2020高考阅读理解专题第5讲明辨词义猜测题.doc

第5讲明辨词义猜测题步骤一 高考这样考， 差距须明了(2018全国卷)Many of us love July because its the month when natures berries and stone fruits are in abundance. These colourful and sweet jewels from British Columbias fields are little powerhouses of nutritional protection.Of the common berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, although, because of their seeds, raspberries contain a little more protein (蛋白质), iron and zinc (not that fruits have much protein). Blueberries are particularly high in antioxidants (抗氧化物质). The yellow and orange stone fruits such as peaches are high in the carotenoids we turn into vitamin A and which are antioxidants. As for cherries (樱桃), they are so delicious who cares? However, they are rich in vitamin C.When combined with berries or slices of other fruits, frozen bananas make an excellent base for thick, cooling fruit shakes and low fat “ice cream”， For this purpose, select ripe bananas for freezing as they are much sweeter. Remove the skin and place them in plastic bags or containers and freeze. If you like, a squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas will prevent them turning brown. Frozen bananas will last several weeks, depending on their ripeness and the temperature of the freezer.If you have a_juicer,_you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries of sliced fruit. Out comes a “softserve” creamy dessert, to be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity for a childrens party; they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below.语篇解读：人们爱七月，因为七月是收获的季节，各种浆果和核果喜获丰收。那么如何加工食用这些果实呢？这些果实各自又含有哪些营养成分呢？1What does the author seem to like about cherries?AThey contain protein.BThey are high in vitamin A.CThey have a pleasant taste.DThey are rich in antioxidants.解析细节理解题。根据第二段的倒数第二句可知应该选C项，樱桃很美味。have a pleasant taste与be so delicious表义相同。答案C2Why is fresh lemon juice used in freezing bananas?ATo make them smell better.BTo keep their colour.CTo speed up their ripening.DTo improve their nutrition.解析细节理解题。根据第三段倒数第二句“If you like, a squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas will prevent them turning brown”可知，把新鲜的柠檬汁挤到香蕉上会防止它变色。答案B3What is “a juicer” in the last paragraph?AA dessert.BA drink.CA container. DA machine.解析词义猜测题。根据画线部分下文中的“they love feeding. into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below”可推断出，juicer应该是“榨汁机”的意思。答案D4From which is the text probably taken?AA biology textbook. BA health magazine.CA research paper. DA travel brochure.解析文章出处题。全文主要介绍了一些七月成熟的果实以及这些果实的营养成分等，而这自然与健康饮食有关，介绍这类内容的文章应该是刊载在健康杂志上的。答案B步骤二 储备知识点， 讲练补短板一、近三年新课标全国卷词义猜测题实况二、常见设问方式1词意类The underlined word/phrase. probably means/can be replaced by _. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word/phrase.?2指代类What does the underlined word “this/that/it/they.” refers to ? The underlined part “this/that/it/they.” refers to _.3句意类The underlined sentence in the. paragraph probably means _. What can we infer from the underlined sentence in Paragraph.?三、选项特征1正确选项特征(1)含义和其字面意思没有任何关系。(2)上下文逻辑通顺。(3)与原句意思最接近。典例1(2018山西重点中学协作体考试)In his book, he had challenged readers to make deep cuts in personal emissions to keep the world from reaching extremely important tipping_points , such as the melting (融化) of the ice sheets in Greenland or west Antarctica.The underlined words “tipping points” most probably refer to “_”. Afreezing points Bburning points Cmelting points Dboiling points 解析本题要求猜测tipping points的意思，根据 “such as the melting (融化) of the ice sheets in Greenland or west Antarctica” 可知，tipping points 在文中的意思为“融化点”，与C项同义，故C项为正确答案。答案C2干扰选项特征(1)与所考词汇形似。(2)如果考的是熟词，含有常规词义的往往是错误选项。(3)句子解释中含有过多原句中已有的词和短语的选项一般是错误选项。典例2(2018山东菏泽联考)There was a gardener who looked after his garden with great care.To water his flowers，he used two buckets. One was a shiny and new bucket.The other was a very old and dilapidated one，which had seen many years of service，but was now past its best.What does the underlined word “dilapidated” probably mean?ADirty. BDark.CWornout. DPlainlooking.解析由“one. the other.”结构可知，“old and dilapidated”对应前面的“shiny and new”。由此可判断dilapidated的意思应与shiny and new相反，即wornout，故C项为正确答案。答案C步骤三 锦囊藏妙计， 练考两不惧一、单词或短语意义猜测题的审题、解题流程第一步依据题干信息，定位关键词语单词或短语意义猜测题一般是对文章某一单词或短语内容的考查，且题目相对直接，所以不必通读细读全文，可通过题干信息来选择定位关键词。