否定、被动语态、比较等级

,第三章否定、被动语态、比较等级,3.1否定,1、全否定：,一般要用“none,no,neither”来表示，意为都；均。,普通的窗户均承受（withstand）不了这么大的力。,3.1否定,1、全否定：,一般要用“none,no,neither”来表示，意为都；均。,Noneoftheordinarywindows=Noordinarywindowscanwithstandsolargeaforce.,2、部分否定：,一般用“all,both,every”+not来表示，意为并非都。,Thisparameter（参数）doesnotchangeduringalltimeintervals.,Eq.(15)cannotbesatisfiedbyallvaluesofx.,3.1否定,3、否定的转移,（1）主句中有表示“相信”、“认为”等臆想动词否定式时，一般汉译时否定在从句中。（在科技文中不常见）,3.1否定,not+,thinkfeelsupposebelieveimagine,+that从句,Theydontthinkthatthisanswertotheproblemisright.,3.1否定,3、否定的转移,（2）,appearseemhappen,的否定式+,主语从句动词不定式,Itdoesnotappearthatthisvaluesatisfiestheequation.,Thiscomputerdoesnotseemtobesogoodasthatone.,3.1否定,3、否定的转移,Thisdiseasedoesnotaffectmostanimalsasitdoeshumans.,Theselayers（层）arenot“stretched”（能拉伸的）asarubbersheetwouldbe.,（3）主句中有notno,ratherthan,insteadof+as从句或短语（或theway）：,译成“并不像那样”。,3.1否定,3、否定的转移,TheHIGH-leveloutputvoltagesforbothORandNORarebetween0.81and0.96Vratherthan0.8V,aspredicted（预计）byEq.(29).,3.1否定,3、否定的转移,Themajorityofdistancecommunicationinthefuturecouldwellbecomputer-to-computer,notperson-to-personasatpresent.,3.1否定,3、否定的转移,TheMaxwellrelations（关系式）arenotmodified（修正）byrelativity（相对论）asNewtonsrelationsarewhenparticle（质点）velocitiesapproachthespeedoflight.,3.1否定,3、否定的转移,1、带有双宾语动词（tell,inform,convince,give,assign,deny等等）的被动语态（在谓语后存在一个“保留宾语”）,Inthiscasesomeoftheuserswillbedenied（拒绝给予）permission（允许）.,Eachoftheusershasbeenassignedafrequencyband.,3.2被动语态,WearetoldbyOhmslawthatthecurrentinacircuitisproportionaltotheappliedvoltage.,IfthereaderisnotconvincedthatPisamaximumwhenR=r,heshouldverifyitbytheused（惯常的）calculus（微积分）method.,3.2被动语态,In1858Darwin（达尔文）wassentascientificpaperbyamancalledAlfredWallace.,Athoroughexpositionisaccordedprinciplesofacomputerinthisbook.,Wearegiventhatthecoefficientofslidingfriction（滑动摩擦）betweenboxandflooris.,3.2被动语态,2、“不及物动词+介词”=“及物动词”的被动语态,Electronicradarsystemsarereliedonforasafeflightfromoneairporttoanother.,3.2被动语态,Inthiscasetheworkdoneisaccountedforbyanincreaseinpotentialenergy.,Thistopicwillbedealtwithinthenextchapter.,Actually,thisresultcouldhavebeenarrivedatintuitively（直观地）.,3.2被动语态,3、“及物动词+名词+介词”=“及物动词”（makeuseof,payattentionto,takecareof,makementionof等等）的被动语态,Fullusemustbemadeofthecomputersavailable.,3.2被动语态,注意：这里并不是“bemadeof由制成”这一词组的含义。而是“makefulluseof”的被动形式。,3.2被动语态,Thecomputersavailablemustbemadefulluseof.,Inthequantum（量子）theoryoftheatomnouseismadeofthesemodels.,必须充分利用现有的设备。