Emerson-self-reliance-and-naturePPT课件

-,1,-,2,-,3,“Self-Reliance”wasfirstpublishedinhis1841collection,Essays:FirstSeries.ItcontainsthemostsolidstatementofoneofEmersonsrepeatingthemes,theneedforeachindividualtoavoidconformityandfalseconsistency,andfollowhisorherowninstinctsandideas.,-,4,ThemeofSelf-Reliance,Beyourself.Trustyourowninnervoice.,-,5,Themostimportantideas,TheConfidenceTheIndependenceThePersonalityShowingnoSympathytothePoor,-,6,TheconfidenceisanevidentideawhichEmersongaveinself-reliance.Hethoughtthattheconfidencewasaveryimportantvirtue.ThephilosophicalideawhichheexpressedinSelf-Reliancehaditsspecialpower.ItenlightenedmanypeopleandcateredtothespiritofoptimisminAmericaatthattime.Theauthorshowedtheideathatthemanshouldownthespiritofself-confidenceandtrytobethetruehimself.,-,7,Forexample,EmersonsaidinSelf-reliance:“Letusneverbowandapologizemore.Agreatmaniscomingtoeatatmyhouse,Idonotwishtopleasehim;Iwishthatheshouldwishtopleaseme”.OnEmersonssaying,itisknownthathesupportedthemantobehimselfgenerouslyinspiteoftheotherpeoplessocialstatus.Onceapersoncomestotheworld,heispossibletobethebestone.However,manypeoplearegenerallytimid,andtheyarenolongerupright,theyareafraidofsaying“Ithink”,butonlyquotemotto.Asamatteroffact,Emersonencouragedthepeopletoexpress“Ithink”,“Iam”bravelyanddirectly.Thesewordsclearlyprovethespiritofself-trust.Thereisapopularsayingthat“ifyouthinkyoucan,youcan”.Theconfidenceisthefirststeptomakesuccess.AndEmersonshowedthevaluableideainhisworks.ItisbelievedthatthereadersaremoreconfidentaftertheyfinishedSelf-reliance.,-,8,“TheIndependence”iscloselyrelatedwiththespiritofself-reliance.Theauthormentioned“TheIndependence”everywhereintheworks.Emersonsupportedthemantobethetruehimselfindependently.Eachpersonshouldactaccordingtowhathethinks.,-,9,AccordingtoEmersonsoriginalwords:“whatImustdoisallthatconcernsme,notwhatthepeoplethink”.Emersonthoughtthatthepeopleshouldntbeinfluencedbytheothers.Eachoneisthefirstwhoknowshimselfmuch.Itisknownthattheonlyrightistoconformtothemansownwill,namely,theonlywrongthingiswhatisagainsthisownwill.Emersonsupportedthatthepeopleinsistoncarryingthemselvesinthefaceofallopposition.Thetrueself-independenceisvoidofothersencouragement;prizeisjustasanauxiliaryfunctionforachievements,-,10,ThePersonalityThecorepointisthatamanshouldinsistthathisideabethebestone.,-,11,Emersonsaid:“Nolawcanbescaredtomebutthatofmynature.Goodandbadarebutnamesveryreadilytransferabletothatorthis;theonlyrightiswhatisaftermyconstitution,theonlywrongwhatisagainstit.Amanistocarryhimselfinthepresenceofallopposition,asifeverythingweretitularandephemeralbutme.”Fromthewords,itisevidentthatamanshouldkeephimselfinspiteoftheothersexistence.Oncethedecisionhasbeenmade,itisuneasytochangeitorgiveitup.Emersongavethereadersaverytypicalexample:“Infancyconformstonobody,allconformstoit,sothatonebabycommonlymakesfourorfivesoutofadultswhopattleandplaytoit”.Itshowsthatifamanoftenkeepshisownpersonality,heisabletomaketheenvironmentdifferent.Themansinnerpowerislimitless;heisabletochangethewholeworldifhestandsonhisownfeetforever.Emersonalwayslivedinhisownworldandnevermixedwiththemanwhomhedidnotbelongto.,-,12,Myopinion,Asamateroffact,itisthemansfaith,nottheenvironmentthatinfluencespeopleslives.Asuccessfulmanistheonewhodeeplytrustshisinnerpower.Heisneverinfluencedbytheenvironment.,-,13,ShowingnoSympathytothePoorThispointofviewagreeswiththeconfidenceandindependence.Emersonindirectlyshowedthereasonwhythemanispoorandwhynosympathyshouldbeshowedtothepoor.FromSelf-Reliance,Emersonneversympathizedwiththepersonwhohadnorelationwithhim.Hejustdidwhatheshoulddo.,-,14,Hesaid:“ExpectmenottoshowcauseswhyIseekorwhyIexcludecompany.Thenagain,donottellme,asagoodmandidtoday,ofmyobligationtoputallpoormeningoodsituations.Aretheymypoor?Itellyour,yourfoolishphilanthropist,thatIgrudgethedollar,thedime,thecent.IgivetosuchmenasdonotbelongtomeandwhomIdonotbelong.”Thispointofviewshowsthatifthesepoorpeopleareself-supported,theirlivingconditionswouldbebetter.Helpingthiskindofpeopleistodoharmtothemandmakethemmoreandmorepoor.Atmosttime,thepoorarelackofindependentconducts,optimisticattitudes,andadventurousspirits.Theyhavenoinnovativeabilities,becausetheyneverthinkthattheyshouldchallengelifeandmakeprogress.Therefore,inmanyaspects,thepoorarelaggedbehindofthesociety.,-,15,Influences,Itexertsenlightenmentonreaderstobeconfidentandindependent.Itteachesmantotakeadvancingattitudestowardslife.Besides,theseideasenlightenfemaleslife.Itisalsoofgreathelpforindividualsprogressandacountrysdevelopment.,-,16,Mythoughts,AttitudestowardsLifeTheattitudestowardslifehavetwochoices.Oneistodieandtheotheristolive.EmersonsSelf-Relianceteachesmetofollowmyownthoughtsandtakeoptimisticattitudestowardslife.Everythinghastwosides,themostimportantisthatwhichsidethemanchoose.Amanshouldbeconfidenteveryday,andtheneachdayisbeautifulandwithoutworry.Emersonshowedinhisworksthateachmanshouldbeindependenttocopewithhisproblems,butnotalwaysseekforassistance.Themancanlearnfromtheotherpeople,butheshouldmakedecisionsbyhimself.Eachsuccessfulmanhashisownpersonalitysothatheiseasytoachievehisdreams.Onceapersoncatchesthefundamentalideaofself-independenceandself-confidence,hecantellwhichisrightorwrongnomatterhowcomplicatedtheinterpersonalrelationis.Thenheislikelytorejecttoparrot.,-,17,Nature,RalphWaldoEmerson,NatureisanessaywrittenbyRalphWaldoEmerson,publishedanonymouslyin1836.Itisinthisessaythatthefoundationoftranscendentalismisputforth,abeliefsystemthatespousesanon-traditionalappreciationofnature.,-,18,Hisattitudetowardsnature:,Emersonlovesnature.Hisnatureisthegarmentoftheover-soul,symbolicandmoralbound.Natureisnotsomethingpurelyofthematter,butalivewithGodspresence.Itexercisesahealthyandrestorativeinfluenceonhumanbeings.Childrencanseenaturebetterthanadult.,-,19,Togointosolitude,amanneedstoretireasmuchfromhischamberasfromsociety.为了寻得孤身独处，人有必要走出卧房，退出社会，回归自然。Natureistheembodimentofhumansmind.Joyfulnaturerepresentshappiness,whilesadnatureshowssorrow.(爱默生眼中的自然是人的精神化身，欢乐的自然呈现着欢乐，哀愁的自然则又显得哀愁),-,20,theintegrityofimpressionmadebymanifoldnaturalobjects.大千世界中多种事物给予的完整的印象ItshowsEmersonsromanticopinionofnature,heregardsthevariousthingsin