetopic,technology.Whenthegolfingended,thetwomenwenttheirseparateways.GatesdidnttakesidesintheClinton-Doleelectionacoupleofyearslater.ClintonlethisJusticeDepartmentpursueapotentiallydevastatingantitrustlawsuitagainstMicrosoft.,Itsnothardtoseewhythesetwolarger-than-lifefiguresoneistheworldsmostpowerfulman,theotheristherichestdidntbecomefastfriends:thetwoBillsareasdifferentasthetwoendsofthebaby-boomgenerationtheyrepresent.Clinton,whoenteredcollegein1964,isdrippingwithSixtiesvalues:aJohnF.Kennedy-stylebeliefinpublicserviceasacalling;anAge-of-Aquariusfocusonemotionalconnection;andacounterculturalstreakofsex,drugs,androcknroll.Gates,whocameofageinthe1970s,hasaWatergate-yeardetachmentfrompolitics,amind-setmoreme-generationthan“love-in”,andapassionforthegreatrevolutionaryforceofhisowndecade:thepersonalcomputer.,ButClintonandGatesareremarkablyalikeinotherways,particularlyintheirflaws.Bothhavealmostlimitlessdriveandself-absorptionandawillingnesstopushtherulestotheedgeorpassittogetwhattheywant.Whencalledtoaccount,bothhavebeendismissiveofthelegalprocessandhavehadastrainedrelationshipwiththetruth.Thesequalitieshavelandedbothmeninsimilarbinds:Clintoniswaitingtohearifhewillberemovedfromoffice;GatesisfendingofftheJusticeDepartmentsefforttoreinin,orevencarveup,Microsoft.Theirflawswilltakecenterstagethisweek,asbothmenmountdefensesintheirrespectivetrials.,Bothmenfoundtheircallingsearly.ClintonwaselectedasenatoratBoysNationat16.OnaWashingtonfieldtripthatyear,heshookhandswithPresidentKennedyanironicmomentcapturedinaphoto.AfterYaleLawSchoolandaRhodesScholarship,Clinton,at32,becamegovernorofArkansas.Thesingle-mindedrisetopoliticalpowerisatimelessstory,butClintonscamewiththedistinctivetrappingsofhisera:thescruffybeardandantiwarprotestswhileatOxford,theexperimentwithpot,thecivilrightsmovementsensibilityandthefeministwifewhokepthernameatleastinitially.,ThePresidentgaveGatesaheavydoseoftheClintontreatment,oozingcharmandseekingemotionalcommongroundinthefactthatbothhadrecentlylosttheirmothers.ClintonlethisJusticeDepartmentpursueapotentiallydevastatingantitrustlawsuitagainstMicrosoft.,克林顿总统以自己惯用的热烈的待人接物方式对待盖茨，满脸魅力、笑容可掬。因为两人都新近丧母，所以他满以为能在两人之间找到共同语言。,克林顿则听任司法部对微软公司提出反垄断诉讼这对微软公司可能会是一场毁灭性的打击。,WarmingupActivity,thetwoBillsareasdifferentasthetwoendsofthebaby-boomgenerationtheyrepresentGates,whocameofageinthe1970s,hasaWatergate-yeardetachmentfrompolitics,amind-setmoreme-generationthan“love-in”.,两个比尔禀性大不一样，他们分别代表了战后生育高峰首尾两端出生的这两类人。,盖茨20世纪70年代长大成人，具有“水门事件”年代的人对政治冷漠超然的特点，其心态更接近“唯我的一代”，而不是“颓废派”。,WarmingupActivity,Whencalledtoaccount,bothhavebeendismissiveofthelegalprocessandhavehadastrainedrelationshipwiththetruth.Thesingle-mindedrisetopoliticalpowerisatimelessstory,butClintonscamewiththedistinctivetrappingsofhisera.,当要求他们对自己的所作所为进行解释时，两人都蔑视法律程序，欲盖弥彰。