专四英语语法考点（上课课件）

专四英语语法考点,考点一虚拟语气,考点1.与现在事实相反。从句谓语动词用did(be用were)，主句谓语动词would(should,could,might)+do；if+did/were,should/would/could/might+doIfIwereyou,Iwould.考点2.与将来事实相反。从句谓语动词用：did(should+do或were+todo)，主句谓语动词用：would(should,could,might)+do。if+did;should/wereto+do,should/would/could/might+do。,考点3.与过去事实相反。从句谓语动词用haddone，主句谓语动词用would(should,could,might)+havedone；ifhad+done,should/would+have+doneHadJudybeenmorecarefulonthemathsexam,she_muchbetterresultsnow.A.wouldbegettingB.couldhavegotC.mustgetD.wouldget,考点4.虚拟条件句if可以省略，但从句的语序要用到装，即将were,had或should移至主语的前面形成倒装，但否定词not不前移。例如：65._,hewouldnothaverecoveredsoquickly.（05年）A.HadnthebeentakengoodcareofB.HadhenotbeentakengoodcareofC.HadnothebeentakengoodcareofD.Hadhebeennottakengoodcareof,考点5.insist(一个坚持）；ordercommand(两道命令）；suggest，advise,propose（三条建议）；ask,require,request,demand(四点要求）及相应的名词的从句，谓语要使用：should+动词原形或动词原形例如：58.Itwasrecommendedthatpassengers_smokeduringtheflight.(04年)A.notB.neednotC.couldnotD.wouldnot,考点6.Itis+advisable,essential，important,imperative,incredible,strange,natural，necessary等等相关的从句，谓语要使用：should+动词原形或动词原形,考点7.itishigh(about)timethat的结构中，从句使用一般过去式。例如：Itstimethatwedidourhomework.注意与以下两种句型的区别：(1)itstime(+for+sb.)+动词不定式，该句型表示“时间刚好做某事”，是陈述语气，表达一种事。如：itstimeforustohavearest.我们该休息了。(2)itsthefirst（second/third)time+that从句，该句型中的that从句要用完成式，表示一种经历。如:itsthefirsttimethatIhavebeenhere.这是我第一次到这儿来。,考点8.muchas尽管，虽然，引导让步状语从句，从句中用wouldhavedone表示假设，可以使说话人的语气变得十分委婉，真诚。例如：52.Muchas_,IcouldntlendhimthemoneybecauseIsimplydidnthavethatmuchsparecash.（99年）A.IwouldhavelikedtoB.IwouldliketohaveC.IshouldhavetolikeD.Ishouldhavelikedto,考点9.ifonly表示要是就好了相当与wish,asif/asthough的用法。与现在事实相反：动词过去式与过去事实相反:had+done与将来事实相反：could/would+do例如：52.IfonlyI_playtheguitaraswellasyou!（06年）AwouldBcouldCshouldDmight,考点10由某些表示条件或假设的介词、连词或介词短语组成的虚拟条件句。如：butfor(若非)butthat,（若非）onconditionthat（如果）,supposing,provided（假设，如果）,without,etc.Butforyourhelp,Iwouldnthavefinishedthework.Providedthatyouhadtheopportunitytogoabroad,wherewouldyougo?,(1)人称代词是表示“我”、“你”、“他”、“她”、“它”、“我们”、“你们”、“他们”的词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化，见下表：数单数复数格主格宾格主格宾格第一人称Imeweus第二人称youyouyouyouhehimtheythem第三人称shehertheythemitittheythem如：Heismyfriend.他是我的朋友。Itsme.是我。,(2)物主代词表示所有关系的代词，也可叫做代词所有格。物主代词分形容性物主代词和名词性物主代词二种，表示“*的”和“*的（东西）”。数单数复数人称第一第二第三第一第二第三人称人称人称人称人称人称形容词性myyourhis/her/itsouryourtheir物主代词名词性mineyourshis/hers/itsoursyourstheirs物主代词,考点二情态动词（表虚拟）,考试中，情态动词部分重点测试以下内容：（1）情态动词+行为动词完成式（2）某些情态动词的特殊用法1.musthavev-edmusthavev-ed表示推测过去某事“一定”发生了。其否定形式为：cant/couldnthavev-ed,表示过去不可能发生某事。