第二步根据转折或对比关系进行猜测在一个句子或段落中，有时会出现对两种事物或现象进行对比的描述，考生可以利用这种关系猜测词义。表示对比关系的词语主要有however，but，instead，despite，unlike，yet，while，whereas(反之，而，却)，rather than，instead of，in spite of，on the contrary，on the other hand，in contrast等。典例(2017全国卷)Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human development. By the 1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area. They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada, where there were fewer humans around.What does the underlined word “displaced” in this paragraph mean?ATested. BSeparated. CForced out. DTracked down.解析第一步：依据题干信息，定位关键词语仔细阅读题干可知 “displaced”为问题的核心信息，即为本题的定位关键词。第二步：根据转折或对比关系进行猜测猜测词义离不开上下文语境，所以可以根据上下文语境对画线词进行合乎逻辑的推断。前句说明在黄石公园和美洲大部分地区曾有许多的灰狼，连词but转折了句子意义，由此可推断出此句意为人类的发展逐渐地使灰狼“离开，排出，挤出”，选项C为正确答案。答案C二、句意猜测题的审题、解题流程第一步依据题干信息，定位关键句子句意猜测题一般是对文章某一句子的内容的考查，且题目相对直接，所以不必通读细读全文，可通过题干信息来选择定位关键词。第二步根据上下文语境进行猜测猜测任何词义都离不开上下文，所以可借助上下文对需要猜测的词、短语或句子进行合乎逻辑的推测。典例(2015浙江卷)In 2004, when my daughter Becky was ten, she and my husband, Joe, were united in their desire for a dog. As for me, I shared none of their canine lust.But why, they pleaded. “Because I dont have time to take care of a dog.” But well do it. “Really? Youre going to walk the dog? Feed the dog? Bathe the dog？” Yes, yes, and yes. “I dont believe you.” We will. We promise. They didnt. From day two (everyone wanted to walk the cute puppy that first day), neither thought to walk the dog. While I was slow to accept that I would be the one to keep track of her shots, to schedule her vet appointments, to feed and clean her, Misty knew this on day one. As she looked up at the three new humans in her life (small, medium, and large), she calculated , “The_medium_one_is_the_sucker_in_the_pack.”Which of the following is the closest in meaning to “The medium one is the sucker in the pack.” (Paragraph 3)?A“The middleaged person loves me most.”B“The mediumsized woman is the hostess.”C“The man in the middle is the one who has the final say.”D“The woman is the kind and trustworthy one in the family.”解析第一步：依据题干信息，定位关键句子仔细阅读题干可知，“The medium one is the sucker in the pack .”为问题的核心信息，即为本题的定位关键句子。第二步：根据上下文语境进行猜测通过分析上下文语境，用合适的语句对其进行解释。由画线句前面的内容可知，画线句是以小狗的口吻说的。结合上下文可知，爸爸、妈妈、女儿对应large, medium, small, 而照顾小狗的任务由妈妈承担，故选项D为正确答案。答案D三、代词指代题的审题、解题流程第一步依据题干信息，定位关键词语代词指代题一般是对文章局部内容的考查，且题目相对直接，所以不必通读细读全文，可通过题干信息来选择定位关键词。关键词主要是题干中的代词。第二步根据上下文的指代关系进行猜测英语文章中的代词one，it，that，them等可以指上文提到的人或事物。有时代词与指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找；有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的事物。典例(2016四川卷)His blackandwhite pictures present a world almost lost in time. These pictures show people seemingly pushed into a world that they were unprepared for. These local citizens now have to balance their traditional selfsupporting hunting lifestyle with the lifestyle offered by the modern French Republic, which brings with it not only necessary state welfare, but also alcoholism, betrayal and even suicide.What does the underlined word “it” in the last paragraph refer to?AThe modern French lifestyle.BThe selfsupporting hunting.CThe uncivilized hunting.DThe French Republic.解析第一步：依据题干信息，定位关键词语仔细阅读题干可知， it为问题的核心信息，即为本题的定位关键信息。第二步：根据上下文的指代关系进行猜测“it”为关键词，指代上文出现的名词，即指前面的 “the lifestyle offered by the modern French Republic”，故选项A为正确答案。答案A步骤四 巩固兼提升， 满分收囊中A(2018绵阳高中第一次诊断性考试)David Rees runs a truly distinctive business. He charges customers $15 to sharpen their pencils to perfection, using a variety of tools.I know what youre thinkingis this a joke? The 39yearold gets asked that question a lot. To clarify everything, he even created a special section on his website telling everyone hes actually providing a real service.You can supply your own pencil or you can have Rees sharpen one of his own favorite 2B pencils. After that，he mails it to you in a display tube with the shavings in a separate bag, and an authentic certificate which just happens to mention the pencil is so sharp as to be a dangerous object.To achieve the desired result, the master sharpener uses all kinds of tools, including general sandpaper, pocket knives and even a special $450 sharpening machine. “It depends on what the customer wants to use his/her pencil for，” he says. That determines the most appropriate pencilsharpening technique. Some customers buy pencils as inspirational symbols while others buy them because of their special memories of classic 2B pencils.