,一心从政而最终把握大权，这是一个永恒的话题。然而，克林顿的平步青云则明显地带有当时那个时代的印记。,WarmingupActivity,Reflection:Howdidyoutranslatetheitalicizedpartsintheprevioussentences?Whatdidyouneedtodotomakeyourtranslationconveytheoriginalmeaningandmeanwhilereadsmoothly?Whattechniquedidyouuseintranslatingthem?Whyisitsometimesnecessaryforatranslatortoaddsomewordswhentranslating?,WarmingupActivity,Asamatterofprinciple,atranslatorisnotsupposedtoaddanymeaningtoorsubtractanymeaningfromtheoriginalwork.However,thisdoesnotmeanthatatranslatorshouldrefrainfromsupplyingnecessarywordsoromittingunnecessarywordsintranslationtomakeherversionbothaccurateinmeaningandconsistentwiththeidiomaticuseofthetargetlanguage.,TheNecessityofAmplification,AmplificationAmplification,alsocalledaddition,meanssupplyingnecessarywordsinourtranslationonthebasisofaccuratecomprehensionoftheoriginal.Weresorttoamplificationforthepurposeof“faithfulrepresentation”ofthethoughtoftheauthorbecauseEnglishandChineseareentirelydifferentlanguagesandeachhasitsownhistoricalandculturalbackground,Amplification,Besides,manyideas,idiomaticexpressionsandshorthandwords,etc.thatarewellunderstoodinthecountryoftheirorigincanhardlymakesensetoforeigners.Therefore,itisunimaginableforatranslatortosticktotheoriginalpatternwithoutalteration.,Forexample,thetranslationoftheword“wash”:Marywashesbeforemeals.Marywashesbeforegoingtobed.Marywashesaftergettingup.Marywashesforaliving.Marywashesinarestaurant.,玛丽饭前洗手。,玛丽睡前洗漱。,玛丽靠洗衣为生。,玛丽在饭店当洗碗工。,玛丽起床后洗漱。,出于结构需要而增词,为了明确语义而增词,英译汉时增词主要有以下三种情况：,出于修辞需要而增词,.AmplificationinEnglish-ChineseTranslation增词法在英汉翻译中的运用,I.为了明确语义而增词,为了表达清晰和自然，翻译时可能需要根据具体情况增加合适的译语词汇，包括动词、形容词、副词、名词、量词、语气词、概括词以及承上启下的词等等。,I.为了明确语义而增词,1.SupplyingWordstoMakeConceptsClear英译汉时，按照汉语的习惯，有时需要将抽象名词的含义具体化。但当具体名词表示抽象概念时，具体名词后应增加相应含义的名词。1)Iwasstruckbytheircordialitytoeachother.2)Heallowedthefathertobeoverruledbythejudge,anddeclaredhisownsonguilty.,他们彼此的亲密态度让我吃惊。,他让法官的职责战胜父子的私情而判决他儿子有罪。,3)Oxidationwillmakeironandsteelrusty.4)Thislackofresistanceinverycoldmetalsmaybecomeusefulinelectroniccomputers.5)Afterallpreparationsweremade,theplanetookoff.,氧化作用会使钢铁生锈。,这种在低温金属中没有电阻的现象可能对电子计算机很有用处。,一切准备工作就绪以后，飞机就起飞了。,I.为了明确语义而增词,2.SupplyingWordsOmittedintheOriginal原文中暗含的意思，有时需通过加词明确表达出来。1)Inflationhasnowreachedunprecedentedlevel.2)Mattercanbechangedintoenergyandenergyintomatter.,通货膨胀已发展到了空前严重的地步。,物质可以转化为能，能也可以转化为物质。,增加动词1)IneveryChinesecity,wegotintothestreets,shops,parks,theatresandrestaurants.2)Intheevening,afterthebanquets,theconcertsandthetabletennisexhibitions,hewouldworkonthedraftingofthefinalcommuniqu.3)Iforgotmykey.,在中国，我们每到一个城市就遛大街、逛商店、游公园、看演出、吃名菜。,晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐会和观看乒乓球表演以后，他还得起草最后公报。