张同德大学英语语法培训系列讲座：八、非谓语动词

2012-12-7,制作/主讲：张同德东华理工大学,英语语法培训课,非谓语动词主讲人：张同德东华理工大学外国语学院,上次课内容回顾兼补充,请分析下列句子：1.Thatsexratiowillbefavoredwhichmaximizesthenumberofdescendantsanindividualwillhaveandhencethenumberofgenecopiestransmitted.先来看一看这个句子所包含的意群：句子主干：Thatsexratiowillbefavored.定语从句：3个过去分词作后置定语：1个考查内容：定语从句+省略完整表述为：,2012-12-7,制作/主讲：张同德东华理工大学,Thatsexratiowillbefavoredwhichmaximizesthenumberofdescendantsthatanindividualwillhaveandwhichhencemaximizesthenumberofgenecopiestransmittedtothedescendants.那种性别比例能在最大程度上增加个体所能拥有的后代数量，并因此能在最大程度上增加所传递到后代身上去的基因复制品的数量。本句涉及到了分隔式定语从句，在阅读过程中应当值得注意。,2012-12-7,制作/主讲：张同德东华理工大学,定语从句与先行词分隔的形式,1、被谓语分隔（如上句），更多例句：Manyformsofmedicalapparatushavebeendevisedbywhichamoreaccurateknowledgeofbloodpressurecanbeobtained2、被非从句定语分隔Singaporeisatthestartofalongroad，alreadywelltroddeninthewest，thatleadstosuchsolutionsasshelterandresthomes新加坡眼下正踏上一条西方国家早已走了很远的漫长道路，即最终建立收容所和休养院来解决问题。,2012-12-7,制作/主讲：张同德东华理工大学,3、被状语分隔Neversayanythingbehindapersonsbackthatyouwouldntsaytohisface当面不愿说的话，千万不要在背后说。Irememberviewingahalfdozenmeninachairfactorywhosejobwastobendseveralpiecesofsteelandattachthemsothatafoldingchairwouldresult我记得曾在一家椅子厂见过六个工人，他们的工作是将几根钢管弯曲并组成一把折椅。,2012-12-7,制作/主讲：张同德东华理工大学,4、先行词所带的非从句式的定语常常放在定语从句之前，从而造成先行词与定语从句的分隔，例Therewassomethingoriginal,independentandheroicabouttheplanthatpleasedallofthem.这个方案有创造性，别出心裁又有魅力，深得他们喜欢。Nodoubttherearequestionsofprincipleinvolvedwhichcannotbeignoredandunderestimated.无疑，这里涉及人们无法忽视或低估的原则问题。,2012-12-7,制作/主讲：张同德东华理工大学,定语从句分隔其它句子成分,1.定语从句对主谓结构的分隔Thecountrylifehewasusedto_greatlysincetheopeningpolicywasadopted.A.changedB.haschangedC.changingD.havingchanged2.定语从句对宾补结构的分隔Mr.Greenwasdisappointedtoseethewashingmachineshehadhad_gowrongagain.A.repairedB.itrepairedC.repairingD.toberepaired,2012-12-7,制作/主讲：张同德东华理工大学,3.定语从句对定语结构、状语结构的分隔Canyoutellmethewayyouthoughtof_theproblem?A.workingatB.toworkoutC.toworkforD.workingoutTheyoungstudentdidallthathecould_theexamination.A.passB.topassC.passingD.passed,2012-12-7,制作/主讲：张同德东华理工大学,定语从句对某些固定句式的分隔Youcantimaginethehardtimeshehad_thechildren.A.bringingupB.tobringupC.growingD.broughtup还原句式为：Shehadthehardtime(in)bringingupthechildren.,2012-12-7,制作/主讲：张同德东华理工大学,定语从句对强调句的分隔Itisneartheplace_thereisabomb_wefoundthedeadman.A.where,whereB.where,thatC.that,whereD.that,that定语从句对独立结构的分隔Witheverythingsheneeded_,shewenthomehappily.A.tobuyB.buyingC.boughtD.buy,2012-12-7,制作/主讲：张同德东华理工大学,巩固练习,1.Themanagersdiscussedtheplantheywouldliketosee_thenextyear.A.carriedoutB.carryingoutC.carryoutD.tocarryout2.