$15 to have a pencil sharpened is a bit expensive though, right? Youre not the only one who feels that way, and Davids unique business has really angered lots of people, who talk of inequality in America, saying it is so insane for the wealthy to pay $15 to sharpen a pencil. But others will say, “This is just our urge to put an end to the welfare state because new ideas arise along with the business.”David admits his trade is sort of unusual. But there are those who actually value his service, as is proven by the over 500 orders he has gotten.语篇解读：本文主要介绍了一个人提供为他人削铅笔的独特服务。1How could David make money by sharpening pencils?AHe invented new tools for the job.BHe promoted his skill on his website.CHe saved lots of time for other people.DHe provided quality service for his customers.解析推理判断题。根据第四段第一句“To achieve the desired result, the master sharpener uses. even a special $450 sharpening machine”可推知，主人公给客户提供高质量的削铅笔服务，故选D。答案D2From his words, we can infer that David Rees _.Aknows all kinds of pencil usersBprovides personalized servicesCvalues ideas behind the pencilsDalways writes in pencil解析细节理解题。根据第四段中的“It depends on what the customer wants to use his/her pencil for”可知，主人公会给客户提供个性化的服务，故选B。答案B3What does the underlined word “insane” (in Paragraph 5) mean?ADeliberate. BRewarding.CUnreasonable. DIrresponsible.解析词义猜测题。根据第五段第一句“$15 to have a pencil sharpened is a bit expensive though, right”并结合第二段第一句“I know what youre thinkingis this a joke”可推知，此处的insane意为“十分愚蠢的，疯狂的”，故选C。deliberate“故意的”；rewarding“值得做的”；irresponsible“不负责任的”。答案C4What seems to be the authors attitude to David Rees trade?AIts a fancy service.BIt has a good reputation.CIts awfully expensive.DIt wastes time and money.解析观点态度题。根据全文的整体内容可知，作者认为主人公所提供的削铅笔服务是与众不同的、别致的，故选A。答案AB(2018贵阳市普通高中高三摸底)“How do you account_for your remarkable achievements in life？” Queen Victoria of the UK asked Helen Keller. “How do you explain the fact that even though you were both blind and deaf, you were able to achieve so much？”Ms. Kellers answer is a tribute (致敬) to her kind teacher. “If it had not been for Anne Sullivan，the name of Helen Keller would have remained unknown.”According to American speaker Zig Ziglar，Anne Sullivan was no stranger to hardship. She was almost sightless and was, at one time, diagnosed as hopelessly “insane” by her caregivers. She was locked in the basement of a mental institution. Occasionally, Anne would violently attack anyone who came near. Most of the time she generally ignored everyone in her presence.An elderly nurse believed there was hope, however, and she made it her work to show love to the child. Every day she visited Anne, and she left cookies for her and spoke words of love and encouragement. She believed Anne could recover, if only she were shown love. Eventually，doctors noticed the change in the girl. Where they once witnessed anger and hate, they now noted gentleness and love. They moved her upstairs where she continued to improve. Then the day finally came when this seemingly “hopeless” child was released.Anne Sullivan grew into a young woman with a desire to help others as she，herself，was helped by the kind nurse. It was she who saw the great potential in Helen Keller. She loved her, disciplined (管教) her，played with her，pushed her and worked with her until the flickering candle that was her life became a beacon (灯塔) of light to the world. Anne Sullivan worked wonders in Helens life; but it was a loving nurse who first believed in little Anne and lovingly transformed an uncommunicative child into a kind teacher.“If it had not been for Anne Sullivan, the name of Helen Keller would have remained unknown.” But if it had not been for a kind and dedicated nurse, the name of Anne Sullivan would have remained unknown.语篇解读：本文主要介绍了一个有奉献精神的护士用自己的爱挽救了海伦凯勒的老师Anne Sullivan，而她又成就了伟大的海伦凯勒的故事。5What does the underlined part “account for” in Paragraph 1 probably mean?Ashow BproveCexplain Dpresent解析词义猜测题。根据第一段最后一句“How do you explain the fact that even though you were both blind and deaf, you were able to achieve so much？”并结合第一句的语境可推知，account for与explain同义，故选C。