学术英语社科Uint 4

学术英语社科,AcademicEnglishforSocialSciences,4,Weliveinaworldtodaythatisincreasinglymorecomplex.Whyarethelivingconditionsofourtimessodifferentfromthoseofearliertimes?Howwillourliveschangeinthefuture?Thesearethequestionsthatleadustothestudyofsociology.,TheStudyofSocietyandPeople,Unit4TheStudyofSocietyandPeople,UnitContents,Lead-in,TextA,TextB,Listening,Speaking,Writing,Lead-in,TaskListentoatalktwiceandcompletethefollowingnotes.,Unit4TheStudyofSocietyandPeople,1Thequestionsthespeakerraisesinthetalkare:aWhydoeseveryone_?bWhycantpeople_?cWhyisshespendinghermoney_?dWhydoesntthegovernment_?eWhyisthestate_ina_?fWhataboutthat_?2Sociologistsstudy_,lookfor_.,needanSUV,carpool,onlotterytickets,investmoreinpublictransportation,runningalottery,conveniencestore,cupofpremiumcoffeeyoubought,socialpatternsthatmanypeopleshare,organizedandgoverned,rootcausesofsuchsocialpatternsinthewaysocietyis,TextA,CriticalreadingandthinkingDifficultsentencesEnglishlanguageforacademicpurpose,SpecializedvocabularyCollocationsFormalandinformalEnglishSignpostlanguage,Unit4TheStudyofSocietyandPeople,TextA,CriticalreadingandthinkingofTextA,Unit4TheStudyofSocietyandPeople,TextAnalysisHowdotheauthorsdevelopthetext?,TragicmassmurderatColumbineHighSchoolEthniccleansingWarinKosovoHowdotheauthorsdescribetheworldwelivetodayin?awashwithchange,markedbydeepconflicts,tensions,socialdivisions;markedbythedestructiveonslaughtofmoderntechnology,1Introducethetopicofsociologybyusingtheexample.,TextA,CriticalreadingandthinkingofTextA,Unit4TheStudyofSocietyandPeople,TextAnalysis2Explainwhatissociology,includingdefinition,scope,natureandhavingnoconnectionwithmarriage.e.g.IntheMiddleageandforcenturiesafterward(Para.6),Howdotheauthorsdevelopthetext?,Unit4TheStudyofSocietyandPeople,2Explainwhatissociology,includingdefinition,scope,natureteachustotrytoidentifygeneralpatternsofbehaviorandbesystematicinexplainingthesocialinfluencesonthesepatterns.,Howdotheauthorsdevelopthetext?,Unit4TheStudyofSocietyandPeople,2Explainwhatissociology,includingdefinition,scope,nature“thinkourselvesaway”from_.,themanew,Thestudyofsociology,Howtothinksociologically?,theimagination,thefamiliarroutinesofourdailylivesinordertolookat,Task2Answerthefollowingquestions.,TextA,Suggestedanswers,Criticalreadingandthinking,Unit4TheStudyofSocietyandPeople,1Howdoestheauthordescribetheworldweliveintoday?2WhydoestheauthorraisethethreequestionsinParagraph2?3Whydopeoplefallinloveaccordingtotheauthors?4WhydidmenandwomenmarryintheMiddleAges?,Theauthordescribesthattheworldweliveintodayisintenselyworrying,yetfullofthemostextraordinarypromiseforthefuture.,Theauthorwantstoshowuswhatistheprimeconcernofsociology.,Becauseloveexpressesmutualphysicalandpersonalattachmenttwoindividualsfeelforoneanother.,Mainlyinordertokeeppropertyinthehandsoffamilyortoraisechildrentoworkthefamilyfarm.,Task2Answerthefollowingquestions.,TextA,Suggestedanswers,Criticalreadingandthinking,Unit4TheStudyofSocietyandPeople,5Wheredidromanticlovemakeitsfirstappearance?6Howweretherelationsbetweenhusbandandwifeamongaristocraticgroups?,Itsfirstappearancemadeincourtlycircles.,Therelationsarecoolanddistant.,Task2Answerthefollowingquestions.,TextA,Suggestedanswers,Criticalreadingandthinking,Unit4TheStudyofSocietyandPeople,7Whatisbasictothesociologicaloutlook?8WhatarethedifferencesbetweenordinarypeopleandsociologistsinexplainingthemassmurderatColumbineHighSchool?,Understandingthesubtleyetcomplexandprofoundwaysinwhichourindividuallivesreflectthecontextsofoursocialexperienceisbasictothesociologicaloutlook.,OrdinarypeoplesexplanationsfocusonthesocialcausesofviolenceintheUnitedStates,whereassociologistscanbringanevendeeperunderstanding.Forexample,sociologistsmightstudyothermassmurdersandconsideriftherewasapatterninthegroupcharacteristics.,Task3InParagraph12,theauthorsroughlyexplainhowasociologistwouldstudytheColumbineHighSchoolmassacre.Supposeyouwereasociologist,workinpairsandexaminethecase.Youmay:,TextA,Suggestedanswers,Criticalreadingandthinking,Unit4TheStudyofSocietyandPeople,1SearchtheInternetformoreinformationaboutthemassmurder,theU.S.younggeneration,theirlivingconditionsetc.2Explorethecaselikeasociologist.3Haveadiscussionaboutitwithyourpartner.4Reportyourfindingstotheclass.,Task4ConsiderthesimpleactofaChinesedrinkingacupofcoffee.Workinpairsandexplorethebehaviorfromasociologistsview.Thinkabout:,TextA,Suggestedanswers,Criticalreadingandthinking,Unit4TheStudyofSocietyandPeople,Whatiscoffee?Whatdoesitsymbolize?,Coffeeisnotjustarefreshment.Itpossessessymbolicvalueaspartofourday-to-daysocialactivities.Oftentheritualassociatedwithcoffeedrinkingismuchmoreimportantthantheactofconsumingthedrinkitself.Twopeoplewhoarrangetomeetforcoffeeareprobablymoreinterestedingettingtogetherandchattingthaninwhattheyactuallydrink.,Task4ConsiderthesimpleactofaChinesedrinkingacupofcoffee.Workinpairsandexplorethebehaviorfromasociologistsview.Thinkabout:,TextA,Suggestedanswers,Criticalreadingandthinking,Unit4TheStudyofSocietyandPeople,Whataretherelationsbetweencoffeedrinkersandthepeopleinvolvedintheproduction,transport,anddistributionofcoffee?,Anindividualwhodrinksacupofcoffeeiscaughtupinacomplicatedsetofsocialandeconomicrelationshipsstretchingacrosstheworld.Theproduction,transport,anddistributionofcoffeerequirecontinuoustransactionsbetweenpeoplethousandsofmilesawayfromthecoffeedrinker.Studyingsuchglobaltransactionsisanimportanttaskofsociology,sincemanyaspectsofourlivesarenowaffectedbyworldwidesocialinfluencesandcommunications.,Task4ConsiderthesimpleactofaChinesedrinkingacupofcoffee.Workinpairsandexplorethebehaviorfromasociologistsview.Thinkabout:,TextA,Suggestedanswers,Criticalreadingandthinking,Unit4TheStudyofSocietyandPeople,WhatdoestheChinesepeoplesactofsippingacupofcoffeeremindyouof?(e.g.socialandeconomicdevelopment,Westernlifestyles,originofcoffeeetc.),Theactofsippingacupofcoffeepresumesawholeprocessofpastsocialandeconomicdevelopment.Alongwithothernow-familiaritemsofWesterndietsliketea,bananas,potatoes,andwhitesugarcoffeeonlybecamewidelyconsumedfromthelate1800s.AlthoughthedrinkoriginatedintheMiddleEast,itsmassconsumptiondatesfromtheperiodofWesterncolonialexpansionaboutacenturyandahalfago.,Languagebuilding-up,TextA,Suggestedanswers,Task1Specializedvocabulary,TranslatethefollowingsociologicaltermsfromEnglishintoChineseorviceversa.,Unit4TheStudyofSocietyandPeople,1socialdivision2socialbeing3intellectuallife4humanemotion5socialclass6人类的社会生活,社会分工,社会人,精神生活,人类情感,社会阶级,humansociallife,Languagebuilding-up,TextA,Suggestedanswers,Task1Specializedvocabulary,TranslatethefollowingsociologicaltermsfromEnglishintoChineseorviceversa.,Unit4TheStudyofSocietyandPeople,7全球的社会进程8婚姻幸福9公共场所10和他人交往11社会环境12行为模式13文化背景,socializewithothers,globalsocialprocess,maritalhappiness,culturalbackground,publicplaces,socialcontext,patternsofbehavior,Languagebuilding-up,TextA,Suggestedanswers,Task1Specializedvocabulary,Completethefollowingsentenceswiththecorrectformofthetermsinthebox.,Unit4TheStudyofSocietyandPeople,culturalbackgroundintellectuallifemaritalhappinesspatternofbehaviorpublicplacesocialclass,1Thisstudyexaminestheeffectsof_ontheacceptationofinformationandcommunicationstechnologyindevelopingcountries.2_isajudgmentmadebyaspousethatindicatesthesenseofwell-beingorsatisfactionheorsheexperiencesinthemaritalrelationship.3Whensociologiststalkof_,theyrefertoagroupofindividualswhooccupyasimilarpositionintheeconomicsystemofproduction.,culturalbackground,Maritalhappiness,socialclass,Languagebuilding-up,TextA,Suggestedanswers,Task1Specializedvocabulary,Completethefollowingsentenceswiththecorrectformofthetermsinthebox.,Unit4TheStudyofSocietyandPeople,culturalbackgroundintellectuallifemaritalhappinesspatternofbehaviorpublicplacesocialclass,4Ifweunderstandthatachildworkstoperfecttheadultsheorhewillbecome,thenwemustlookatthe_thatemergeinchildhoodasindicatorsoftheadultpersonality.5Itisnowcommonpracticeforsmokingtobebannedinworkplacessuchasofficesandinotherenclosed_suchascinemas,busesandtrains.6YaleLawSchoolenhancesthe_ofitsacademiccommunitybysponsoringavarietyofcenters,programs,andworkshops,inspiredbytheinterestsofitsfacultyandstudents.,patternofbehavior,publicplaces,intellectuallife,Languagebuilding-up,TextA,Suggestedanswers,Task2Signpostlanguage,Completethesentenceswiththewordsandexpressionslistedabove.Theremaybemorethanonecorrectanswer.,Unit4TheStudyofSocietyandPeople,1Anewsecuritysystemwasinstalled._,extraguardswerehired.2_,Iwouldliketothankallthosepeoplewhohelpedmaketheconferencesuchasuccess.3_catchingerrors,object-orientedsystemscansheltertheuserfromthecomplexityofdealingwithlotsofdifferentkindsofdata.4_,Jackwouldnotallowit,and_,Idontthinkmomwouldlikeitmucheither.,Inaddition,Finally,Inadditionto,second,First,Languagebuilding-up,TextA,Suggestedanswers,Task2Signpostlanguage,Completethesentenceswiththewordsandexpressionslistedabove.Theremaybemorethanonecorrectanswer.,Unit4TheStudyofSocietyandPeople,5Herearesomequickhintsthatcanhelpmakerevisioneasier._,setyourfirstdraftasideforawhile.Youcanthencomebacktothedraftwithafresh,moreobjectivepointofview._,inrevisingapaper,youshouldreadandrereaditseveraltimes,foritisimpossibletonoticealltheerrorsandthingsthatneedchanginginoneortwohastyreadings._,asyoureadyourpaper,addyourthoughtsandchangesabovethelinesorinthemarginsofyourpaper.Yourwrittencommentscanserveasaguidewhenyouworkonthenextdraft.,Finally,First,Second,Languagebuilding-up,TextA,Suggestedanswers,Task3FormalEnglish,Replacetheunderlinedwordsinthefollowingsentenceswiththeonesthataremoredaily-life.,1Romanticlovefirstmadeitsappearanceincourtlycirclesasacharacteristicofextramaritalsexualadventuresindulgedinbymembersofthearistocracy.,appeared,Key:,2Abriefexamplewillprovideaninitialtasteofthenatureandobjectivesofsociology.,Key:,goals,3Thetheorymightassertthathighinflationariseswhenthegovernmentprintstoomuchmoney.,Key:,appears,Unit4TheStudyofSocietyandPeople,Languagebuilding-up,TextA,Suggestedanswers,Task3FormalEnglish,Replacetheunderlinedwordsinthefollowingsentenceswiththeonesthataremoredaily-life.,4Sociologydemonstratestheneedtotakeamuchbroaderviewofwhyweareasweare,andwhyweactaswedo.,shows,Key:,5SomecountriesareindustrializingandmaysuffersomeofthedisruptionsthatanalogouspartsoftheWestencounteredatsimilarstagesoftheirdevelopmentearlyinthe20thcentury.,Key:,met,6Learningtothinksociologicallylooking,inotherwords,atthebroaderviewmeanscultivatingtheimagination.,Key:,developing,Unit4TheStudyofSocietyandPeople,Languagebuilding-up,TextA,Suggestedanswers,Task3FormalEnglish,Replacetheunderlinedwordsinthefollowingsentenceswiththeonesthataremoredaily-life.,7weneedtoimagine,forexample,whattheexperienceofsexandmarriageislikeforpeoplethemajorityofhumankinduntilrecentlytowhomidealsofromanticloveappearalienorevenabsurd.,strange,Key:,8Studyingsociologycannotbejustaroutineprocessofacquiringknowledge.,Key:,gaining,9Thesociologicalimaginationrequiresus,aboveall,to“thinkourselvesaway”fromthefamiliarroutinesofourdailylivesinordertolookatthemanew.,Key:,inanewway,Unit4TheStudyofSocietyandPeople,BACKGROUNDINFORMATION,Sociologyisthestudyofhumansocialbehavioranditsorigins,development,organizations,andinstitutions.Itisasocialsciencewhichusesvariousmethodsofempiricalinvestigation2andcriticalanalysistodevelopabodyofknowledgeabouthumansocialactions,socialstructureandfunctions.,Thewordsociology(orsociologie)isderivedfrombothLatinandGreekorigins.TheLatinword:socius,companion;thesuffix-logy,thestudyoffromGreek-from,lgos,word,knowledge.Itwasfirstcoinedin1780bytheFrenchessayistEmmanuel-JosephSieys(17481836)inanunpublishedmanuscript.SociologywaslaterdefinedindependentlybytheFrenchphilosopherofscience,AugusteComte(17981857),in1838.,AnthonyGiddens,AnthonyGiddens(born8January1938)isaBritishsociologistwhoisknownforhistheoryofstructurationandhisholisticviewofmodernsocieties.Heisconsideredtobeoneofthemostprominentmodernsociologists,theauthorofatleast34books,publishedinatleast29languages,issuingonaveragemorethanonebookeveryyear.In2007,Giddenswaslistedasthefifthmost-referencedauthorofbooksinthehumanities.,MitchellDuneier,MitchellDuneierisanAmericansociologistcurrentlyProfessorofSociologyatPrincetonUniversityandregularVisitingDistinguishedProfessorofSociologyattheGraduateCenteroftheCityUniversityofNewYork.,ColumbineHighSchool,ColumbineHighSchoolwasthesiteofoneofthedeadliestmassshootingsinmodernUnitedStateshistory.ItisthedeadliesthighschoolshootinginU.S.history.TheshootingsoccurredonApril20,1999,whenEricHarrisandDylanKleboldkilledtwelvestudentsandateacher,andwounded23others,beforetheybothcommittedsuicide.Themassacremadeheadlinesnationwideandaroundtheworld,makingColumbineahouseholdname,andcausingamoralpanicinAmericanhighschools.,Ethniccleansing,Ethniccleansingisatheprocessorpolicyofeliminatingunwantedethnicorreligiousgroupsbydeportation,forcibledisplacement,massmurder,orbythreatsofsuchacts,withtheintentofcreatingaterritoryinhabitedbypeopleofahomogeneousorpureethnicity,religion,culture,andhistory.Ethniccleansingusuallyinvolvesattemptstoremovephysicalandculturalevidenceofthetargetedgroupintheterritorythroughthedestructionofhomes,socialcenters,farms,andinfrastructure,andbythedesecrationofmonuments,cemeteries,andplacesofworship.,希特勒（纳粹德国）：德国人觉得他们的失败是由犹太人所导致的，而在犹太人大屠杀中屠杀了近600万犹太人。米洛塞维奇（塞尔维亚）：灭绝科索沃境内阿尔巴尼亚人，与美国爆发科索沃战争。萨达姆侯赛因（伊拉克）：灭绝伊北库德族。波斯湾战争后联合国将伊北库德族居住地与伊拉克南部与沙特阿拉伯、科威特接壤的地方划为禁航区。日本帝国：日本军在二战期间于中国大陆、东南亚等地屠杀当地居民，详见日军战争罪行条目。红色高棉（柬埔寨）：领导人波布曾在柬国境内进行激进的社会主义改造活动，屠杀反抗者数十万人；最后越共军队入侵柬国，推翻赤柬政权。印尼排华事件（印尼）：1998年印尼前总统苏哈托指使印尼军队以及部分暴民，对在印尼的华人实施了极不人道的屠杀。近万华人死伤及华妇遭性侵害卢旺达大屠杀：境内图西族与胡图族发生内战，在各自的占领区灭绝对方种族。