“IcantfindMr.Liu.Wheredidyoumeethimthismorning.”“Itwasinthehotel_hestayed.”A.thatB.whichC.theoneD.where,2012-12-7,制作/主讲：张同德东华理工大学,3.Youcanhardlyimaginethedifficultyshehad_enoughevidencetoprovethecase.A.collectedB.tocollectC.collectingD.tohavecollected4.Willyoupleasetellmethewayyouthoughtof_thecold?A.getridofB.togetridofC.gettingridofD.gotridof,2012-12-7,制作/主讲：张同德东华理工大学,5.Thewarandthesuffering_causedaffectedhimgreatly.A.whereB.whichC.itD.what6.Itwasinthelab_wastakenchargeofbyProfessorLu_theydidtheexperiment.A.where,thatB.which,whereC.that,whereD.which,that,2012-12-7,制作/主讲：张同德东华理工大学,课堂导入,Inthislesson,childrenshouldcreateastonewalltosurroundthevillagealreadysetupthepreviousdayintheclassroombypilingbigcardboardblocksalongastripofredpaperthatcanbemadeintoastonepathbythechildrenwithpencilsandmarkers.本句理解难点：定语成分分析；组织句子能力本节课中，让孩子们用铅笔和记号笔在一长条红纸带上制作成一条石子路，沿着这条石子路堆放一些大的硬纸板块，做成一堵石墙，围绕在前天在教室里搭建好的村庄周围。,2012-12-7,制作/主讲：张同德东华理工大学,2012-12-7,制作/主讲：张同德东华理工大学,一、非谓语动词作定语,非谓语动词经常在句中起到形容词的作用来修饰名词或代词，现在一起总结一下其用法1.动名词与现在分词作定语区别：被现在分词所修饰的名词实际上是现在分词的逻辑主语；被动名词所修饰的名词不能产生动名词表示的动作，只是表示被其修饰的名词的用途、目的。（参见大学英语精读课本第一册第5单元课后练习）Flyingfish(飞鱼，现在分词)；flying-suit（飞行服，动名词）sleepingchild（现在分词）；sleeping-car（动名词）,2012-12-7,制作/主讲：张同德东华理工大学,2.动词不定式与现在分词作定语现在分词作定语往往表示一种惯常的、反复发生的行为或正在进行的动作；不定式则表示将要进行的动作。Successgrowsoutofstruggletoovercomedifficulties.(“克服困难，战胜逆境”你刚学过的短语是怎么表达呢？)注：不定式作定语，其动作一般比较具体。若是泛泛而谈不涉及某一特定动作，则用“for+动名词”结构比较好。如：Avaseisakindofpotforholdingflowers.,2012-12-7,制作/主讲：张同德东华理工大学,专题讲解：不定式作定语,不定式作定语常用于不定代词或被thefirst/next/only/last等修饰的名词和代词之后。其中，不定式的一般式通常表示一个将来或经常性的动作，完成式则表示该动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。Imsorrynottohavecomelastweekend.Mr.Brownwasthenextpersontorisetospeak.重点掌握：在某些名词后要用不定式来作定语，例:Ihavenocouragetotellyou.Youhavenorighttoruleus.Hisanxietytogetinterviewedmadehimsleepless.,2012-12-7,制作/主讲：张同德东华理工大学,常见的可以用不定式作定语的名词,ability,ambition,anxiety,attempt,campaign,chance,courage,decision,determination,drive,eagerness,effort,failure,inclination,intention,opportunity,plan,proposal,promise,reason,right,struggle,way,resolve等，需牢记Heshowednoinclinationtoleave.他没有走的意思。Theynowhaveanopportunitytoairtheirviews.Toscareabirdisnotthewaytocatchit.(谚)Theresnoneedtoworryaboutyourexam.,2012-12-7,制作/主讲：张同德东华理工大学,如果作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词有动宾关系，要注意在不及物动词后通常要加上适当的介词。Wehavenothingtoworryabout.Pleasegivemeapentowritewith.Heislookingforaroomtolivein.,2012-12-7,制作/主讲：张同德东华理工大学,不定式作定语修饰一个在逻辑上是其宾语名词时,若在句子中能找到该不定式的逻辑主语,则该不定式多用主动表被动，否则，用被动式。