语言学522-524.ppt

Semanticrelations.4,Contents:1.SynonymyandAntonymy2.MeronymyandHyponymy3.PolysemyandHomonymy,Synonymy（同义关系）arethewordsorexpressionswiththesameandsimilarmeaning.Therelationofsynonymydoesnotapplytolexemesonly.Simpleexpressionsmayhavethesamemeaningascomplexexpressions.CouchsofaLargebigenormous,However,truesynonymsarerare.Inmostcases,synonymsmaydifferinoneormoreofthefollowingaspects:DifferenceinoriginInEnglish,therearesomepairsofsynonymsoneofwhichisdevelopedfromthenativewordwhiletheotherisborrowedfromanotherlanguage:nativewordsborrowedwordsanswerreplybodilycorporalSomeEnglishsynonymsmaybelongtowordsofdifferentlinguisticorigin:Anglo-SaxonFrenchLatinAskquestioninterrogate,Somesynonymsbelongtodifferentgeographicvarieties:BritishEnglishAmericanEnglishTubesubwayB.DifferenceinshadesofmeaningSomesynonymsdifferintheshadesofmeaning.e.g.amazeandastoundSamedenotation:tofillwithgreatsurpriseDifferinthedegreeofincredibility.Accordingtothedifferencesinemotionalflavor,synonymscanbedividedintothreecategories:elevated,neutralandvulgar.,C.Differenceinsocio-expressivemeaningAccordingtothedifferencesinemotionalflavor,synonymsmayimplyapproval,disapprovalorneutralattitudeofthespeaker.HorseneutralSteedandchargerapprovalNagandplugdisapproval,D.Differenceinstylisticmeaninge.g.die,perish,decease,expire,begoneandpassawayDieisusedincolloquial,perishisusuallyusedinnews,deceaseisusedwhenconcerningtolawissues,expireisaliteraryEnglishword,andbegoneandpassawayareusedinoralEnglish.,E.Differenceincollocationanddistributione.g.accuse,charge,rebuke,andreproachCommondenotativemeaning:toblameTheprepositionsco-occurwiththemvarylikethis:accuseof,chargewith,rebukefor,reproachwith/for.Othersynonymshavedifferentdistributions,Antonymy(反义关系)istherelationshipoftheoppositenessofmeaning.Accordingtothesemanticrelationship,antonymscanbelooselydividedintothreecategories:A.ComplementaryantonymsB.GradableantonymsC.Relationalopposites,ComplementaryantonymsQualitativeadj.:dead/aliveNounsdenotingquality,state,orrelationship:wisdom/foolishnessVerbsdenoting“feelings”,emotions,oraction:support/opposeAdverbsdenoting“time”,“positionanddirection”,or“state”:early/late,GradableantonymsPairsofwordswhose“crucial”semanticfeaturesarelocatedatthedifferentendsofonecontinuum.E.g.big-small.RelationaloppositesPairsoflexemesofexpressionswhosecrucialsemanticsfeaturesdisplayareciprocalrelationship.Onememberofthepairpresupposetheother.Nouns:wife/husbandVerbs:buy/sellPropositions:above/below,Antonymymayvaryinaccordancewithcollocation.Freshbread/stalebreadFreshair/stuffyairFreshflower/fadedflower,Meronymy&Hyponymy,Meronymy（部分-整体关系）isatermusedtodescribeapart-wholerelationshipbetweenlexicalitems.e.g.root,trunk,branch,andleafaremeronymsofatreebecausetheyareintherelationshipofXispartofY.,Hyponymy（上下义关系）isusedtorefertoaspecific-generalsemanticrelationshipbetweenlexicalitems.,Meronymy&Hyponymy,ThereisnoclearlinebetweenMeronymyandHyponymy.Hyponymydiffersfrommeronymyintransitivity.Hyponymyisalwaystransitiveinthesensethatthereisahierarchicalrelationbetweendifferentterms.Butmeronymymayormaynotbehierarchical.,Polysemy&Homonymy,Polysemy（一词多义）:asinglelexemehasseveralmeanings.e.g.chiphasseveralmeanings:“electroniccircuit”（电子芯片）,“akindoffood”or“apieceofwood”Polysemycanbesaidtobetheresultfromthechangeofmeaning.,Homonymy(同音异义词)referstocaseswherelexemeswiththesamephonologicalofmorphologicalshapehavedifferentmeanings.Itmayhaveidenticalpronunciationbutdonotsharecommonsemanticfeatures.e.g.race(contestofspeed)race(ethnicgroup).,Homonymycanusuallybeseeninthefollowingtwocases:Homographs（同形异义词）:writteninthesamewaybutdifferinmeaningandsometimesinpronunciationorderivation,e.g.Homophones（同音异形异义词）arewordswithidenticalpronunciationbutwithdifferentspellingandmeanings.,Threereasonsmayaccountfortheappearanceofhomonyms.A.DivergingmeaningdevelopmentSomehomonymsresultfromthesplittingofthedifferentmeaningsofasingleearlierword.,B.ConvergingsounddevelopmentSomehomonymsresultfromaccidentalconvergingofthesounddevelopmentoftwoofmorewordsofdifferentetymologicalsources.,C.ShorteningofthewordsSomehomonymsresultfromthecoincidenceofpronunciationandspellingofpairsofwords,oneofwhichistheshorteningofanotherwordofexpression.,LyonstwocriteriaA.Theetymologicalcriterion.Itcanjustifythenativespeakersintuitivedistinctionoflexemes.,B.Therelatednessofmeaning.Themeaningofapolysemhaveoneormoreofthefollowinglogicalrelationsbetweenthem:,Generalization:extendedfromspecifictogeneral.Specification:narroweddownfromgeneraltothespecific.S