,我忘了带钥匙。,增加副词,Thecrowdsmeltedaway.,人群渐渐散开了。,Ashesatdownandbegantalking,wordspouredout.,他一坐下来就讲开了，滔滔不绝地讲个没完。,Firstyouborrow,thenyoubeg.,头一遭借钱，下一遭就讨饭。,Dayafterdayhecametohisworksweeping,scrubbing,cleaning.,他每天来干活扫地，擦地板，收拾房间。,在不及物动词后增加隐含的宾语,Thistypewriterisindeedcheapandfine.,这部打字机真是物美价廉。,Heisacomplicatedmanmoody,mercurial,withamelancholystreak.,他是一个性格复杂的人喜怒无常，反复多变，有些犹豫寡欢。,增加形容词所修饰的隐含名词,I.为了明确语义而增词,3.SupplyingWordstoMakeGeneralizationsortoConveytheConceptofPlurality根据汉语习惯，有时需要添加概括性词汇。1)HenryKissingerhadslepttherebefore,inJulyandagaininOctober.这之前，基辛格七月和十月两度在此下榻。2)Thethesissummedupthenewachievementsmadeinelectroniccomputers,man-madesatellitesandrockets.论文总结了电子计算机、人造卫星和火箭这三个领域中的新成就。,3)TheASIANcountrieshavedesignated1992as“AsianTourismYear”,andarecooperatinginadrivetoconvincetheworldspleasure-and-culture-seekersoftheirattractions.亚洲几个国家将1992年指定为“亚洲旅游年”，携手合作发起一场宣传攻势，旨在让世界各地的那些猎奇探胜的游客确信，他们这些国家也有许多引人入胜的旅游景观。,增加概括性词汇以承上启下,Yes,IlikeChinesefood.Lotsofpeopledothesedays,sortoffashion.,不错，我喜欢中国菜。现在很多人喜欢中国菜，这种情况算是有点赶时髦吧。,增加表示名词复数的词增加重迭词表示复数增加数词或其他词表示复数,Flowersbloomallovertheyard.,朵朵鲜花开满了庭院。,Thelionisthekingofanimals.,狮是百兽之王。,1.Thebestconductorhastheleastresistanceandthepoorestthegreatest.2.Ifsogrand,whysopoor?Ifsopoor,whysogrand?3.Airpressuredecreaseswithaltitude.,TimetoPractice,最好的导体电阻最小,最差的导体电阻最大。,既然那么阔，干嘛要叫穷？既然那么穷，干嘛摆阔气？,气压随海拔高度的增加而下降。,4.Notethatthewords“velocity”and“speed”requireexplanation.5.Hestretchedhislegswhichwerescatteredwithscars.6.Themountainsbegantothrowtheirlongblueshadowsoverthevalley.,请注意，速度和速率这两个词需要解释.,他伸出双腿，露出腿上的道道伤痕。,群山开始向山谷投下一道道蔚蓝色的长影。,7.Iwastaughtthattwosidesofatriangleweregreaterthanthethird.8.Afriendexaggeratesamansvirtue,anenemyhiscrimes.,我学过，三角形的两边之和大于第三边。,朋友宣扬人的美德，敌人夸大人的罪过。,9.Accordingtoscientists,ittakesnature500yearstocreateaninchoftopsoil.10.Ascientistconstantlytriedtodefeathishypotheses,histheories,andhisconclusion.,根据科学家们的看法，自然界要用500年的时间才能形成一英寸厚的表层土壤。,科学家经常设法推翻自己的假设，否定自己的理论，放弃自己的结论。,II.出于结构需要而增词,1.SupplyingNecessaryConnectives1)Heated,waterwillchangeintovapor.2)Howevercarefullyboilercasingsandsteampipesaresealed,someheatescapesandislost.3)Sinceairhasweight,itexertsforceonanyobjectimmersedinit.,水如受热,就会汽化。,不管锅炉壳与蒸汽管封闭得多么严密，还是有一部分热散失损耗掉。,因为空气具有重量，所以处在空气中的任何物体都会受到空气的作用力。,II.出于结构需要而增词,2.SupplyingWordstoIndicateDifferentTensesorSequences1)Heservedinthearmyfortenyears.2)InBeijing,therewasadivinescaleandahiggledy-piggledyscale.,他服过十年兵役。,过去的北京既有一种神圣的规模，又有一种杂乱无章的格局。,II.出于结构需要而增词,3)Wewontretreat;weneverhaveandneverwill.4)Ihadimaginedittobemerelyagestureofaffection,butitseemsitistosmellthelambandmakesurethatitisherown.,我们不会后退，我们从未后退过，将来也绝不后退。,我原本以为这不过是一种亲热的表示，但现在看来，这是为了嗅嗅小羊羔气味，以断定它是不是自己的孩子。,AmplificationforPurposesofRhetoricorCoherenceIcametoagardenofg