Haveyougotanythingtosayatthemeeting?(you.say.anything)HereisalettertobetakentoMr.Li.(找不到take的执行者)在therebe句型中有时用主动式或被动式意思不同。比较：Thereisnothingtodoatpresent.(=Wehavenothingtodoatpresent.)Thereisnothingtobedoneatpresent.(=Wecandonothingatpresent.),2012-12-7,制作/主讲：张同德东华理工大学,3.现在分词与过去分词作定语的区别时态方面Thedoctorprescribingdrugsisagraduatefreshfromamedicalschool.（正在进行的动作）ThefarmerscryingsadlyareprayingtoGodforrain.（与主句动作同时进行）Similartissuesperformingthesamefunctionformorgans.（一种习惯、反复的动作或状态）Thepatientexaminedwentoutoftheconsultingroom.（动作完成）Sheisagirllovedbyall.（一般性动作表示持续意义）,2012-12-7,制作/主讲：张同德东华理工大学,从中所列的例句可以看出分词的特点：现在分词作定语与所修饰的名词之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，表示该动作的主动或进行。过去分词作定语与它所修饰的名词之间存在着逻辑上的动宾关系，表示该动作的被动或完成。Lookovertheretheresalong,windingpathleadinguptothehouse.看那儿有一条长长的蜿蜒小路一直延伸到那座房子。,2012-12-7,制作/主讲：张同德东华理工大学,现在分词作定语要理解以下两点1.现在分词作前置定语通常用来说明名词的性质、特征或用途，作后置定语往往强调动作的正在进行。ThegirlsinginganEnglishsongismysister.2.现在分词作定语一般要求其动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或是在说话时该动作正在进行，否则，要用从句作定语。误：Heisthemanvisitingourclassyesterday.正：Heisthemanwhovisitedourclassyesterday.,2012-12-7,制作/主讲：张同德东华理工大学,语态方面的区别：表示主动语态的分词为：现在分词、不及物动词的过去分词；atouchingstory,therulingclique,runningwater,theguidingprinciple(特点：被修饰的名词是现在分词的逻辑主语)；fallenrocks,fadedcolor,grown-updaughter,retiredworker(这类动词主要限于少数表示位置移动或状态变化的词)Theydrovehomeaftertheysawtherisensun.(看完日出以后才驱车回家，日出动作结束)表示被动语态的分词为：及物动词的过去分词,2012-12-7,制作/主讲：张同德东华理工大学,值得一提的是，及物动词的过去分词(done)与现在分词的被动式(beingdone)都可以表示“被动”，但前者多表示一个完成了的动作，而后者则表示一个正在进行的动作。Theproblemdiscussedyesterdayhasbeensolved.Theproblembeingdiscussednowconfusedthem.,2012-12-7,制作/主讲：张同德东华理工大学,不能用分词作定语的情况作定语的现在分词只用来表述与谓语动词差不多同时发生的动作，如：Anybodytouchingthatwirewillgetanelectricshock.如果分词与主句的动词动作在时间上有先后，最好改为定语从句，不宜使用havingdone的结构，因为分词的这种完成体一般用来作状语，不作定语。Doyouknowthemanwhohaslosthiscat?,2012-12-7,制作/主讲：张同德东华理工大学,分词作定语前置与后置的区别前置分词更形容词化，后置分词更突出动词的作用。IllnevergotmarriedIdontwanttospendmylifesurroundedbydirtylaundryandscreamingchildren.Didyouseethatchildscreaming?同一分词前置与后置的意义可能会不同thepeopleconcerned（有关人员），aconcernedlook（忧愁的表情）；theproposaladopted（被采纳的建议），anadoptedchild（被收养的孩子）,2012-12-7,制作/主讲：张同德东华理工大学,二、非谓语动词作状语,不定式可以用来作目的或结果状语，如果表结果，常指没有预料到的情况。Haveyoueverdreamedofbecomingawriter,onlytobeputoffbythefearsthatyoulackedtheability?Hewastooexcitedtosayaword.复习：搬起石头砸了自己的脚。现在分词表示结果含有一种必然发生的情况。