润滑油培训-英文版.ppt

,VolvoConstructionEquipmentLubricants,LubricationTraining,BacktoMarketingProgramoverview,ModuleOverview,LubricationPrinciplesEngineLubricationTransmissionLubricationAutomaticTransmissionFluidsGreaseLubrication,BacktoMarketingProgramoverview,LubricationPrinciples-SectionOverview,RefiningProcessRefineryProductsfromCrudeOilLubricantBase-stocksKeyLubricantFunctionsKeyLubricantPropertiesViscosityViscosityClassificationSystem(SAE)Mono-gradeVs.Multi-gradePourPoint/FlashPoint/VolatilityConventionalVs.Syntheticlubricant?SyntheticLubricantsLubricantAdditivesAdditiveTypes,Backtomoduleoverview,RefiningProcess,TwoMainProcesses:SeparationProcessesSelectsDesirableComponentsfromtheCrudeIncludesDistillation,SolventExtraction,SolventDewaxingConversionProcessesConvertUndesirableElementsintoUsefulLubeOilComponentsAromatics,Sulfur,Wax,etc.IncludesHydrotreating,Hydrofinishing,HydrocrackingandCatalyticDewaxingToachievedesiredproperties,Backtosectionoverview,RefineryProductsfromCrudeOil,Backtosectionoverview,BASESTOCKSELECTION,ADDITIVESELECTION,FINISHEDLUBRICANT,LubricantBasestocks,Backtosectionoverview,LubricantBasestocks,MineralOilBasestocksRefinedfromCrudeOilTrueSyntheticBasestocksareDerivedfromChemicalReactionsSomecompaniesnowconsiderveryhighlyrefinedmineraloilas“Synthetics”,Backtosectionoverview,KeyLubricantFunctions,SeparatemovingsurfacesCoolingSealingWearprotectionRust,corrosionandfoaminhibitionAntioxidationDispersancyDetergency,Backtosectionoverview,KeyLubricantProperties,ViscosityPourPointFlashPointVolatility,Backtosectionoverview,Viscosity,MeasureofafluidsresistancetoflowChangeswithTemperaturehighertemperature,lowerviscosityPressurehigherpressure,higherviscosityShearRatehighertheshearrate,lowerviscosityViscosityIndexEffectofchangeoftemperatureontheviscosityofanoil,Backtosectionoverview,ViscosityClassificationSystem(SAE),Backtosectionoverview,Mono-gradeVs.Multi-grade,Mono-GradesMeetstherequirementsofoneSAEviscositygradee.g.SAE15W(WinterGrade)orSAE40(SummerGrade)Lowtemperatureviscositycriticalforwintergrades,hightemperatureviscositycriticalforsummergradesMulti-GradesMeetstherequirementsofmorethanoneSAEviscositygrade(Bothwinter&summergrades)CombinesummerandwinterSAEgradesinoneoile.g.SAE15W-40pertiesofSAE15W&pertiesofSAE40HigherVIthanMono-Grades,Backtosectionoverview,PourPoint/FlashPoint/Volatility,PourPointDefinestheTemperatureatWhichFluidnoLongerFlowsHasDirectEffectonFluidPumpingTemperatureGivesanindicationofcoldflowpropertiesFlashPointTemperatureatwhichvaporfromaheatedoiligniteswhenexposedtoanakedflameIndicatesthefirehazardVolatilityAmeasureofanengineoilstendencytoevaporateathighenginetemperatures,Backtosectionoverview,ConventionalVs.Syntheticlubricant?,SyntheticLubricantProducedfromChemicalFeedstocksBasestockisEngineeredThroughaCatalyticProcess(Creatingasynthesizedmaterial),ConventionalLubricantProducedfromCrudeOilBasestocksareObtainedbyREMOVINGUndesirableComponents,Synthetic,Conventional,Backtosectionoverview,SyntheticLubricants,AdvantagesReplacesVolatileLightMineralOilReducedLubricantConsumptionImprovedFuelEconomyImprovesLowTemperaturePerformanceOxidationStability,Backtosectionoverview,LubricantAdditives,ChemicalCompoundsWhichareAddedtoLubeOilStockstoImproveTheirPerformancePropertiesSupplementorReinforceWell-refined,High-qualityBasestocksPerformTwoCriticalFunctions:MaximizeBeneficialPropertiesMinimizeDestructiveProcessesOxidationWearRust/CorrosionShear“Combustion”,Backtosectionoverview,AdditiveTypes,DispersantsDetergentsAnti-WearAgentsFrictionModifiersOxidationInhibitorsRustInhibitorsViscosityIndexImproversPourPointDepressantsFoamInhibitors,Backtosectionoverview,EngineLubrication-SectionOverview,MainEnginePartsGasolineVs.DieselDieselEngineDesignsTurbochargerEngineOilFunctionsEngineOilComponentsMajorInternationalEngineOilSpecificationsAPIClassificationAPIDieselOilQualityLevelsACEAClassificationOtherClassificationsEngineBuilderTrends,Backtomoduleoverview,MainEngineParts,Backtosectionoverview,GasolineVs.Diesel,Section2-EngineLubrication,Backtosectionoverview,GasolineVs.Diesel,GasolineQuieterLighterFasterBetteraccelerationLowerinitialcostCatalystemissionscontrol,BetterfueleconomyHeavierLongerlifeGoodreliabilityCatalystandparticulatetrapemissionscontrol,Backtosectionoverview,DieselEngineDesigns,Backtosectionoverview,Turbocharger,Backtosectionoverview,EngineOilFunctions,Friction&WearReductionCoolingSealingDetergent&DispersantRust&CorrosionInhibitorDiagnosisFoamInhibitor,Backtosectionoverview,EngineOilComponents,BaseOil:70%to95%offinalproductAdditives:30%to5%offinalproduct,+,=,BaseOil,Additives,FinalProduct,Backtosectionoverview,MajorInternationalEngineOilSpecifications,API(AmericanPetroleumInstitute)ACEA(AssociationdesConstructeursEuropensdAutomobiles)VDS(Volvo)MBMANScaniaRVI(Renault)AllisonCAT(Caterpillar)ZF,Backtosectionoverview,DieselCA(Obsolete)CD(1965)CE(1988)CF(HeavyDutyOffHighway)CF-2(TwoCycle)(1994)CF-4(1990)CG-4(1994LowEmissions)CH-4(1998LowEmission)CI-4(2002LowEmission),GasolineSA(Obsolete)SG(1989)SH(1993)SJ(1996Introduced),APIClassification,Backtosectionoverview,APIDieselOilQualityLevels,Backtosectionoverview,ACEAClassification,GasolineA1-98A2-98A398,HeavyDutyDieselE1-98(obsolete)E2-98E3-98E4-98E5-99,PassengerCarDieselB1-98B2-98B3-98B4-98,Backtosectionoverview,OtherClassifications,VolvoVDSVDS-2VDS-3,HeavyDutyDieselMAN270MAN271MAN3275MAN3277,MB227.0228.1228.3228.5,Backtosectionoverview,EngineBuilderTrends,HigherHorsepowerupto600HPHigherInjectionPressuresNewmetallurgyincomponentsNewtimingmaps-ExpecthighersootlevelsDevelopmentofEGREnginesGreatlyextendedserviceintervalsAlternatefiltrationsystemsNewenginedesigns,Backtosectionoverview,TransmissionLubrication-SectionOverview,ManualTransmissionTypesOfGearsSynchromeshGearsDifferentialLimitedSlipDifferentialFunctionsofaGearLubricantGearOilPropertiesGearOilSpecifications-API,OEMRequirements-MercedesOEMRequirements-ZFOEMRequirements-Volvo&ScaniaOEMRequirements-MANCommercialVehicleTrendsOEMDrainPeriodsComparativeViscosityClasses,Backtomoduleoverview,ManualTransmission,Allowsthedrivertoselectthegear,andthereforethepoweroutputoftheenginethatisneededforthespeedandcontrolofthevehicleAsthedriveleavestheengine,itpassesthroughtheclutchItentersthegearboxAndleavestothewheels,Backtosectionoverview,TypesOfGears,SpurGears,HypoidGear,Backtosectionoverview,SynchromeshGears,Whenchanginggears,thegearsarerotatingatthespeedofeitherthedriveshaftsortheengineTopreventdamagethesynchromeshequalizesthespeedsofthegearshaftsbeforeengagingthegears,Backtosectionoverview,Differential,WhenavehicledrivesroundacornertheouterwheeltravelsfurtherthantheinnerTodothistheyneedtotravelatdifferentspeedsThisiscalleddifferentialortheequaldistributionofturningpower,Backtosectionoverview,LimitedSlipDifferential,Iftractionislostononewheel,extratorqueistransmittedtotheoppositewheelFittedtooff-highwayvehiclesandsomesportcarsRequiresfrictionmodifiedlubricant,Backtosectionoverview,FunctionsofaGearLubricant,Preventmetal-to-metalcontactProvidegoodshiftabilityatalltemperaturesDissipateheatPreventrustingCarryawayweardebrisReducefrictionImprovefueleconomy,Backtosectionoverview,GearOilProperties,Loadcarrying/antiwearOxidationresistanceCorrosionprotectionThermalstability/cleanlinessFrictionalpropertiesFoamsuppressionSealcompatibility,Backtosectionoverview,GearOilSpecifications-API,GL-1:ForsomemanualgearboxeswhereuntreatedoilsmaybeusedGL-1:ForsomemanualgearboxeswhereuntreatedoilsmaybeusedGL-3:Formanualgearboxesandspiralbevelaxlesoperatingundermoderateconditions-MildEPAdditiveGL-4:Forspiralbevelandhypoidgearsinaxlesoperatingundermoderatelysevereconditions-MediumEPGL-5:Forhypoidgearsoperatingunderhighspeedorlowspeed/hightorqueconditions-HighEPGL-6:ObsoleteFordonlyNewAPIserviceclarificationsMT-1(PreviouslyknownasPG-1):Fornon-synchronizedbusandheavydutytruckgearboxeswithimprovedthermalstability,cleanlinessandsealcompatibilityPG-2(maybeknownasGL-7):Heavydutyrearaxleapplicationwithimprovedthermalstability,cleanlinessandspallingresistance,Backtosectionoverview,OEMRequirements-Mercedes,Specification235.1235.0235.5235.6235.4235.10,ApplicationHeavyDutyManualGearBoxesHeavyDutyRearAxlesHeavyDutyManualGearBoxesHeavyDutyRearAxlesOff-HighwayGearBoxesOnlyMediumSizedSprinterVansandPassengerCarManualTransmissions,ApprovedViscosityGrades80W,80-85W80W-85W,85W-90,9080W,80-85W80W-85W,85W-90,90,Backtosectionoverview,OEMRequirements-ZF,SupplycomponentstoOEMse.g.MB,MAN,Volvo,DAFComponentsusuallysupplieddryApprovallistsforeachspecificationwhichmayhaveseveraldifferentpagesTE-ML01ConstantMeshGearboxesTE-ML02SynchromeshGearboxesTE-ML05RearAxles(includeslimitedslip)TE-ML07HydrostaticandMechanicalDrives(ReductionGears)TE-ML08Non-PowerAssistedSteeringGearsExtendedDrain(300,000km)Sheet-TE-ML02(Page4),Backtosectionoverview,OEMRequirements-Volvo&Scania,VolvoNewExtendedDrain(400,000km)Specifications.STD1273.07-HDManualTransmissionsSTD1273.12-HDRearAxlesProgramInitiated7YearsAgoCandidatesChosenforFieldTrialEvaluationInterim180,000kmApprovalforFieldTrialProducts,ScaniaNewSTO:1SpecificationIssuedforFactory&ServiceFillofGearBoxandRearAxlesAPIGL-5+OxidationTest+Shear+FilterabilityAchievablewithallmineralproductsAllowsupto180,000kmODIDependantonService,Backtosectionoverview,OEMRequirements-MAN,UseEatonorZFGearboxes-IssueOwnApprovalLists,Backtosectionoverview,CommercialVehicleTrends,FuelEconomy,IncreasedH.P.EnginesReducedComponentSizeReducedAirFlow,NoiseAttenuationIncreasedUseofRetarders,Environmental,SynchromeshMetallurgy,ExtendedDrain,Shiftability,LowerViscosity/Friction,IncreasedThermal/OxidativeStabilityNeedforAlternateChemistry,ReducedChlorine,FuelEconomy(LessCO2)SealCompatibility,MetalCompatibilityFrictionalProperties,IncreasedDurabilityShear/friction/wear/oxidation,LowTemperatureFluidity,Backtosectionoverview,OEMDrainPeriods,Backtosectionoverview,ComparativeViscosityClasses,Backtosectionoverview,AutomaticTransmissionFluids-SectionOverview,AutomatictransmissionsFluidFunctionsFluidPropertiesAutomaticTransmissionTrendsAutomaticTransmissionFluidTrendsU.S.ATFSpecificationsEuropeanATFSpecificationsKeyEuropeanOEMs-MercedesKeyEuropeanOEMs,Backtomoduleoverview,AutomaticTransmissions,HowitworksDriveentersthetorqueconverterPassestothegearsetAndouttothewheels,Backtosectionoverview,FluidFunctions,LubricatethegeartrainTransmitpowerinthetorqueconverterActashydraulicmediumLubricatethefrictionclutchesActasaheattransfermedium,Backtosectionoverview,FluidProperties,AdequateloadcarryingperformanceGoodfoamingresistanceLowviscosity,buthighviscosityindexCorrectfrictionalcharacteristicstomatchclutchmaterialsanddesignCorrectsealSwellcharacteristicsGoodoxidationstabilityGoodcorrosioninhibitionThermalstabilityLow-temperaturefluidity,Backtosectionoverview,AutomaticTransmissionTrends,Transmissionswithelectroniccontrols,Improvedlowtemperaturefluidity,Compactsdesigns,BetterAerodynamicsofretarders,Thermal/Oxidativestability,Enginepoweroutput,Frictioncapacity/Durability,Shearstability,Wearprotection,Shear/Wear/Thermal/Oxidativestability,Frictiondurability,Extendeddrainintervals,Backtosectionoverview,AutomaticTransmissionFluidTrends,ATF,DexronIIIExtendedDrainSyntheticsPart-syntheticsPart-Hydrocracked,OEMspecificfluidsFill-for-lifeSpecialbasestocksMinimalservicefill,Backtosectionoverview,U.S.ATFSpecifications,GeneralMotors(PassengerCar)CurrentSpecification-DexronIIIAllison(GeneralMotors-HeavyDutyDivision)CurrentSpecification-AllisonC-4Ford(PassengerCar)CurrentSpecification-Mercon?(1993)/Mercon?V,Backtosectionoverview,EuropeanATFSpecifications,RequireDexronIIapprovalasbasisImportantOEMsMBZFOthersRenkVoithRenault,Backtosectionoverview,KeyEuropeanOEMs-Mercedes,Approvedproductslist(Sheet236.X)In-HouseEvaluationRequiredSheetlistingdependantonchemistryusedMB236.1MB236.6MB236.7MB235.8(Synthetic)MB236.6(coversmostapplications)DBNoLongermanufactureHDtransmissions,Backtosectionoverview,KeyEuropeanOEMs-MAN,Renk,MANApprovedProductsListMAN339A-T.A.S.A.MAN339D-DexronIID/IIEMAN339F-DexronIIILessstringentapprovalrequirementsRenkApprovedProductsListforDoromatTransmissionsT.A.S.A.Fluids-30,000kmDrainDexronIIDFluids-15,000kmDrainDonotapproveDexronIIIproducts,Backtosectionoverview,GreaseLubrication-SectionOverview,WhatisaGrease?LubricatingGreasesVs.OilsKeyGreaseFunctionsWhentoLubricatewithGrease?PenetrationandNLGIClassesGreaseApplicationsSemi-FluidGreasesRe-greasingintervalsWorkingLimitsofGreasesBalanceofPropertiesGreaseTrendsSelectionChartofGreases,Backtomoduleoverview,WhatisaGrease?,Asolidtosemi-fluidproductconsistingofafluidlubricantandathickenerItusuallycontainsadditivestoenhanceperformanceTypicalgreasecontentsoil80-87%thickener8-15%additives5%,Backtosectionoverview,LubricatingGreasesVs.Oils,OilsFluidRunawayremoveheat(cool)removedebris(clean)removeparticles(clean)ClassificationViscosity(SAE),GreasesSemi-fluid/semi-solidStayinplacesealnocooling/nocleaningClassificationConsistency(NLGI),Backtosectionoverview,KeyGreaseFunctions,ReducesFriction,Wear,HeatAssuresaLubricantReserveSealsFromContamination,Backtosectionoverview,WhentoLubricatewithGrease?,TodecreasedrippingandsplatteringoflubricantTodecreasefrequencyoflubricationTosealoutcontaminantsForintermittentoperationTosuspendsolidadditivesUnderextremeoperatingconditionshightemperaturehighpressureshockloadinglowspeed/highpressureMachinebadlywornWhennoisereductionisveryimportant,Backtosectionoverview,PenetrationandNLGIClasses,WorkedPenetration445to475400to430355to385310to340265to295220to250175to205130to16085to115,NLGIGrade000000123456,GreaseConsistencySemi-FluidSemi-FluidSoftSoftCommonSemi-HardSemi-HardHardHard,Geargreasesforsmallborecentralizedsyst