答案C6What do we know from the third paragraph?AAnne Sullivan had very normal behavior.BAnne Sullivan was ignored by everyone.CAnne Sullivan was kept away from her parents.DAnne Sullivan was believed to have a mental problem.解析细节理解题。根据第三段第二句和第三句“She was almost sightless and was, at one time, diagnosed as hopelessly insane by her caregivers. She was locked in the basement of a mental institution”，并结合对本段的整体理解可推知，当时人们认为Anne Sullivan患有精神疾病，故选D。答案D7What would be the best title for the text?AThe Power of LoveBMaking a DifferenceCA Good TeacherDRemarkable Achievements解析标题判断题。根据全文尤其是对文章最后一段的整体理解可知，如果没有Anne Sullivan，海伦凯勒就不会为人所知；如果没有那个富有爱心的护士，Anne Sullivan也不会被人知晓，这些都体现了爱的力量，故选A。答案A专题跟踪训练(十五)A(2018赣州十四县(市)联考)Some people are so rude!Who sends an email or a text message that just says “Thank you”？ Who leaves a voice mail message rather than texts you? Who asks for a fact easily found on Google? Dont these people realize that theyre wasting your time?Maybe Im the rude one for not appreciating lifes little politeness. But many social agreed standards just dont make sense to people drowning in digital communication.In texts, you dont have to declare who you are or even say hello. Email, too, is slower than a text. Voice mail is a now impolite way of trying to connect.My father learned this lesson after leaving me a dozen voice mail messages, none of which I listened to. Exasperated,_he called my sister to express his dissatisfaction that I never returned his phone calls. “Why are you leaving him voice mail？” my sister asked. “Just text him.”In the age of the smartphone, there is no reason to ask onceacceptable questions about: the weather forecast, a businesss phone number, or directions to a house, a restaurant, which can be easily found on Google Maps. But people still ask these things. And when you answer, they respond with a thankyou email.How to handle these differing standards? Easy. Consider your audience. Some people, especially older ones, appreciate a thankyou message. Others, like me, want no reply.The anthropologist (人类学家) Margaret Mead once said that in traditional societies, the young learn from the old. But in modern societies, the old can also learn from the young. Heres hoping that politeness never goes out of fashion but that timewasting forms of communication do.语篇解读：本文主要讨论了如今在智能手机时代，人们应该选择何种方式进行沟通。1What does the underlined word “Exasperated” mean in the fifth paragraph?AWorried.BSurprised.CAnnoyed. DTired.解析词义猜测题。根据第五段第二句中的“he called my sister to express his dissatisfaction that I never returned his phone calls”可知，作者的父亲对作者不给自己回电话很不满，由此可推知exasperated意思是“恼怒的，生气的”，故选C。答案C2Why didnt the writer reply to his father?AHe liked text messages better.BHe enjoyed checking his voice mail.CHe didnt receive any voice mail messages.DHe didnt want to talk with his father.解析推理判断题。根据第五段中的“Why are you leaving him voice mail？ my sister asked.Just text him.”可推知，作者不喜欢用语音信箱，更偏爱发短信，故选A。答案A3Which of the following does the writer agree to?APeople neednt learn from one another in traditional societies.BDealing with voice mail should vary with each individual.CPeople neednt turn to Google for help when in trouble.DDeclaring who you are or saying hello in texts is necessary.解析推理判断题。根据第七段的内容可推知，标准是变化的，处理方式应该因人而异，而不是一刀切，语音信箱的使用亦是如此，故选B。答案B4Whats the best title of this passage?ANowadays: what should we do with text messages?BNowadays: do you like leaving others a voice message?CNowadays: what means should we use in communication?DNowadays: do you need a thankyou message?解析标题判断题。根据对文章内容的整体理解可知，第三段引入本文话题，最后两段点题总结，本文主要讨论的是如今(在智能手机时代)我们应该用何种方式沟通，故选C项。答案CB(2018长春市普通高中高三质量监测一)Lately a popular bookstore in Hefei, Anhui Province, has risen_to_fame because it becomes the worlds first shared bookstore, in a move meant to encourage more reading among Chinese citizens.It comes to peoples attention as more than 200,000 visitors flooded the store on its first day as a shared bookstore on July 16 this year, a record high since it was reopened to the public in 2013. Some 4,000 books were brought home on the first day, Thepaper. cn reported.Customers are allowed to borrow up to two books valued at under 150 yuan per visit after registering with an app and paying the 99 yuan, deposit (押金) .All books on sale in the bookstore are available for sharing. Returned books that are damaged are sold at a discount. The bookst