名词的基本用法ppt课件

.,(一)名词,对名词的考查通常在试题中占10%左右,主要是名词的数的变化(特别是不规则变化的名词复数)、可数名词和不可数名词的区别以及名词所有格的运用。在完型填空中常考察词义的分辨。一、名词的分类二、常用不可数名词三、可数名词的复数形式和名词所有格四、名词的构成,.,专有名词与普通名词名词可分为两大类：*专有名词(propernouns)*普通名词(commonnouns)专有名词主要指人名、地名或某类人或事物的名称，如：*人名：Diana，Einstein，MissBrown，PresidentBush；*地名：Asia，KensingtonGardens，theYellowRiver，*某些人的名称：Americans，Chinese，Japanese，*某些抽象事物的名称：Buddhism，GenevaConference,*月份、周日及节日名词：June，Monday，Easter，*书名、电影及诗歌名：ATaleofTwoCities，GonewiththeWind，OdetotheWestWind(西风颂)，*对家人的称呼：Mum，Dad，Auntie，UncleTom专有名词开头的字母要大写。,.,普通名词可分为四类：*个体名词(individualnouns)；*集体名词(collectivenouns)；*物质名词(massnouns)；*抽象名词(abstractnouns)。其中个体名词和集体名词可以用数来数的，称为可数名词(countablenouns)；物质名词和抽象名词是无法以数计的，称为不可数名词(uncountablenouns)。,.,个体名词个体名词指作为个体而存在的人或东西，可以指具体东西，如：Shehasthreebrothers.她有三个哥哥。也可指抽象的东西，如：Hesbeenhereforamonth.他在这里待一星期了。下面是一些常见的个体名词：accidentactorbabybankbattlebeachcampcaptainstarstationtaskteachertentthoughtwoman,.,集体名词集体名词是由个体组成的集体的名称，下面是一些常见的集体名词：armyaudiencecommitteecommunitycompanycrewenemyfamilyflockganggovernmentgroupherdmedianavypolicepublicstaffteam这些词本身有复数(注明者除外)，带复数动词，表示多个集体。单数集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复数看待。一般说来，作为整体时作单数看待，想到它包含的成员时作复数看待。,.,公众支持它的可能性不大。Thepublicwasunlikelytosupportit.公众受到报纸的蒙骗。Thepublicweredeceivedbythenewspapers.敌人受到重大损失。Theenemyhassufferedheavylosses.敌军正在攻打该城。Theenemywereattackingthetown.观众自始至终欣赏这次演出。Theaudienceenjoyseveryminuteoftheperformance.观众有形形色色的穿着。Theaudiencearedressedinavarietyofways.,.,物质名词物质名词指不可分成个体的物质。下面是一些常见的物质名词：beercheeseclothcoalcottonjamjellyjuicemeatmedicineoilpaintpaperperfumeplasticspoisonsaladsnowteawhiskywinewoodyoghurt*有些物质名词可用作可数名词，表示“一份”，“一杯”等：Adozenbeers，please.请来一打啤酒*有些物质名词可用作可数名词，表示“一种”：Itwasaspecialteawhichtastedoforangeblossoms.这是一种特别的茶，有橘子花味。,.,抽象名词抽象名词主要指一些抽象概念的名称，它们一般是不可数的，没有复数形式，前面也不能加冠词a，an。下面是一些常见的抽象名词：angerbeautychildhoodcomfortconfidencecourageexperiencefailurefaithfashionfearfreedomfungrowthrespectsafetysilencetruthviolencewastewealth在多数情况下，这种名词都用于单数形式，并不加任何冠词：Knowledgeispower.知识就是力量。(谚),.,二、常用不可数名词：主要是物质名词和抽象名词advice忠告主意age年龄baggage行李beauty美丽，漂亮bread面包beer啤酒camping露营cloth布coffee咖啡courage勇气cream奶油damage损害death死亡dust尘土experience经验fear担心furniture家具glass玻璃gold黄金help帮助hope希望hair头发homework作业horror恐惧ice冰information消息信息jam果酱juice饮料knowledge知识luggage行李mercy仁慈money金钱oil油paper纸pity同情shopping购物soap肥皂steak牛排stone石头suspicion猜疑silver银tea茶water水weather天气wind风wine葡萄酒wood木头work工作,.,不可数名词量的表达apieceofnews一条消息aboxofmilk一盒牛奶acakeofsoap一块肥皂adropofoil一滴油agrainofsand一粒沙子apaneofglass一块玻璃apieceofadvice一条忠告apotofjam一罐果酱asheetofpaper一页纸aglassofbeer一杯啤酒,.,三、可数名词的复数形式：有规则和不规则两种。A.规则变化(1)一般在词尾加-s。如:dogdogs(2)以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词加-es。如:busbuses,boxboxes,watchwatches,wishwishes(3)以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词,变y为i加-es。如:countrycountries,citycities特别提示如果名词以“元音字母+y”结尾,则直接在名词的后面加-s构成复数。如:toytoys,daydays(4)以o结尾的名词多数直接加-s,只有potato,tomato,Negro,hero等少数名词加-es构成复数。(5)以f,fe结尾的名词,变f,fe为v再加-es。如:knifeknives,shelfshelves,.,B.不规则变化(1)少数名词的变化是不规则的。如:toothteeth,manmen,womanwomen,childchildren(2)在表示某国人的名词中,Chinese和Japanese这两个词的单、复数形式相同。如:aChinesetwoChinese(3)还有其它一些单、复数相同的名词。如:deerdeer,sheepsheep,fishfish(fish表示不同种类的鱼时,其复数形式也可以为fishes)(4)有些名词只以复数形式出现。