例如：Sincetheditchisfullofwater,itmusthaverainedlastnight.,2.couldhavev-ed表示推测过去某动作“很可能”发生，本可以做某事3.may/mighthavev-ed表示推测过去某事“也许”发生了.may比might表示的可能性在说话人看来稍大些。,4.oughtto/shouldhavev-ed和oughtnotto/shouldnthavev-ed用于对已发生的情况表示“责备”、“不满”，分别表示“本应该”和“本不应该”表示应完成而未完成的动作用于完成时中的否定句，表示不应完成但已做的动作5.neednthavev-ed表示过去做了某事，但没有做的必要，意为“本没必要”。例如：Youneednthavewakenmeup;Idonthavetogotoworktoday.注意：didnotneedtodo动作并没发生例：Ididntneedtogetupearly,soIgotupuntil9a.m.,一般过去将来时表示从过去的某一时间来看将来要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时常用于宾语从句和间接引语中。常用的动词有：said,asked,thought,knew,told等。过去将来时的构成（句型如下：）肯定句：主语+be（was，were）goingto+动词原形+其它否定句：主语+be（was，were）notgoingto+动词原形+其它疑问句：Be（Was，Were）+主语+goingto+动词原形+其它肯定句：主语+would（shouldwould）+动词原形+其它否定句：主语+would（shouldwould）not+动词原形+其它疑问句：Would（Shouldwould）+主语+动词原形+其它,alotof/lotsof/plentyof(前面不加a)既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词.many,few,afew,quiteafew,agreat/goodmany,anumberof只能修饰可数名词;much,little,alittle,agreatdealof/anamountof只能修饰不可数名词,主谓一致agreatmany+可数名词复数谓语用复数manya+可数名词单数谓语用单数anumberof+可数名词复数谓语用复数thenumberof+可数名词复数谓语用单数themajorityof+可数名词复数谓语用复数neither/eitherof+可数名词复数谓语用单数morethanone+可数名词单数谓语用单数oneandahalf+可数名词复数谓语用单数,反意疑问句Haveto*反意疑问句的陈述部分谓语有haveto时，附加疑问句通常用助动词do。*Youhavetostudyhard,dontyou?*Idonthavetogetupearly,doI?*Theyhadtoobeytherulesandregulationsoftheschool,didntthey?*Shedidnthavetodoitherself,didshe?Need*反意疑问句的陈述部分谓语有need时，need做情态动词，附加疑问句仍用need,但当need做实义动词时，附加问句用助动词do。*Theyneedntmakesuchaloudnoise,needthey?*Heneedsthemoneyforhissonseducation,doesnthe?,Hadbetter*反意疑问句的陈述部分为hadbetter时，附加问用助动词had。*Youhadbettergoatonce,hadntyou?*Wedbettercalloffourappointment,hadntwe?Wouldrather*反意疑问句的陈述部分为wouldrather时，附加问句用情态动词would。*Youdrathernotdoit,wouldyou?*Shewouldratherdiethansurrendertotheenemy,wouldntshe?Usedto*反意疑问句的陈述部分为usedto时，附加问句用助动词did。*YouusedtostayuplateeveryeveningwatchingTV,didntyou?,Oughtto*反意疑问句的陈述部分为oughtto时，附加问句用助动词should.*Sheoughttogobyplane,shouldntshe?*Weoughtnottolaughatothersmistakes,shouldwe?Must*反意疑问句的陈述部分有must，附加问句分三种情况：*mustdomustnt*mustbe随人称用系动词一般现在时*musthavedonedidnt*Wemustbooktheticketinadvance,mustntwe?（必须）*Shemustbeintheoffice,isntshe?（肯定）对现在事情的肯定猜测。*Hemusthavedonehishomework,didnthe?（肯定）对过去事情的肯定猜测。,反意疑问句的陈述部分是wish时，附加问句用情态动词may。*Iwishtoshakehandswithyou,mayI?,强调句型*Itis/was+that/who可强调主语，宾语，状语等。*Itwasshethat/whovisitedSingaporewithherparents;*ItwasSingaporethatshevisitedwithherparents;*ItwaswithherparentsthatshevisitedSingapore;*ItwaslastyearthatshevisitedSingaporewithherparents*另：*Itisnotuntil+atime+that.*Itwasnotuntilthenthathehadrealizedtheimportanceofhardwork.*ItwasnotuntilshetoldmethatIhadknownmymistake.,将来完成时用来表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作。