Hisparentsdied,leavinghimmuchmoney.Hedroppedaplate,onlybreakingitintopieces.,2012-12-7,制作/主讲：张同德东华理工大学,专题讲解：不定式作状语,1、一般句型作目的状语：to/inorderto/soasto+动原；sothat/inorderthat+主语+may/might+动原注：不定式的逻辑主语如果不是主句的主语时，应当使用“forto”句型，如Myfatherboughtabikeformetoridetoschool.作结果状语：so/suchasto(so/suchthat);adj./adv.+enoughto+动原;tooto=not+adj./adv.+enoughto+动原onlytoHeistooyoungtolearntodrive.=Heisnotoldenoughtolearntodrive.,2012-12-7,制作/主讲：张同德东华理工大学,例句体会,Couldyoubesokindastoclosethewindow?Iamsuchafoolastothinkthatsheisawarm-heartedwoman.Ihopetherewillbeenoughroomforustoseatalltheguest.Heworkedsohardastowinthefirstprize.Shewenthomeonlytofindherhouseburglarized.(用于这个结构的汉语习语见下页),2012-12-7,制作/主讲：张同德东华理工大学,按下葫芦浮起了瓢solveoneproblemonlytofindanotheronecroppingup搬起石头砸了自己的脚liftarockonlytodropitononesownfeet.捉襟见肘pulldownonesjackettoconcealtheraggednessonlytoexposeoneselbows欲盖弥彰trytohideamistakeonlytomakeitmoreconspicuous弄巧成拙trytobecleveronlytoendupwithablunder,2012-12-7,制作/主讲：张同德东华理工大学,2、特殊句型Tooto结构句型中如果too前面有否定词，则整个句型表达肯定含义Oneisnevertoooldtolearn.活到老，学到老。Itsnevertoolatetomend.改过不嫌晚。当too前面有only,all,but修饰时，意为“非常=very”Youshouldknowbuttoowelltoholdyourtongue.你应该深知少说为好。Theyarealltoosatisfiedtotaketheopinionsofotherswithoutthepainofthoughtforthemselves.,2012-12-7,制作/主讲：张同德东华理工大学,过去分词+主句：不强调时间先后；being+过去分词+主句：强调主句和从句动作同时发生；havingbeen+过去分词+主句：强调时间先后，如没有明显的时间先后，可以用过去分词+主句来替换。UsedasameansoftrafficinChina,abikeisveryuseful.Beingusedbymyfriend,thebikecantbelenttoyou.Havingbeenusedformanyyears,thebikeneedsrepairing.,2012-12-7,制作/主讲：张同德东华理工大学,过去分词与现在分词的被动结构的用法比较,先比较两个句子：aThejobdone,welefttheofficebThejobbeingdone,welefttheoffice区别在于a句侧重时间概念，动作完成且是被动；b句侧重原因。过去分词与现在分词的被动结构（包括being过去分词和havingbeen过去分词）都含有“被动”的意思，过去分词常表示动作已经完成，现在分词的被动结构（being过去分词）一般表示一个正在进行或与谓语动作同时发生的被动动作，若强调被动动作发生在谓语动作之前，可用现在分词完成式被动结构（havingbeen过去分词）。,2012-12-7,制作/主讲：张同德东华理工大学,上述两个句型通用情况,1作时间状语时，过去分词与havingbeen过去分词（其意义相当于一个时间状语）可以通用。例如：Havingbeendiscussedmanytimes,theproblemwassettledatlastDiscussedmanytimes,theproblemwassettledatlast（经过多次讨论，这个问题最后终于得到解决。）Havingbeencookedtoalightbrowncolor,thecakesmellsgoodCookedtoalightbrowncolor,thecakesmellsgood（当蛋糕烘烤成浅棕色的时候，闻起来很香。）,2012-12-7,制作/主讲：张同德东华理工大学,2作原因状语时，过去分词与being过去分词可以通用。例如：Beingconfinedtobed,sheneedstobewaitedoneverythingConfinedtobed,sheneedstobewaitedoneverything（由于她卧病在床，什么事都需要人伺候。）Beingdoneinahurry,hispaperwasfullofmistakesDoneinahurry,hispaperwasfullofmistakes（由于是匆忙完成的，他的试卷满是错误。）,2012-12-7,制作/主讲：张同德东华理工大学,上述两个句型的主要区别,1、作后置定语时过去分词常表示被动动作发生在谓语动作之前，或者只表示被动关系，而being过去分词表示该被动动作正在进行，或与谓语动词的动作差不多同时发生。2、在构成复合宾语时，过去分词强调的是动作已完成，现在分词的被动结构强调的是动作正在进行。IveneverheardthewordusedinspokenEnglish（我从未听过这个词用在口语中。）