（要求使用“makeuseof”的被动形式）,*汉译英：,3.2被动语态,Fullusemustbemadeofthedevicesavailable.,3.2被动语态,4、由“,getbecomeremainappearcome,+过去分词”构成的被动句（强调状态）,Theenergythatisstoredintheinductor（电感器）andcapacitoreventually（最终）getsdissipated（消耗）bytheresistor.,3.2被动语态,Theairthroughouttheroombecomesheatedbyconvectioncurrents（对流的气流）.,Thegate（门电路）willremainclosedbythelowinputuntiltheclockpulsearrives.,3.2被动语态,5、科技文中不能有被动形式、不得用过去分词作定语的常见情况,（1）不及物动词,theresultingequation;theexistingalgorithms;thenewlyemergingapproach,(几个特例：thefallenleaves;theelapsedtime;thearrivedtrain;theworkedhours),3.2被动语态,（2）表示状态的及物动词（have,afford等）,（3）表示被动含义的“不及物动词+介词”,consistof,“由组成”,resultfrom,“由引起”,arisefrom,“由引起”,3.2被动语态,serveas,“被用作为；起作用”,actas,“被用作为；起作用”,behaveas,“被用作为；起作用”,（4）表示被动含义的“及物动词+名词”（finduseapplicationsin“得到应用”）,3.2被动语态,functionas,“被用作为；起作用”,1、表示“得多”的句型,一些程度副词+比较级,常见的程度副词有：,much,verymuch,far,byfar,well,greatly,alot,agreatdeal,considerably,appreciably,significantly,substantially,incredibly,enormously,immeasurably等。,3.3比较等级,Thiscomputerismuchsmallerthanthatone.,Mostcomputerfacilities（设施）continuetoprotecttheirphysicalmachinefarbetterthantheydotheirdata.,Thiscircuitrequiresmanymorecomponents（元件）thanthecircuitshownonpage3.,3.3比较等级,Ifq2isHIGH,itmeansthattwomoreCLipulses（脉冲）thanCLopulsesarrive.,Equation(810)containsmuchmorethanameredescriptionofhowthegain（增益）saturates（饱和）.,3.3比较等级,2、表示“越来越”的句型,（1）最常用的方式,对单音节词：,采用“erander”,对多音节词：,采用“moreandmore”,Electronicdevicesarebecomingsmallerandsmallerbutmoreandmorecomplicated.,3.3比较等级,（2）采用“ever+er”（主要用于单音节词）,Computersareeversmaller.,（3）采用“increasingly+原级”（主要用于多音节词）,Computersaregettingincreasinglycomplicated.,3.3比较等级,（4）“含有比较级的主句+表示时间的as-从句随着”,Theskineffect（集肤效应）ismorepronounced（明显的）asthefrequencyincreases.,Theaccelerating（加速）forcebecomessmallerasthebodyapproachesthecenter.,3.3比较等级,3、“as形容词as数量”要译成“达到”,这块芯片(chip)薄达零点几毫米（millimeter）。,3.3比较等级,Thischipisasthinasafewtenthsofamillimeter.,3.3比较等级,地球离月球的距离远达24万英里。,3.3比较等级,Thedistanceoftheearthfromthemoonisasgreatas240,000mi.,3.3比较等级,Efficienciesofasmuchas99%areachievedinlargetransformers（变压器）.,3.3比较等级,4、在“asas”句型中省去第2个“as部分”的情况,DigitaltransmissionneednothaveashighanS/Nratio.可看成省去了“asanalogtransmission”,Todissipate（耗散）50wattsofheat,thetemperaturedifferencemustbetwiceasgreat.,3.3比较等级,Measuringanythingmeanscomparingitwithsomestandardtoseehowmanytimesasbigitis.可看成省去了“asthestandard”,Howmanytimesasgreatisthekineticenergyifthevelocityisdoubled?,3.3比较等级,Aforcewhichcausesabodytohavetwicetheacceleration（加速度）anotherforceproducesmustbetwiceasgreat.,3.3比较等级,5、一种特殊的“asas”句型,asmany(+名词A)asthereare+名词B,译成“有多少个B就有多少个A”,3.3比较等级,Thereareasmanydesignsastherearedesigners.,Theseenergybands（能带）areactuallycomposedofamultitudeof（许许多多）individual（单个）energylevels（能级）,asmanyasthereareatomsinthecrystal（晶体）.,3.3比较等级,6、句型“more名词Athan名词B”译成“与其说是B不如说是A”,Thedesignandimplementation（实现）ofprogramminglanguageshasbeenmoreartthanscience.,3.3比较等级,7、“much、mang和long”常起形容词和名词的双重作用,Theflip-flop（触发器）canstayhighforaslongas2min.,TherecommendedpracticeistoletRscontributeasmuchof45aspossible.,3.3比较等级,8、表示最高级的比较范围“在之中”时“of”和“in”的用法区别,in：后跟表示整体的集合名词单数,Ofallphysicalpropertiesofmatter,electricalresistanceperhapsshowsthegreatestrangeofvalues.,of：后跟可数名词复数,3.3比较等级,9、表示“越，就越”的句型,(1)通常的句型,“the+比较级条件从句部分，the+比较级主句部分”