通过能源利用减缓气候变化：节能Mitigation of Climate Change through Sound Use of Energy Energy Efficiency.ppt

MitigationofClimateChangethroughSoundUseofEnergy:EnergyEfficiency,Thegrowthofenergydemand,Source:IEA,Distributionofpopulation,andofelectricityconsumption,Sustainabilityandtechnologygrowth,Rcreatingtheconditionsforthedevelopmentandpromotionofamarketforenergyservicesandforthedeliveryofotherenergyefficiencyimprovementmeasurestofinalconsumers.ThepublicsectorineachMemberStateshouldthussetagoodexampleregardinginvestments,maintenanceandotherexpenditureonenergy-usingequipment,energyservicesandotherenergyefficiencyimprovementmeasures.Thepublicsectorshouldendeavourtouseenergyefficiencycriteriaintenderingproceduresforpublicprocurement,MemberStatesshouldthereforeadoptnationalindicativetargetstopromoteenergyenduseefficiencyMemberStatesshouldcommitthemselvestomakingeffortstoachievethetargetfigureof9%savingsat2015,Listofenergyefficientpublicprocurementmeasures,WithoutprejudicetonationalandCommunitypublicprocurementlegislation,MemberStatesshallensurethatthepublicsectorappliesatleasttworequirementsfromthefollowinglistinthecontextoftheexemplaryroleofthepublicsectorasreferredtoinArticle5:(a)requirementsconcerningtheuseoffinancialinstrumentsforenergysavings,includingenergyperformancecontracting,thatstipulatethedeliveryofmeasurableandpre-determinedenergysavings(includingwheneverpublicadministrationshaveoutsourcedresponsibilities);(b)requirementstopurchaseequipmentandvehiclesbasedonlistsofenergy-efficientproductspecificationsofdifferentcategoriesofequipmentandvehiclestobedrawnupbytheauthoritiesoragenciesreferredtoinArticle4(4),using,whereapplicable,minimisedlife-cyclecostanalysisorcomparablemethodstoensurecosteffectiveness;(c)requirementstopurchaseequipmentthathasefficientenergyconsumptioninallmodes,includinginstandbymode,using,whereapplicable,minimisedlife-cyclecostanalysisorcomparablemethodstoensurecosteffectiveness;(d)requirementstoreplaceorretrofitexistingequipmentandvehicleswiththeequipmentlistedinpoints(b)and(c);(e)requirementstouseenergyauditsandimplementtheresultingcost-effectiverecommendations;(f)requirementstopurchaseorrentenergy-efficientbuildingsorpartsthereof,orrequirementstoreplaceorretrofitpurchasedorrentedbuildingsorpartsthereofinordertorenderthemmoreenergy-efficient.,Typeofbarriershinderingenergyefficiency,Directive2005/32/EC,EcodesignrequirementsforTVsStage1:20August2010On-modepowerconsumptionoffullHD”resolution(1920 x1080pixels)TVs:On-modepowerconsumptionofTVswithallotherresolutions:20Watts+A1.124.3224Watts/dm220Watts+A4.3224Watts/dm2Thismeans:OnlyTVswithenergyefficiencybetterthanthecurrentaveragecanbeplacedonthemarket(Aisthescreenareaofthetelevision,expressedindm2).Stage2:1April2012On-modepowerconsumption,allresolutions:16Watts+A3.4579Watts/dm2Thismeans:OnlyTVswithanenergyefficiencyatleast20%betterthanthecurrentaveragecanbeplacedonthemarket(correspondingtoenergyefficiencyclassCorbetterinthenewlabellingsystemforTVs).,Salesofcoldappliancesforefficiencyclass,Source:Bertoldi,Atanasiu2007,EU-15Dishwasherenergyefficiency,Source:Bertoldi,Atanasiu2007,WashingmachinesmarketinEU,Salesofdishwashersperclassofenergyefficiency,Source:Bertoldi,Atanasiu2007,RefrigeratorssalesintheEU,TheelectricalmotorsinEU,Source:Bertoldi,Atanasiu2007,Source:IEAOECDEnergyTechnologyPerspectives(2006)-Scenariosandstrategiesto2050,Globalenergyefficiencyestimatesforemergingmotortechnologies,ElectricmotordrivesinItaly,Nmotors20millions(75%industry)Installedcapacity100GW(75%industry)Electricityconsumption155TWh/year(85%industry)Estimateof7TWhofsavingssubstitutingallthemotors90kWLessthan2%ofthemotorspurchasedinItalyareefficiency1class(10%inEurope,80%inScandinavia)95%ofthelifecostofamotorcomesfromelectricityconsumption,lessthan5%fromthepurchaseprice,Cuttingoffinefficientmotors:ECRegulationNo640/2009,Lighting,TotalItalianconsumptionforlighting50TWhSavingpotentialupto40-45%(15TWh,estimateANIE)withbetterlampsandbettercontrol.AstudyconductedonthepubliclightingofthemajorItaliancities(capoluoghidiprovincia)in2006showedthatapotentialof1888GWhoutof5970GWhcouldbesavedifallthecitieswereefficientasthemostefficientone.Oftenpubliclightingsystemsdonotcomplywiththeregulations:therealsavingsarelowerthanexpected,asrestructuringthesystemmorelighthastobesuppliedandtheoverallconsumptionincreases!,AnestimateofpotentialsavingsinEU(Bertoldi,2007),Source:Bertoldi,Atanasiu2007,AstudyonthecostofconservedenergyinItaly,MostoftheinvestmentsinthebuildingsectorsarerelatedtorefurbishmentsandrestorationsAmayorpartofEUbuildingswasbuiltwithpoorenergyperformancesWemadeastudyforthemunicipalityofMilanforestimatingthecostsoftheenergyconservedwithbetterconstructionmaterialsandtechnologiesThecommercialvalueofretailelectricityandgasis620/toe,Themethodologyfortheanalysis,AdetailedcalculationhasbeenperformedevaluatingtheCostofEnergyConserved(CEC)for90differentefficiencymeasuresinthebuildingsector.CECiscalculatedasfollows:,where:EC:istheenergysavedyearlythankstotheinvestmenttoe/y.Ij:annualinvestmentcost/y:,with:I0:initialinvestmentfortheefficiencymeasure;a:discountrate,setat5%;n:yearsoflifefortheimplementedmeasure.,Theresultsoftheanalysis,Theresultsoftheanalysis(2),EnergyuseinIEAhouses,Source:IEA,ENERGYEFFICIENCYREQUIREMENTSINBUILDINGCODES,ENERGYEFFICIENCYPOLICIESFORNEWBUILDINGS,March2008,EnergyuseinIEAshouses,Source:IEA,ENERGYEFFICIENCYREQUIREMENTSINBUILDINGCODES,ENERGYEFFICIENCYPOLICIESFORNEWBUILDINGS,March2008,EnergyuseinkWh/m2forheating,Passivehouse:15onlyheating,120totalenergydemand,appliancesincludedNetherlands:85in2006,60in2011,40in2015(recalculatedfromenergyperformancefactorandinclusivehotwater,ventilationandcooling)France:50in2012onlyheatingExistingbuildingsbuiltbefore2000:estimatebetween100and300(sourceIEA),Passivehouseconcept,CompactformandgoodinsulationSouthernorientationandshadeconsiderationsEnergy-efficientwindowglazingandframesAirtightbuildingenvelopePassivepreheatingoffreshairBalancedventilationandefficientheatrecoveryRequiredflowofventilationairissufficienttotransporttheheatforspaceheatingHotwatersupplywithsolarorheatpumpsEnergy-savinghouseholdappliances,Examplesofpassivehouses,Energyandmoneysavingscancomefromthreedifferentfactors:SupplycontractoptimisationTechnologicalqualityofappliancesManagement(andmaintenance)systemandcriteria,Qualityofappliances,Managementsystem,Supplycontract,high,low,Verygood,Notpresent,bad,good,R&D,Liberalisation,CultureBehaviourPolicy,Thedirectionsofsavings,ThemeasuresimplementedbytheItalianGovernment,NewregulationsonenergyperformanceofbuildingsObligationtoinstallrenewablestocoverashareofconsumptioninnewbuildingsTaxcreditsof55%(in3years)ofthecostsforenergyefficiencyinvestmentsCo-financingofinnovativeenergyprojectsinindustry,Anestimateofthesavingpotential,Averydetailedstudyhasbeenmade.Estimatedpotential(Mtoe):,Transports,Transportsaccountfor25%ofprimaryenergyconsumption.Themeasuresidentifiedarethefollowing:Bettermaintenanceofthevehicles(inflatetyres,betterlubricants,limittoCO2emissions)TaxesasafunctionofconsumptionRoadpricingInter-modalchanges(fromroadtorail)Esimatedsaving:2-6Mtoe,Electricmotordrives,Substitutionofelectricmotors1-90kWInverterinstallationonmotorswithvariableregimeAchievablesavings:9-18TWh,Lighting(6%ofprimaryconsumptionTPES),AdoptionofmoreefficienttechnologiesinindustrialandcivilsectorsFromincandescenttofluorescentlampsFluxregulationICTandcontrolAchievablesavings:12-17TWh,or2535%ofthetotalconsumptionforlightingin2005,Heatingandcoolinginciviluses(22%ofTPES),Boilersforheatingandsanitarywater(0.71.2Mtoe)Betterinsulationofbuildings(4:5.7Mtoe)Bettercoolingtechnologies(0.71.2Mtoe)Totalachievablesavings:5.68Mtoe(1520%ofTPES2005),Othercivilelectricandthermaluses(8%otTPES2005),Electricalappliances,ICTsystems,foodrefrigerationandcookingStand-byconsumptionAchievablesavings:7.522TWh(925%ofconsumption2005fortheseuses),Thermalusesinagricoltureandindustry(18%ofTPES2005),Mainlyprocessindustries.Moreefficienttechnologies:CogenerationNewautomationsystemsAchievablesavings:0.84Mtoe(2.512.5%ofpresentconsumption,Otherelectricalusesinindustry(3%ofTPES05),Steelindustry,chemicalindustry,glass,LossreductioninelectricitytransmissionAchievablesavings:24TWh(510%ofotherelectricityusesandtransmissionlossesin2005),AcompanyaimedatperformingprojectsforenergyefficiencyAnESCooperatesbytakingalltheactionsthatcanallowthedepreciationoftheinvestmentcostswiththesavingsintheoperationinathirdpartypremise.Itusesanewapproachtotheenergymarket,basingitsrevenuesexclusivelyinenergysavings(nosaving,norevenues).Thecontractsused(EPC-EnergyPerformanceContract)givetothecustomeronlytheobligationtometerthesavingsandforwardasharetotheESCOduringallthecontractlength.EPCaremadefurthereffectivebytheThirdPartyFinancing,whichmakespossibletofinancetheinvestmentswithoutheavydebts,WhatisanESCO,FinancingtheactivityofanESCo,MemberStatesshallmakemodelcontractsforthosefinancialinstrumentsavailabletoexistingandpotentialpurchasersofenergyservicesandotherenergyefficiencyimprovementmeasuresinthepublicandprivatesectors.EnergyPerformanceContract,(EPC):underthiscontractanESCotakesthecommitmenttoobtainacertainlevelofenergyefficiencyintheplantofthecustomer,withholdingmostofthetechnicalandfinancialrisksThirdPartyFinancing,(TPF):anESCOcansupplythecapitalrequiredfortheinvestmentsthroughathirdpartyfromthefinancialsector,whichisalsopaidwiththecashflowofthesavingsContractEnergyManagement,(CEM):underthiscontracttheESCOtakestheresponsibilityofthewholeproject,intheshortandlongterm,supplyingallthetechnicalandmanagerialservicesrequiredfortheinvestmentsandtheoperationoftheproject.Thecustomerwillcutenergyandoperationcosts.CEMrequiresnotonlyafinancialcapabilitybutalsoatechnicalstructuretosupplyO&Mservices,MainEPCcontractspecifications,InvestmentmadebytheESCoContractlengthAchievablesavingsBaselinedefinitionMethodsformeteringandverificationMaintenanceandupdateoftheequipmentsChangesofthebaseline,ThirdPartyFinancing(TPF),Theuseofthird-partyfinancingarr