Youllfindthetopicbeingdiscussedeverywhere（你会听到到处都在讨论这个问题。）,2012-12-7,制作/主讲：张同德东华理工大学,独立主格结构，就是分词有其自己的独立主语，与句子的主语没有保持一致。此结构在句子中可以起到原因、方式、时间、条件、伴随状语等作用。独立主格结构应与句子的主体部分分隔开来。通常有两种表达方式。其功能和用法见下表：,2012-12-7,制作/主讲：张同德东华理工大学,1名词/代词非谓语动词等,2012-12-7,制作/主讲：张同德东华理工大学,2with+复合宾语结构,在这种结构中，with后的宾语相当于该结构中的逻辑主语，其后面的词相当于这个结构中的逻辑谓语。这个结构很像一个用来说明附带情况或细节的，可以起状语作用的句子。翻译时，with原有的含意往往不翻译出来。,2012-12-7,制作/主讲：张同德东华理工大学,2012-12-7,制作/主讲：张同德东华理工大学,补充：不定式句法功能小结,2012-12-7,制作/主讲：张同德东华理工大学,1.Thegovernmentplanstobringinnewlaws_parentstotakemoreresponsibilityfortheeducationoftheirchildren.AforcedBforcingCtobeforcedDhavingforced2.Theplay_nextmonthaimsmainlytoreflectthelocalculture.AproducedBbeingproducedCtobeproducedDhavingbeenproduced3._manytimes，hefinallyunderstoodit.A.ToldB.TellingC.HavingtoldD.Havingbeentold,非谓语动词巩固练习,2012-12-7,制作/主讲：张同德东华理工大学,4.Michaelsnewhouseislikeahugepalace,_withhisoldone.A.comparingB.comparesC.tocompareD.compared5.Withtheworldchangingfast,wehavesomethingnew_withallbyourselveseveryday.A.dealB.dealtC.todealD.dealing6._nottomisstheflightat15:20,themanagersetoutfortheairportinahurry.A.RemindingB.RemindedC.ToremindD.Havingbeenreminded,2012-12-7,制作/主讲：张同德东华理工大学,7.InApril,2009,PresidentHuinspectedthewarshipsinQingdao,_the60thanniversaryofthefoundingofthePLANavy.A.markingB.markedC.havingmarkedD.beingmarked8.-Didthebookgivetheinformationyouneeded?-Yes.But_it,Ihadtoreadtheentirebook.A.tofindB.findC.tobefindingD.finding,2012-12-7,制作/主讲：张同德东华理工大学,9.Ifeelgreatlyhonoredintotheirsociety.A.towelcomeB.welcomingC.tobewelcomedD.welcomed10._thatshewasgoingofftosleep,Iaskedifshedlikethatlittledollonherbed.A.SeeingB.ToseeC.SeeD.Seen,2012-12-7,制作/主讲：张同德东华理工大学,11.Thepicture_onthewallispaintedbymynephew.A.havinghungB.hangingC.hangsD.beinghung12.TheOlympicGames,_in776B.C.,didnotincludewomenplayersuntil1912.A.firstplayingB.tobefirstplayedC.firstplayedD.tobefirstplaying13.Thefirsttextbooks_forteachingEnglishasaforeignlanguagecameoutinthe16thcentury.A.havingwrittenB.tobewrittenC.beingwrittenD.written,2012-12-7,制作/主讲：张同德东华理工大学,14.Ideally_forBroadwaytheatresandFifthAvenue,theNewYorkParkhotelisafavoritewithmanyguestsAlocatingBbeinglocatedChavingbeenlocatedDLocated一句话重温非谓语动词：Therewaslittlechancetodiscusstheproblemswiththeteachersconcernedordomorethanoneglanceatthebooksbeingused.没什么机会与有关老师讨论问题，对正在使用的书也只不过匆匆看了一下。