经常与before+将来时间或by+将来时间连用，也可与before或bythetime或bytheendof短语引导的现在时的从句连用。结构：将来完成时的构成是由shall/will+have+过去分词构成的。Beforelonghewillhaveforgottenallaboutthematter.不久他就会全然忘记这件事的。,倒装-部分倒装,“sothat”结构中的so置于句首时，可以引起倒装eg.Soloudlydidhespeakthateveryonecouldhearhim.if引导的虚拟条件句省略if时as/though引导的让步状语从句中，强调对象置于句首时eg.MuchasIlikeyou,Icannotdoitforyou.“whetheror”引导的让步状语从句省略了引导词whether时eg.Beherichorpoor,heshallbetreatedequally.,1.下列否定词及含有否定意义的词组修饰状语时，若置于句首，句子的主谓要部分倒装never,no,not,neither,notonly,nor,hardly,scarcely,little,seldom,rarely,few,notuntil,nowhere,atnotime,onnoaccount,innorespect,innosense,bynomeans,innoway,nolonger,noless,nomore,nosoonerthan,undernocircumstances,invain,stillless。如：Notonlyisitsdirectattackontheirdiscipline,itbypassestheessenceofwhatsociologistsfocuson.Undernocircumstancesshouldwedoanythingthatwillbenefitourselvesbutharmtheinterestsofthestate.,2.以only修饰状语开头的句子，句子的主谓要部分倒装(only+状语)Onlywhenyouhaveobtainedsufficientdatacanyoucometoasoundconclusion.Onlyinthiswaycanwesolvetheproblem.,3.以下列副词或短语开头的句子，句子的主谓要部分倒装often,so,well,tosuchadegree,tosuchanextent,tosuchextremes,tosuchapoint，manyatime。如：Soinvolvedwiththeircomputersdothechildrenbecomethatleadersatsummercomputercampsoftenhavetoforcethemtobreakforsportsandgames.,4.以下列副词开头的句子，句子的主谓要全部倒装(1)出于修辞需要，表示方向的副词：out,down,in,up,away,on，next,come,go,且主语不是代词如：Downjumpedtheburglarfromthetenthfloorwhenheheardsomeoneshoutedathim.(2)出于习惯用法：here,there,now,thus,hence,then。如：Nowisyourturn.Theregoesthebell.(3)介词短语置于句首，表示地点状语时eg.Inthehousearelivingtwogirls,Inadditionto+名词/代词，放在句首。整个词组相当于一个介词，所以to的后面要接宾语。例如:InadditiontoPeter,healsoinvitesMarytothebirthdayparty.Inaddition相当于副词，作插入语位置比较随意，后面接完整的句子。例如：HeinvitesMarytohisbirthdayparty;inaddition,Peterisalsoinvited.许多词可以和它替换，如：additionally，furthermore，whatsmore,besides。,比较级，最高级,同(原）级比较句型(4种)*as+adj(adv)原级+as/否定形式：notas(so)+原级+as*Thisroomisasbigasthatone./Thisroomisnotsobigasthatone*Heisastimidasarabbit.*as+adj(原级)+a(an)+n+as*Shesasgoodanactressassheisasinger.她当演员和当歌手都一样出色.,*no+比较级+than*HeisnomoreintelligentthanIam.*Impliedmeaning:wetwoarenotveryclever.Wetwoarebothquitestupid.p.s:Nomorethan:仅仅，只不过，强调少Notmorethan:不多于，不超过，不比。更HeisnotmoreintelligentthanIam.Impliedmeaning:Iwasmoreintelligentthanheis.*Thisfilmisnomoreinterestingthantheonewesawlastweek.*Thisfilmisnotmoreinterestingthantheonewesawlastweek.)thesameas,比较级使用带有比较含义的形容词+to(seniorto等)*Superior,inferior,junior,senior,prior,previous,preferable等形容词本身已含有“比什麽更”的意义，不需要比较级morethan.*Humanbeingsaresuperiortootheranimalsinthattheycanmakeandusetoolsforvariouspurposes.