如:clothes,trousers,glasses这些名词做主语时,谓语动词要用复数。如:Myclothesarenewerthanyours.(5)有些名词看似复数形式,实际上是单数。如:maths,physics，politics,.,(6)有些复合名词变成复数时,只将复合名词的主体词变为复数。但当man,woman作定语构成的复合名词变复数时,前后两部分都要变复数。如:aboystudenttwoboystudentsawomandoctorsixwomendoctors(7)一些集体名词以单数形式出现,但实际上为复数。如:people,police等本身就是复数,不能说apeople,apolice,但可以说aperson,apoliceman。特别提示family也是一个集体名词,指一个家庭的整体时,用作单数,谓语动词用单数形式;强调家庭成员个体时,用作复数,谓语动词用复数形式。如:Hisfamilyisahappyone.Thefamilyareenjoyingthemselvesattheparty.,.,名词所有格用来表示名词在句子中的所属关系。1.名词所有格一般由下列方法构成:(1)一般情况下在名词后加“s”。如:Tomsbook(2)若是以s结尾的复数名词,在s后加“”即可。如:TeachersDay不以s结尾的复数名词的所有格,则仍按惯例加“s”。如:ChildrensDay2.关于名词所有格,应掌握以下几点:(1)名词所有格表示地点时,后面的名词常可以省去。如:tomyuncles(去我叔叔家),atthedoctors(在诊所)(2)表示两人共同拥有,在最后一个名词后加“s”即可。如:LucyandLilysroom(两人共同的房间)如果表示两者各自所属关系,应该在每个后面加“s”,这时所修饰的名词要用复数。如:LucysandLilysrooms(两人均有自己的房间),.,(3)名词表示无生命的东西时,其所有格形式一般由“名词+of+名词”构成。如:amapofChina(4)名词的双重所有格。“of+名词s”这种形式称为名词的双重所有格,常用来表示整体中的一部分。如:HeisafriendofLiMings.(他是李明的朋友。),.,（一）、只能修饰可数名词的词语有:many,manya(n),agood/greatmany,a(great/large)numberof,scoresof,dozensof等。（二）、只能修饰不可数名词的词语有:much,agreatdealof,agreat/largeamountof等。（三）、既能修饰可数名词又能修饰不可数名词的词语有:alotof,lotsof,plentyof(以上三个词语后谓语动词的数依of后的名词的单复数而定),agreat/largequantityof(其后谓语用单数),quantitiesof(其后谓语用复数)。,.,1、花园里还有许多雪。Thereisstilllotsofsnowinthegarden.2、大厅里放了很多鲜花。Agreatquantityofflowerswasplacedinthehall.3、橱柜里有许多食物。Therearelargequantitiesoffoodinthecupboard.4、很多学生都游览过长城。Manyastudenthas(=manystudentshave)visitedtheGreatWall.(谓语动词用单数)5、开张后的头几天,很多人去了那儿。Alargenumberofpeoplewentthereinthefirstfewdaysafteritsopening.,.,四、名词的构成主要有三种：合成、派生与转化。.合成:由两个或更多的词合成一个词。class+room=classroom(名词+名词)black+board=blackboard(形容词+名词)friendship，greenhouse，fire-fighter，bus-stop，son-in-law(女婿)，editor-in-chief(总编)，firestation(消防站)，musiclessons(音乐课)，drinkingwater(饮用水)，sleeping-pills(安眠药)sunbathing(日光浴)，weightlifting(举重)ablacksheep(败家子)，agreenhouse(温室)breakdown(失败),.,2、转化stopv.停止-n.车站lovev.爱-n.爱watchv.观看-n.手表lookv.看-havealookn.看walkv.散步,走-takeawalkn.散步lovev.爱-yourloven.爱,.,3、派生-tioneducation,invitation,prediction-mentdevelopment,movement,disappointment-erteacher,worker,runner,singer-orvisitor,sailor,tutor,actor-ist(人,名词后缀)scientist,terrorist-ese(民族,语言,名词后缀)Chinese,Japanese-nesshappiness,sadness,carelessness-ityability,possibility,.,名词单句改错专题训练A级1.WhatalotofworksIhavetofinishtoday!2.BothMarxandEngelswereGermen.3.Whatabeautifulweatherwearehavingrecently!4.Mostofthemarewomandoctors.5.Hewroteathree-hundred-wordsreport.,work,Germans,women,word,.,6.Therearefourbasketsofappleinthatroom.7.Thiscomputercostmeeightthousandsyuan.8.Mr.Zhanglooksveryhappytoday.Hehasgotmanygoodnewsfromhere.9.Thishatofmyfathersisratherold.10.Hemademanymistakesinhiscompositionbecauseofcareless.,apples,thousand,much,carelessness,.,B级1.Willyoupleasemakearoomfortheladyoutside?2.Thenumberofthestudentsinourschoolareincreasing.3.ShehasmadesomeprogressesinEnglish.4.Hisworkisbetterthananyoneelse.5.Wevemissedthelastbus.Imafraidwehavenowaybuttotakeataxi.,is,progress,elses,choice,.,6.Hedroppedthecoffeescupandbrokeit.7.Hegainedhiswealthsbyprintingworksoffamouswriters.8.IspentlastweekendwiththePalmers.9.Mybrotherhashadoneofhistoothtakenout.10.YoullfindthismapofgreatvaluableinhelpingyoutogetroundLondon.,coffee,wealth,teeth,value,.,一、语法填空之名词基础练习1Fatherwenttohisdoctorfor_(advise)abouthishearttrouble2.Thereareten_(woman)teachersandtwohundred_(girl)studentsintheschool3.Facingcut-throat(激烈的)_(compete)inallsubjects,studentsmustdevoteasmuchoftheirtimeaspossible.4.IshallneverfeardifficultyandIshallneverknowthe_(exist)oftheword“failure”.5.Youllwanttoknowyourbodylanguageissayingandhowtointerpretother_(people).,advice,women,girl,competition,existence,peoples,.,6.Notlongagohesent_(word)thathewouldreturnwithhisfamily.7.ShewasinLondonandspenther_(young)inChina.8.The_(erupt)ofMountKilauea,oneofthemostactivevolcanoesinHawaii,isalwaystakingpeoplebysurprise.9.His_(curious)madehimwonderaboutclouds.10.Exceptforsomeshortsongsandpoemsincludedinhisplays,allof_(Shakespeare)greatestpoemsaresonnet(十四行诗).,Word(消息),youth,eruption,curiosity,Shakespeares,.,11.Thenumberoflanguagesisgettingsmallerallthetimebecauseofthesteady_(grow)ofbiggerlanguages.12.Tightjeansandtrousers,shortskirtsandevensensibleflatshoesmayallcause_(ill).13.Reducetheamountofitifyousufferedfromrestlessnessor_(sleep)aftertakingthemedicine.14.Isawmany_(Japan)seatedinthecornerandreadingsomething.15.Youshouldtakemore_(exercise).Dontalwayssitatthedeskbusydoingyour_(exercise).,growth,illness,sleepless,Japanese,exercise,exercises,.,二、高考与各地模拟题中语法填空中的名词考点1MrChenhastaughtmeEnglishsinceJunior1,andtoshowmy_(appreciate)Idecidedtogetherapresent.(07广州一模)2.Youhavedonewellandmadegreatachievementinthe_(entertain)field.(08惠一模)3.Thesepeoplehavemadegreat_(contribute)toChinawiththeirwork.（08茂名二模）,appreciation,entertainment,contributions,.,4.AsfarasIamconcerned,my_(suggest)isthatweshouldalwayshaveanotebookandaChinese-Englishwithineasyreach.(08惠二模)5.Itookoutmyguidebookinwhichtherewasalotofinformationaboutthecityswell-knowntourist_(attract)andstartedtoread.(08广一模)6.Butsomehaveputforwardtheideathattheremainsdatefromthisperiodbecauseoftheir_(similar)tothosefoundelsewhere.(08广二模),suggestion,attractions,similarities,.,7.Shetookmefromapoor,unhappycollegestudentandbroughtmeintoherworld;aworldofsmiles,loveand_(warm)(08深圳一模)8.Weconveyeitherbywordsorbyactionsthatfailureissomethingtobeashamedofandthatnothingbuttopperformancemeetswithour_(approve).(08深圳二模)9.Somethingslookedasiftheyhadnotbeencaredforalongtime,butIknewtheir_(beautify)wasstilltherebeneaththeirownsurface.(09深圳一模拟),warmth,approval,beauty,.,AcatcalledMayorStubbsiscelebrating15yearsinchargeofthetownofTalkeetna,Alaska.Stubbswas1._(elect)mayorasajokebythetowns9002._(resident)justafterhewasborn,andhasbeeninchargeeversince.Hedoesallthethingsmayorsaresupposedtodo,3._(sell)thetowntooutsideinvestorsbyappearinginlocalandnational4._(magazine)andnewsarticles,meetingthe5._(vote)astheyvisithiminthelocalshops,andreceivingofficialcorrespondence6._theformofcardsandlettersfromwellwishers.Stubbsjob7._(come)withsomebenefits-foodandachalice(awineglasswithhisname8._(write)onit).Thetownsunusual9._(choose)ofmayorhasmade10._somethingofasensation（轰动一时的事情）intheUS.,elected,residents,selling,magazines,voters,in,comes,written,choice,it,.,Itsimpossibletoknowthefuture.Wecanguess,butnoonehasactual1._（知识）ofwhatsgoingtohappendowntheroad.Butifyouresomeon