,2012-12-7,制作/主讲：张同德东华理工大学,活学活用,Levinassertedthat“musicisnotthecauseofsocietysills”andevencitedhisson,ateacherintheBronx,NewYork,whousesraptocommunicatewithhisstudents.Buthetalkedaswellaboutthe“balancedstruggle”betweencreativefreedomandsocialresponsibility,andheannouncedthatthecompanywouldlaunchadrivetodevelopstandardsfordistributionandlabelingofpotentiallyobjectionablemusic.,2012-12-7,制作/主讲：张同德东华理工大学,列文宣称“音乐不是社会问题的病因”，他甚至还以自己的儿子为例，他儿子是纽约州布朗克斯的一名教师，上课时用说唱的形式与学生进行交流。但他也谈到了创作自由和社会责任之间要“努力保持平衡”的问题，还宣布对一些可能令人反感的音乐，公司将致力于制定一套发行和标识的标准。,2012-12-7,制作/主讲：张同德东华理工大学,1.Icannotunderstand_suchawell-paidjob.A.himtogiveupB.himtohavegivenupC.hisgivingupD.hisbeinggivenup2.JanessummervacationinEnglandledto_anEnglishman.A.hermarryB.hertomarryC.herbeingmarriedD.hermarrying3.Shewassadbecauseof_anychanceleft.A.therebeingnotB.therenotbeingC.nottherebeingD.therewasnot4.Ifyouthinkaletteristooslow,whynot_atelegram?A.trytohavesentB.tryingtosendC.totrytosendD.trysending5.Thereisnochance_himtoday.A.inseeingB.toseeingC.ofseeingD.aboutseeing,2012-12-7,制作/主讲：张同德东华理工大学,6.Iknowyoulike_.Wouldyoulike_withmenow?A.toswim,toswimB.swimming,swimmingC.swimming,toswimD.toswim,swimming7.Before_,themachinemustbechecked.A.beingusedB.usingitC.beingusedtoD.using8.Togiveup_means_.A.smoking,stoppingsmokingB.smoking,tostopsmokingC.tosmoke,tostoptosmokeD.tosmoke,stoppingtosmoke9.Whatdoyouthinkofthebook?Oh,excellent.Itsworth_asecondtime.A.toreadB.readingC.tobereadD.beingread10.“Whathasmadeyousoupset?”“_mynewbike.”A.LostB.BecauseoflosingC.SinceIlostD.Losing,2012-12-7,制作/主讲：张同德东华理工大学,11.Istillremember_toBeijingwhenIwassix.A.totakeB.takingC.havingtakingD.havingbeentaken12.Someforeignerusedto_ontheleftintheirowncountries,butnowtheyhavegotusedto_ontherightinourcountry.A.driving,driveB.drive,driveC.drive,drivingD.driving,driving13.Heremained_there,forhegrew_inmanythingsthere.A.staying,interestingB.staying,interestedC.tostay,interestD.stayed,interested14.Itisimportantforparentsandyoungpeopletolearnhowtogetthroughtoeachotheranddevelopskillinunderstandingand_.A.beingunderstoodB.tobeunderstoodC.understandD.understood15._moretreesisgoodforhealthanditisalsoimportanttostopwastefromfactories_oursurroundings.A.Toplant,polluteB.Planting,topolluteC.Plant,pollutingD.Planting,polluting,2012-12-7,制作/主讲：张同德东华理工大学,16.Iwouldappreciate_backthisafternoon.A.youtocallB.youcallC.yourcallingD.yourecalling17.Howaboutthetwoofus_awalkdownthegarden?A.totakeB.takeC.takingD.tobetaking18.“Thelightintheofficeisstillon.”“Oh,Iforgot_.”A.turningitoffB.turnitoffC.toturnitoffD.havingturneditoff19.“Imustapologizefor_aheadoftime.”“Thatsallright.”A.lettingyouno