*Fakegoodsareinferiortogenuinecommoditiesinbothqualityanddurability.the+比较级，the+比较级：（越越）*Absolutesecrecyisessential.Consequently,thefewerwhoareawareoftheplan,thebetter.,最高级的表示法*the+最高级+in(of/among)*Byfar,sheisthemostambitiousgirlamongallthestudentsIhaveevertaught.*比较级+than+anyother/alltheother*Sheismoreintelligentthanalltheotherstudentsinherclass.*Heismoremischievousthananyotherboyintheneighborhood.*Nothing(no+noun.)+is+so+形（副）原级+asForMr.Wang,nothingissohappyasraisingbirds.*(4)Nothing(no+noun.)+is+形比较级+than：再没有比更*Nothingismoreenjoyablethangoingoutforawalkafterabigsupper.,倍数表达法*倍数+as+原级+as+被比对象（甲是乙的多少倍）*Theirnewhouseistwiceaslargeastheirpreviousone.*倍数+比较级+than+被比对象（甲比乙.多少倍）*Thefactoryproducesthreetimesmorecarsthantheotherone.*倍数+the+表数量大小的名词+of+被比对象或that/thoseof*ThesizeoftheapartmentisthreetimesthatofthehousetheyusedtoliveIn.*Theroomsinthishotelaresixtimesthoseofthesmallinn.注意：当数词用在比较结构中，顺序为”数词+名词+比较级+that”eg.Mymatchistenminutesfasterthanyours.,一致关系,主谓一致一般来说，不可数名词用动词单数，可数名词复数用动词复数Thereismuchwaterinthecup.Therearesomeapplesintheplate.当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。Tenthousandtonsofcoalwereproducedlastyear.Thesekindsofpaperfeelsoft。当句子由and连接时，谓语用复数形式Readingandwritingareveryimportant.注意：当主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and此时连接的两个词前只有一个定冠词。Theironandsteelindustryisveryimportanttoourlife.TheLeaguesecretaryandmonitor_askedtomakeaspeechatthemeeting.A.isB.wasC.areD.were,主谓一致中的靠近原则1）当therebe句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。Here用法与therebe句型用法一致There/Here_apen,aknifeandseveralbooksonthedesk.There_twentyboy-studentsandagirl-studentintheclass.2）当eitheror,neithernor，notonlybutalso等连接的名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。Eitheryouorshe_togo.Oneortwofriendsarecomingthisevening.Eithertheprincipalorhisassistantsaretoattendthemeeting.NotonlyMary,butalsoalltheotherclassmatesaregoingtotheparks.,谓语动词与前面的主语一致当主语后面跟有with,togetherwith,like,except,but,nolessthan,aswellas等词引起的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语一致。(ratherthan,morethan,but,besides,alongwith,including,inadditionto,)Theteachertogetherwithsomestudentsisvisitingthefactory.HeaswellasI_togoboating.John,morethananyoneelseintheclass,_eagertoattendthespeechcontest.,谓语需用单数1）代词each和由every,some,no,any等构成的复合代词作主语，或主语中含有each,every,谓语需用单数。Eachofushasatape-recorder.2）表示金钱，时间，价格或距离的复合名词作主语时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语一般用单数。(若强调复数意义，谓语动词用复数也可，意思不变。)Threeweekswasallowedformakingthenecessarypreparations.Tenyuanisenough.Eightydollarsiswhatsheneeds.,集体名词作主语集体名词作主语时，谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family,audience,crew,crowd,class,company,committee等词后用复数形式时，意为这个集体中的各个成员，用单数时表示该个集体。