,Usefulexpressions,Para.1-2MassmurderEthniccleansingAwashwithDestructiveonslaughtControlourdestinyShapeourlivesComeaboutPrimeconcernIntellectuallife,Usefulexpressions,Para.3-5SubjectmatterPassingencounterInitialtasteAtfirstsightMutualphysicalandpersonalattatchmentBeskepticalofSelf-evident,Usefulexpressions,Para.6-8InthehandsofRaisechildrenClosecompanionSexualaffairoutsidemarriageIndulgedinCourtlycirclesExtramaritalsexualadventureTemporaryinfatuation,Usefulexpressions,Para9-13RomanticloveIntermsofHistoricalandsocialforcesSociologicaloutlookBeobsessedwithEasyavailabilityoftheweaponsAwidearrayofBehavioralpatternsCultivatetheimaginationRoutineprocess,TextB,CriticalreadingandthinkingDifficultsentencesEnglishlanguageforacademicpurpose,Unit4TheStudyofSocietyandPeople,TextB,Criticalreadingandthinking,Unit4TheStudyofSocietyandPeople,TextAnalysis,Whatisthemainreasonaccordingtosociologists?,Thesociologicaldebate:thegenderpaygap,Sexsegregationorgendertyping.,TextB,Criticalreadingandthinking,Unit4TheStudyofSocietyandPeople,TextAnalysis,Sexsegregationthefactthatmenandwomenareconcentratedindifferentoccupationse.g.In1989jobsthatwereover80percentfemaleandjobsthatwereover80percentmakeareasfollows:,TextB,Criticalreadingandthinking,Unit4TheStudyofSocietyandPeople,TextAnalysis,Thegendercompositionofajobisassociatedwiththepayreceivedforthatjob.Jobspaylessiftheycontainahigherproportionoffemales.AnEqualPayActin1963hasdonelittletoeradicatepaydifferencesattributabletogender.,TextB,Criticalreadingandthinking,Unit4TheStudyofSocietyandPeople,TextAnalysis,Howoccupationalsegregationleadstoagendergapinpay?,Sociologistsandeconomistsdifferintheirexplanations.,TextB,Criticalreadingandthinking,Unit4TheStudyofSocietyandPeople,TextAnalysis,TextB,Difficultsentences,Thereasonthatsexsegregationisproblematicisbecausethegendercompositionofajobisassociatedwiththepayreceivedforthatjob.(Para.4),Ifthereissexsegregationinoccupationsthenthepayreceivedforcertainjobsarenotbasedontheintrinsicvalueoftheworkbutonthegendercomposition,thatistosay,ifanoccupationispredominantlyfemale,thejobsarepaidless.,Unit4TheStudyofSocietyandPeople,TextB,Difficultsentences,Centraltothisargumentistheassumptionthatwomensprimaryallegianceistohomeandfamily;thustheyseekundemanding“dead-end”jobsthatrequirelittlepersonalinvestmentintrainingorskillsacquisitionsothattheycanbettertendtotheirhouseholdresponsibilities.(Para.7),Themainassumptionbehindtheargumentisthatwomentrytofindjobsthatarenotchallenging,andarenotpromisingbecausesuchjobsdonotdemandmuchtrainingandskills.Theydothisbecausetheywanttodevotemuchoftheirtimeandenergytohouseholdwork.,Unit4TheStudyofSocietyandPeople,TextB,Difficultsentences,girlsmaychooseoccupationssuchasteacherornurse,whichareviewedascompatiblewith“feminine”traitssuchaswarmthornurturance.(Para.8),girlsmaychoosejobssuchasteacherornurse.Thesejobsareregardedassuitableforgirlsastheyfitthedescriptionsofwarmthornurturancewhichareoftenassociatedwithwomen.,Unit4TheStudyofSocietyandPeople,Specializedvocabulary,TextB,Englishlanguageforacademicpurpose,genderpaygapsexsegregationgendertypingpublicpolicymakerhumancapitalSocializationgenderrolegenderideology,Unit4TheStudyofSocietyandPeople,性别隔离,性别特征,人力资本,男女收入差距,决策人,社会化,性别角色,性别意识,Collocation,TextB,Englishlanguageforacademicpurpose,bedisadvantagedbyeradicatepaydifferencesbeattributabletoformalschoolingonseveralgroundsbecompatiblewithprovidebackpay,Unit4TheStudyofSocietyandPeople,Task1Economistsandsociologistsdifferintheirexplanationsofhowoccupationalsexse