Critical-ThinkingPPT课件

.,1,CriticalThinking,ThinkingisapurposefulmentalactivityyoucontrolitThinkingisatwo-sidedactivityfirstyouproduceideasandthenyouevaluatethemProducingideaswidensyourfocus(resistthetemptationtosettleforafewfamiliarideas).Evaluatingnarrowsyourfocus.Sorttheideas,identifythemostreasonableones.,.,2,Whycriticalthinkingisimportant,Successinworkdependsonthinkingskills.Itisntenoughtopossessknowledgebutyoumustbeabletoapplyinformationtoyourjob.Criticalthinkingisareliablewayofsearchingforthetruth.,.,3,FactsandOpinions,Factsarerealities;opinionsarebeliefsorjudgments.Opinionsmayfitthefactsorbeinerror.Eventhegreatestexpertssometimesholdincorrectopinions.Thatiswhyresearchissoimportantineverysubjectareaitconfirmssomeopinionsanddisprovesothers.,.,4,FormingOpinions,Criticalthinkersrealizehoweasyitistobemistakensotheyformtheiropinionswithcare.Theyrevisetheiropinions,evencherishedones,whenevertheyprovetobeinerror.Thereisnoshameinbeingwrong,butproblemsoccurwhenwestubbornlyclingtoamistakenview.,.,5,Recognizingfactsemphasizekeypoints;&writeaccurately)Reflectontheideas,.,13,CriticalThinking&Writing,Criticalthinkingprovidestheideasforwriting,andwritingstimulatesmoreideas.Allowtimeforreflectioneveryday.Focusondiscoveringideas.Beopentoideasatothertimes.,.,14,Expressingyourthoughtsforothers,Completethethinkingprocessfirst.Discoverywritingispartofthethinkingprocessyouproduceratherthancommunicateideas.Useyourviewpointasyourcontrollingidea.Chooseasuitableorganization.,.,15,Expressingyourthoughtsforothers-continued,IntroductionYourcontrollingideaYourfirstargumentforthisideaandsupportingevidenceYoursecondargumentandsupportingevidenceYourthirdargument(ifyouhaveone)andsupportingevidenceConclusion,.,16,Expressingyourthoughtsforothers-continued,SupportyourviewwithevidenceBeexact,butlively.(Choosewordthatconveyyourideaexactly.)Breakyourthoughtsintoparagraphs.Usestandardpunctuationandobserveconventionsofgrammarandusage.(TheDepartmentofHealthStudiesusesAPAformatformostpapers.),.,17,CharacteristicsofCriticalThinkers,Knowtheirownminds.Arehonestwiththemselves.Acknowledgealltruthsevenunpleasantones.Acceptresponsibilityandaccountabilityfortheiractions.Acceptsoundargumentsevenifthatmeansrejectingtheirown.Criticalthinkersovercomeconfusionandaskquestions.Theybasetheirjudgmentsonevidence.,.,18,CharacteristicsofCriticalThinkers-continued,Theybasetheirjudgmentsonevidence.Theyresistmanipulation.Theylookforconnectionsbetweensubjects.Theybalancetheirthinking.Criticalthinkersareintellectuallyindependent.,.,19,Recognizingandavoidingerrors,ThreetypesofbroaderrorsincriticalthinkingErrorsofPerceptionErrorsofJudgmentErrorsofReaction,.,20,PerceptionErrors,Faultywaysofseeingrealitypreventingusfrombeingopen-mindedevenbeforewebegintothink.“Mineisbetter”thinkingSelectivePerceptionfocusingondifferentthings.,.,21,PerceptionErrors-continued,PretendingtoknowResistancetochangeEither/orthinking(ExampleEvolutionversusCreationTheories),.,22,JudgmentErrors,OvergeneralizingorstereotypingHastyconclusionUnwarrantedassumption(assumptions:ideasthataretakenforgranted)Example:ifsomethingappearsinprint,itmustbetrue.Failuretomakeadistinction,.,23,JudgmentErrors-continued,Distinctionsaresubtledifferencesamongthings.Distinguishbetweenthepersonandtheidea.Example:CriticalthinkersjudgeanideaonitsownmeritsnotonthecelebritystatusorexpertiseofthepersonexpressingitDistinguishbetweenfamiliarityandvalidity.Itseasytobelievethatreasoningisvalidbecausewevehearditmanytimes.,.,24,JudgmentErrorscontinued,Distinguishbetween“often”and“always,”“seldom”and“never.”Oversimplificationdiffersfromsimplification.Itomitsessentialinformationorignorescomplexity.Itdistortsrealityandconfusesdiscussion.,.,25,ErrorsofReaction,ExplainingAway(Example:MarijuanaUseusersfeelthestudiesarewrongbecausetheyhavesmokedforyearsanditshadnoeffectonthem”Shiftingtheburdenofproof.Whenyoumakeanassertion,youmighthavetodefendit.Ifyoufindyoucant,avoidshiftingtheburdenofprooftoothersbutinsteadwithdrawtheassertion.,.,26,ReactionErrors-continued,Attackingtheperson.“Youhavenobusinesslecturingmeabout”Insteadfocusontheideathantheperson.Beflexibleandbewillingtoadmitamistake.,.,27,ArgumentSolvingSteps,FindtheControllingIdeatheideathatisthemostreasonable.Usuallystatedrightaftertheintroduction.ReadtheArticle(whilekeepingthecontrollingideainmind.)IdentifyRelationships(moreinfonextslide)WriteaSummary,.,28,IdentifyRelationships,Andrelationshipssignalthatwhatfollowsaddstowhatpreceded.(Wordslikealso,first,inaddition,next,further,and,moreover,finally,lastly,besidesandanother.)Butrelationshipssignalwhatfollowscontrastswithwhatpreceded.(Wordslikehowever,nevertheless,yet,or,but,ontheotherhand,andincontrast.,.,29,IdentifyRelationships-continued,Thereforerelationshipssignalthataconclusionisbeingmadeabouttheprecedingevidence.(Wordslikeso,consequently,accordingly,thus,therefore,anditfollowsthat.),.,30,CopingwithComplexity,Overcomeconfusionbydealingwithonesub-issueatatime.Beginbymakingaspreadsheet.Putthenamesoftheauthoritiesacrossthetopofthepageandthesub-issuesdowntheleft-side.Thenindicateeachauthoritysviewoneachsub-issue,.,31,.,32,Complexity-continued,Chartthesub-issuesLookforthedisagreementsLookattheevidenceforthosesub-issuesthendecidewhomakesthebestpersuasivecaseforthatissue(dontassumethatanyauthorityisrightoneveryissue!)Useyourdecisionsonthesub-issuestodetermineyouroverallviewoftheissue.,.,33,EvaluatingYourOwnViews,Step1:Decidewhatyouthinkandwhyyouthinkit.Step2:Seekotherviewsandmoreevidence.Step3:Evaluatethevariousviews.Step4:Constructthemostreasonableview,.,34,Process,OriginalViewSignificantideasdiscoveredintheinvestigation/researchprocessRevisedView,.,35,EvaluatingOthersViews,Step1:Understandtheotherpersonsview.(Withholdingalljudgment)Step2:Seekotherviewsandmoreevidence.Step3:Evaluatethevariousviews.(Pros&Consmaywanttochart)Step4:Constructthemostreasonableview.(Ifnooneviewprovestobefullyreasonable,thenconstructaviewbycombiningpartsoftheviews.),.,36,PropagandaTechniques,Bandwagon-createstheimpressionthateveryoneisdoingsomethingorbuyingsomething.Itappealstotheurgetoconform.GlitteringGeneralityUsingwordsorphrasestoimplyexcellenceoruniqueness.“Amazingnewdiscovery”,.,37,Techniques-continued,EmptyComparisonUseswordslike“bigger,”“better,”or“more.”Usedtomakestatementsthatseemtomakeaseriousclaimyetyoucantholdtheadvertiserresponsiblebecauseyoucanttellexactlywhatisbeingclaimed.Biggerorbetterthanwhat?,.,38,Techniques-continued,MeaninglessSlogandesignedtocreateapositiveimpression.“Flythefriendlyskies”isdesignedtoassociateUnitedAirlineswithfriendliness.Aimedatassociatingabusinesswithaparticularideaorconcept.Testimonialanendorse