Hisfamilyverylarge.Hisfamilymusiclovers.Theteamwellorganized.Theteamallgoodplayers.但集合名词people,police,cattle,poultry，只有单数形式但永远表示复数意义，谓语动词只能用复数。Arethereanypolicearound?Thepoultryhavebeenfed.,与介词of后名词保持一致用halfof,partof/agreaterpartof,mostof,a(large)portionof,50%of,onethirdof,plentyof,therestof等词引起主语时，动词通常与of后面的名词，代词保持一致。Mostofhismoneyisspentonbooks.Mostofthestudentsaretakinganactivepartinsports.Agreaterpartofmybooksareaboutliterature.Agreaterpartofthemilkwasspoiled.,Anyother指的是同一范围除了某人某物以外的其他人或物。Anyother后跟单数名词，也可以说anyoftheother+复数名词。Tomrunsfasterthananyotherstudentinhisclass.Tomrunsfasterthananyoftheotherstudentsinhisclass.,May：愿能，但愿may通常是用may+主+V(动词原型)这是虚拟语气的一种形式，前面用may,表达祝愿，用法相当于wish.e.g.Mayyousucceed!Mayyouhaveanicetrip!Mayourfriendshiplastforever!Wish:祝愿。wish+sb.+n,/adj.祝愿某人.eg:Iwishyousuccess.Iwishyouhappy.Wishyougoodluck!,*情态动词推测用法Must一定，肯定;cant(couldnt)不可能Can/could可能;Cant(couldnt)不可能may/might“可能，也许”;May(might)not也许不，可能不shouldoughtto“按理应当，应该是；shouldnt不应该(=oughtnotto),一、must表示推测的用法must表示推测时，只用于肯定句，表示很大的可能性，意为“一定，准是，必然会”。其否定形式是cant/couldnt(不可能)。例如：1.Youhaventeatenanythingsincelastnight;youmustbehungry.2.ThatcantbePeterinthemallHesathome.,二、can/could表示推测的用法1.can表示推测时，多用于肯定句和疑问句。当用于肯定句时，指“有时可能会”，是理论上的可能，其时间意义宽泛不具体。例如：Eventheexpertscanmakemistakessometimes.2.could表示推测时，既可以用于肯定句，又可以用于疑问句。例如Marysdoghasdisappeared.Whocouldhavetakenit?3.cant/couldnt表示推测时，用于否定句，是语气最强的否定推测，意为“不可能，一定不(是)”。例如：Hecant/couldnthaveseenthemanagerthere.4.can/could在疑问句中表示推测时，含有怀疑或疑问的意味，could比can更不确定。例如：Canthestoriesbetrue?Whocanitbe?,三、may/might表示推测的用法1.may/might表示推测时，用于肯定句，表示无把握的推测，意为“可能，或许”。(might比may更加不肯定，更无把握)。例如：Shemay/mightbetellingastorytothechildnow.2.maynot/mightnot表示推测时，用于否定句，表示(无把握的)否定推测，意为“可能/或许不”。例如：Helooksverypleased.Hemightnothaveknowntheexamresult.,四、should表示推测的用法should表示推测时，表示按常规、常理的推测，即“(正常情况下)按理应该”，暗含很大的可能性，但语气比must弱。例如：1.Itsnearly10oclockinthemorning,Jackshouldbeatworknow.2.Oneyearshouldbeenoughforyoutopasstheexam.以下情态动词语气由强至弱:肯定句：must、may、might（=could）否定句：cant（=couldnt）、maynt、mightnt疑问句：can、could（语气更加委婉不确定）,Exercises:1.Hi,Smith.DoyouknowwhereCeciliais?She_beinthelibrary.Isawhertherejustnow.A.mustB.canC.shouldD.may2.Iheartheywentskiinginthemountainslastwinter.It_betruebecausetherewaslittlesnowthere.A.mustntB.couldntC.maynotD.mightnot3.HowsyourjourneyintheRepublicofMaldives?Isitbeautiful?It_be,butitisheavilypollutednow.A.canB.mightC.shouldD.must,musthavedone:对过去某事的肯定推测mustbedoing:肯定某人正在做某事.e.g.Hemustbeplayingbasketballrightnow.musthavebeendoing:肯定某人一直在做的事.Hemusthavebeendoinghisbesttowork.Has/havebeendoing:现在完成进行时，表示从动作从过去持续到现在，并且现在没有停还在进行中。e.g.Therainhasbeenrainingfortwoweeks.,Appreciate:欣赏，赞赏；理解，体会；感激，感谢用法：其后可接名（代）词、动名词、名词性从句作宾语，但不能接不定式。e.g.Weappreciatehearingfromyouagain,p.s:其后只能接“事”做宾语，而不能接“人”作宾语（与thank用法相反）e.g.Iappreciateyourkindness.Iappreciateyouforyourkindness.Ithankyouforyourkindness.,动词不定式,October24,2012,动词不定式,Todothatsortofthingisfoolish。,Iwanttoseeyouthisevening.,Allyouhavetodoistofinishitquickly.,Wefoundahousetolivein.,ShecameheretostudyEnglish.,Iwarnedthepatientnottodrinkcoldwateraftertheoperation.,主语,宾语,表语,定语,状语,宾补,作状语,Hespokeloudly(soas/inorder)tobeheard.Theyjumpedwithjoytohearthenews.Imtootiredtowalkanyfurthertonight.,目的状语.,原因状语.,结果状语,不定式作后置定语常表示动作将要发生,e.g.Theyarelookingforaplacetolive.他们正在寻找一个住处。Thisisthebestwaytorelax.这是最好的放松办法。,但不定式作后置定语还有几种特殊情况：1、当不定式与所修饰的名词（直接宾语）为动宾关系，而间接宾语是不定式的逻辑主语时，此不定式宜用主动形式。,Wouldyoubringmeachairtositon?请你给我拿张椅子坐好吗？Pleaselendmeapentowritewith.请借支钢笔给我用。,当不定式与所修饰的名词是get,need,have等动词的宾语，且不定式与所修饰的名词也有动宾关系时，此不定式即可用主动形式，也可用被动形式，但其含义有所不同。,Doyouhavealettertopost?你有信要寄吗？（topost的动作执行者是you）,Doyouhavealettertobeposted?你有信要(我或别人)寄吗？（tobeposted的动作执行者不是you；而是I或someoneelse）,Haveyougotanythingtodothisafternoon?今天下午你有什么事要做吗？Haveyougotanythingtobedonethisafternoon?今天下午你有什么事要人做吗？,注意,A.有些动词后面的不定式不带to，如feel（一感）hear,listento（二听）make,have,let（三让）see,watch,notice,observe（四看）.,Iheardthemsingapopsong.Theteachermademeanswerthequestion.Wewatchedthemplayfootball.,动词不定式的时态,1.Iopenedthedoortoentertheroom.,2.Mr.Smithisgoingtoattendthemeetingtobeheldtomorrow.,.一般式(todo).,不定式的一般式所表示的动作（状态）同时（或几乎同时）发生，或之后发生。,.进行式(tobedoing),1.Iamverygladtobeworkingwithyou.,2.Heissaidtobecoming.,谓语表示的动作（情况）发生时，不定式所表示的动作正在进行。,动词不定式的时态,动词不定式的时态,.完成式（tohavedone),1.Iamsorrytohavekeptyouwaitingsolong.,2.YouseemedtohavereadthenovelwrittenbyMr.Smith.,谓语表示的动作发生在不定式之前。,学习动词不定式时要特别注意以下几点：一、后接不定式的动词1.后接不定式做宾语的动词hope,agree,dare,decide,determinebegin,start,refuse,prepare,offermanage,try,aim,forget,remember，chooseseem,pretend,learn,love,hate等。(可记：希望同意敢决定，开始拒绝备提供，设法瞄准忘记选，似乎假装学爱憎。),2.后接不定式作宾补的动词permit,request,allow,command,tell,invite,cause,encouragewarn,adivse,persuadeforce,order,remind,teach等。记首字母：practicewapfort实践攻克堡垒。3.后接不定式既作宾语又可作宾补的动词ask,beg,like,preter,help,promise,wish,want,expect等。（可记：请求、愿、助、诺、希望。）,二、不定式省略to的现象：1.在hadbetter,wouldrather,whynot,donothingbut,wouldratherthan以及情态动词后。如：Tomwouldratherplaytennisthanswim.Icoulddonothingbutwaitforyou.2.在see,hear,watch,notice,feel,observe,let,make,have等感官动词和使役动词后接不带to的不定式作宾补，但当这些动词为被动时其后的不定式必须带to.如：Hesawtwomenentertheroom.Iwasmadetodoit.,三、区分不定式小品词to和介词to：1.下列to为不定式小品词，后接动词原形：beableto,beaboutto,haveto,oughtto,tooto,inorderto,soasto,usedto等。如:Yououghttofollowyourfathersadvice.2.下列to为介词，后接名词、代词或V-ing形式：payattentionto,样lookforwardto,be/getusedto(习惯于),leadto,stickto,belongto,devoteoneselfto等。如:Imlookingforwardtoseeingyouagain.,As/though引导让步状语从句的倒装句,Though/Assheisachild,thegirlisquiteindependent虽然她还是个孩子，但女孩非常独立。在以as，though引导的让步状语从句中，从句常用倒装语序。,结构：名词/形容词/副词/分词/动词原形+as/though+主语+动词如：1、Childasheis，heknowstohelpother.他虽是个孩子，却知道帮助别人。2、Successfulasheis，heisnotproud.他虽然成功，但不骄傲。3、MuchasIlikeParis，Icouldntlivethere.尽管我喜欢巴黎，但我不能住在那儿。4、Objectasyoumay，Illgo.纵使你反对，我也要去。5、Raininghardasitis，Imgoingoutforawalk.虽然正在下着大雨，我还是要出去散步。,wh-+ever与nomatter+wh-1.wh-+ever与nomatter+wh-的语义含义相同，即“无论;不管”如：whatever,whichever,whoever,whomever,whenever,wherever,however等。,2.wh-+ever的语法功能:可引导主语从句、宾语从句或状语从句，从句要用陈述语序。1)Whoeverleavestheroomoughttoturnoffthelights.(Whoever=Anyonewho)无论谁最后离开教室都应该把灯关掉。2)Itisgenerallyconsideredunwisetogiveachildwhateverheorshewants.(whatever=anythingthat)人们普遍认为，孩子要什么就给什么是不明智的。3)Whomeveryoumarry,makesurehecancook.(作让步状语，Whomever=Nomatterwhom)不管你跟谁结婚，他一定得会做饭才行。,3.nomatter+wh-的语法功能:nomatter+wh-是连接词，但只能引导让步状语从句，从句置于主句前后均可。如:1)Nomatterwhatheiswearing,Tod,justshowhimthecheapest.托德,别管他的穿着了,给他最便宜的就得了。2)Nomatterhowfarawayyouare,youarealwaysinourthoughts.不管你离我们有多么遥远,我们永远挂念你.3)Nomatterwhereyougo,youwillfindCoca-Cola.不管你去哪里,都会有可口可乐.,4Wh-+ever与nomatter+wh-转换两者的意思相同，而且两者都可以引导让步状语从句，因此，引导让步状语从句时，两者可以相互转换。如：1)Whatever(=Nomatterwhat)yousay,Iwontbelieveyou.无论你说什么，我都不相信。2)Whoever(=Nomatterwho)youare,youhavenorighttodothat.不管你是谁，你都没权那样做。Notice:当wh-+ever引导主语从句、宾语从句时，不可与nomatter+wh-转换。,1._wantsacomputermayhaveone.A.NomatterwhoB.Whoever2._breaksthelawistobepunished.A.WhoB.Whoever3.Theywilldo_hewantsthemtodo.A.whatB.whatever4.Wellremember_weturnedtoforhelp.A.whoeverB.whomever,Notice:however修饰adj.或adv.,它的语序是：however+adj./adv.+主语+谓语。另外,however用作一般adv.的意思是“但是，另一方面”。试比较：However,itisalsonecessarytokeepthevariousdialects,whicharelovedbylocalspeakersandpartofChineselanguage.然而，保留各种方言也是必要的，它们是当地人所爱的，也是中国人语言的一部分。,Grammar,Grammar,主语从句,Grammar,Whatpartdoestheunderlinedpartserveasineachsentence?Atreehasfallenacrosstheroad.Youareastudent.Tofindyourwaycanbeaproblem.Smokingisbadforyou.,“Howdoyoudo?”isagreeting.Whatshesaidisnotyetknown.Thatweshallbelateiscertain.Itiscertainthatweshallbelate.Wecanseefromthesesentencesthatasentenceservesassubject,sowecallitSubjectClause.,主语从句（NounClausesastheSubject）,定义：在复合句中充当主语的句子叫做主语从句.它是名词性从句之一.2.连接词：连词that,whether；连接代词who,what和which；连接副词when,where,how和why,连接词,1）从属连词：that、whether等.that引导主语从句只起引导作用，本身无实际意义，在主语从句中不充