菜谱的翻译艺术

美食中华游,EnjoyingFoodinChina,Chinesewokkingispopularbothathomeandabroadwithalongstandingreputation.Chineseflavorswithauniquemultinationalstylearedelicious.(gastronomy),Mainschoolsoftheworldcuisine,TheFrenchcuisineTheItaliancuisineTheChinesecuisine,CompositionoftheChinesecuisine地方菜regional/localwokking宫廷菜royaldishes官府菜Officialcuisine斋（寺院）菜Buddhistdishes少数民族菜Ethnicspecialties各地名特小吃Snacksanddimsums,ChinasFamousEightofCuisine,鲁（Shandongcuisine）川（Sichuancuisine）粤（CantoneseWokking）闽（Fujiancuisine）苏（Jiangsucuisine）浙(Zhejiangcuisine)湘(Hunancuisine)徽(Anhuicuisine)-BeijingCuisineGuangdongCuisine,Aglimpseofcuisinehistory,庖正（RANK）-肉林酒池（ShangDynasty）-周代八珍-吕氏春秋本纪-食疗专著备急千金药方(T)-元代忽思慧饮膳正要-清代袁枚随园食单-满汉全席,中华主要菜系MainSchoolsofChineseCuisine,中国烹调与口味ChineseWokkingandFlavors,1.烹调准备工作preparationsforcooking,1.脱/剥壳shelling:剥虾仁Shelledshrimps豌豆shellingpeapods2.打鳞scaling:去鱼鳞scaledfish去虾线devein3.剥皮skinning:去皮青蛙skinnedfrog4.去骨boning:去骨鹅掌bonedduckweb5.去核stoning/pitting:去水果核stoningfruit,6.腌制pickling/salted:咸酸菜pickledvegetables7.打芡dressing:为煎鱼勾芡dressingafriedfish8.刮皮scraping:土豆scrapingpotatoes9.削皮paring:萝卜paringaturnip/aradish10.剥皮peeling:香蕉peelingabanana11.刨丝grating:土豆丝gratingpotato,2.刀功与备料Cuttingandpreparingsuppliesbeforecooking,1.切丁Dicing:鸡丁dicedchicken;chickencubes2.切片Slicing:切鱼片slicedfish;fishslices3.挡Cutting(open):挡鱼cuttingopenafish4.捣烂Mashing:捣薯泥mashedpotatoes;蒜蓉mashedgarlic姜蓉mashedginger5.切碎Mincing切肉末mincedmeat;mincedbeef,6.片肉Filleting:做腰片filletingakidney7.切丝Shredding:切肉丝shreddedmeat;porkshreds8.切柳filleting:炸鱼柳Friedfilletoffish9.拍扁Flattening:拍扁蒜苗flatteninggarlicshoots10.拍碎Crushing/mashing拍碎杏仁crushingalmond,11.交叉切Rollcutting:切胡萝卜丁carrotcubes12.切菱形Diamondcutting切西芹parsleyslices13.琼浆Agar-agar明胶gelatin;gelatine14.玉米粉Cornstarch苕粉potatoflour15.竹芋粉Arrowrootstarch木苕粉tapiocaflour,16.加填Stuffing加填烧鸡stuffedroastchicken17.研磨Grinding研磨胡椒black/whitepepperpower18.撇沫Skimming搅打whipping拌和mixing20.烫Scalding(achicken)21.燎毛Singing(apigtrotter)22.去渣Straining(dregs),淘洗Rinsing(rice)筛Sifting浸泡(发涨)Rehydrating(driedbambooshoots);steeped浸渍Marinateing发涨Dehydrating发酵Leaven;ferment凝固Setting,除水(甩干)Dehydrating;挂糊coating撒粉Dusting沾上鸡蛋汁Battering沾上面粉Dredging沾上面包糊breading蘸水Dipping冰镇Iced;freezing(tea);chilled盘饰Garnishing打点dot酱Seasonedinbeanpaste,orinsoysauce/mastersauce,澄清Clarifying熬浓/增稠Reducing涂油Greasing浇肉汁Glazing加佐料Seasoning加香料spicing加芡Saucing勾芡thickening上糖衣Icing上糖霜creaming加淋盖Dressing加盖头topping,番茄酱Tomatosauce酸辣酱Chutney辣椒酱Chilipaste豆瓣酱Beampaste芝麻酱Sesamebutter花生酱Peanutbutter果酱Jam橘子酱marmalade梅子酱Plumsauce薄荷酱Mintsauce蛋黄酱Mayonnaise叉烧酱BBQsauce鱼子酱Caviar虾酱Shrimppaste,ChineseFlavors,甜Sweet酸/涩Sour/acid库bitter辣Hot；pungent；spicy；peppery麻Spicy（麻辣tonguenumbingtaste）香Fragrant；aroma；pleasanttothetaste脆Crispy酥Short（beshorted使变脆）嫩Tender；halfdone老Tough；hard；overdone；well-done,腥Fishy；smelly油腻Greasy；rich；oily甘美Mellow无味Tasteless；flat咸味Savoury；salty膻Smellofmuttonorbeef涩Acidic；astringent；austere；tart怪味的Strangeunique臭Stinking；smelly,新鲜Fresh；newlymade；morning-picked；tender清（淡）Clear（mild）；bland；light淡Mild；weak浓Thick；strong；pungent味浓的Heavilyseasoned味淡的Highlyseasoned；light/mildtaste烟熏味的Smoky酵母味的Yeasty红油的Chili-sauced酸辣的Vinegar-peppered；sour-peppered,糊辣的Burnt-peppered麻辣的Spicy-peppered椒盐的Saltedandpeppered蒜蓉的Garlicpasted姜汁的ginger-juiced麻酱的Sesame-paste酱香的Brown-sauced香糟的Rice-wined五香的Five-spiced鱼香的Fish-flavored糖醋的/酸甜的Sweetandsour,4.烹调法（炒烧煎炸烤炖煮的总称）Cookery,Thereareatleast50kindsofcookingmethodsinChina.Nextarethemainones.,干炸todry;todeep-fry炒tosaut;tostir-fry清炒tosaut(plainly)烩toassort煎topanfry(inboilingoil)卤bittern;toboilinsoysauce/stewedinthemastersauce,orinlightbrine焖tobraise;fricasseed炸tocookinboilingoil爆炒（熘）toquick-fry,扒fryingandsimmering回锅twice-cooked软炸softdeep-fry酥炸crispdeepfry烤焦；烙黄searing烧toburn炙toboil/grill(grilledfood)明火烧烤skewered叉烧的spit-roasted,干烧drybraised涂油烤basting加辣味烧烤的devilled煮boiling；煮成半熟的parboiled涮instantboiling烫scalding水煮poaching（煮成半熟/parboiling;parboiled）拔丝candiedfloss熏制的smoked/腊制的cured/腌肉curedmeat,Sometranslationdifficulties（待续）,辛辣食品spicyfood放香料的食品spicedfood炒鸡蛋scrambledegg/omelet煮鸡蛋boiledeggs煮荷包蛋poachedeggs煎一面鸡蛋sunnysideup煎两面鸡蛋over-friedegg煎半熟蛋overeasy煎全熟蛋overhard两面煎半熟的鸡蛋over-easyfriedegg,海鲜烧烤北京烤鸭广式烧鹅叫花子鸡烧烤-烧烤乳猪烘烤-铁烤-浇油烤（广式）铁板烧,重庆火锅/麻辣烫北方的涮羊肉广东打边炉烫米粉做米粉过桥米线广东肇庆的剑花猪肉汤（待续）,5.上菜（DiningService）,宴会banquet盛宴feast大餐/酒席spread菜单menu包席setmeal按菜单逐道点菜alacarte;fillintheorders八菜一汤asetofeightdisheswithasoup四菜一汤asetoffourdisheswithasoup头道菜starter;thefirstcourse主菜maindish/course正菜entree配菜sidedish/大菜center/maincourse,第二道菜thesecondcourse最后一道菜thelastcourse(butnottheleast)果盘fruitplate装饰菜garnish特色菜specialties民族风味菜ethnicspecialties/dishes特价菜special(dishes/course)（免费）送菜freedish拿手菜chefsdelight;chefsdish冷盘colddish;熟食Deli(delicatessen)凉拌菜Chinesesalad;,皇家菜royaldish家常菜homedish农家菜ruraldish海派口味菜overseasdishes（正餐前的）开胃食品horsdoeuvre开胃小吃appetizer饭前酒茶点小吃aperitif甜点pastries/sweets/desserts点心/小吃dimsums/snacks一份aservice/serving/helping/portion,中西菜肴的翻译方法TranslationmethodsofChineseandWesterncuisine,A.Literaltranslation“写实”型菜肴,Mostnamesofthecuisinearedescriptionofmaterials,waysofcookingandcharacteristics,suchas青椒肉丝（material），红烧全鱼（wayofcooking+material），五香禾花雀（color+mellow+taste+shape+material）,etc.Rules:烹调方法+加工法+原料（主料+配料+调料）,1.烹调法+主料名炸虾球Friedprawnballs炒豌豆苗Friedpeashoots清蒸桂鱼Steamedmandarinfish炒鸡丝Stir-friedchicken炸春卷Deep-friedeggrolls,烧鹅Roastgoose叉烧肉Barbecuedpork/roastporkfillet炒乳猪Roastsucklingpig/roastpiglet炒腰片Friedslicedpigskidney涮羊肉Instantboiledmutton香熏鱼Smokedspicyfish,煎咸鱼Friedsaltedfish白切鸡Steamedchicken咸牛肉Saltedbeef/cornbeef煨牛肉Simmeredbeef蒸螃蟹Steamedcrab炒蟹肉Friedcrabmeat白灼螺片Friedslicedwhelk,五香兔肉Spicedhare脆皮锅酥肉Deepfriedpork炸桂鱼Friedmandarinfish清蒸全鱼Steamedwholefish清蒸鲈鱼腩Steamedperch-frank盐烙信封鸡SaltbakedXinfengchicken,2.烹调法+主料名+with+配料酿豆腐Beancurdstuffedwithmincedpork酿鲫鱼Stewedcarpstuffedwithmincedpork油焖笋Stewedbambooshootswithsoysauce香菇蒸鸡Steamedchickenwithmushrooms蚝油蒸鸡脯Sautedchickenwithoystersauce,杏仁炒虾仁Friedshrimpswithalmonds糖醋排骨Spareribswithsweetandsoursauce红烧牛尾Stewedoxtailwithbrownsauce红烧牛舌Stewedoxtonguewithbrownsauce红烧猪肉Braisedporkwithbrownsauce咸水虾Boiledshrimpswithsalt,茄汁鱼球Friedfishballswithtomatosauce红烧鳗鱼Stewedeelwithbrownsauce红烧鲤鱼头Stewedcarpheadwithbrownsauce红烧青鱼Stewedblackcarpwithbrownsauce蚝油鱼唇Braisedfishlipswithoysteroil,奶油鱼肚Friedfishwithcreamsauce蚝油鲍鱼片Friedabalonesliceswithoysteroil草菇蒸鸡Steamedchickenwithmushrooms干烧明虾Friedprawnswithpeppersauce醋溜子鸡Friedspringchickenwithvinegarsauce,烹调法+主料名+with/in+配料名冬笋炒鱿鱼Friedsquidwithfreshbambooshoots笋尖焖肉Simmeredmeatwithbambooshoots笋菇鸡丁Friedchickencubeswithbambooandmushrooms炖栗子鸡Stewedchickenwithchestnuts冬菇菜心Friedwintermushroomswithgreencabbage腐乳汁烧肉Stewedporkwithpreservedbeancurd咖喱牛肉Friedbeefwithcurry,滑蛋牛肉Friedbeefwithscrambledeggs糖醋松子桂鱼Friedmandarinfishwithpinenutsandwithsweetandsoursauce辣味烩虾Braisedprawnswithchilisauce沙锅栗子鸡Stewedchickenwithchestnutsinearthenpot荷叶粉蒸鸡Steamedchickeninlotusleafpackets素什锦豆腐Braisedbeancurdwithmixedvegetables蒜头烧黄鳝Stewedfinlesseelwithgarlic,4.烹调法+加工法+主料名+with/in+调料名肉片烧豆腐Stewedslicedporkwithbeancurd洋葱牛肉丝Friedshreddedbeefwithonion红烧狮子头Stewedmincedporkballswithbrownsauce青椒牛肉丝Stir-firedshreddedbeefwithgreenpepper雪菜炒冬笋Friedcabbagewithfreshbambooshoots,蚝油鸡球Chickenballswithoystersauce青椒肉片Friedslicedporkandgreenchilli炒鳝鱼Friedshreddedfinlesseel碧绿鲜虾脯Friedmincedshrimpswithvegetables鱼丸烧海鲜Stewedseacucumberswithfishballs蟹肉海参Friedseacucumberswithcrabmeat鸡茸海参Friedseacucumberswithmashedchicken,5.烹调法（+加工法）+主料名+and+主料名虾仁扒豆腐Stewedshelledshrimpsandbeancurd凤肝虾仁Friedshelledshrimpsandchickenliver甲鱼裙边煨肥猪肉Stewedcalipashandcalipeewithfatfork红烧什肉虾仁豆腐Friedbeancurd,shelledshrimpsandmissedmeatwithbrownsauce,B.Liberaltranslation“写意”型菜肴,利用菜肴原料的色香味的特点，烹调方法的特点以及造型上的特点，应和食客的心理，给菜肴取个动听、吉祥如意的名字，不出现原料和烹调方法。意译，翻译出原料和烹调方法。,龙凤会Stewedsnake&chicken全家福Stewedassortedmeats游龙戏凤Stirfriedprawns&chicken雪积银钟Stewedmushroomsstuffedwithwhitefungus,玉禅师Stewedpotatoeswithmushrooms蚂蚁上树Beanvermincelliwithspicymeatsauce一卵双凤Chickensteamedinwatermelon(twophoenixhatchedfromoneegg),C.Literalandliberaltranslation半“写实”半“写意”型,原料、加工方法+色香味的特点,三鲜汤soupwithfish,shrimpsandporkballs炒双冬Friedsautmushroomsandbambooshoots木须肉Friedporkwithscrambledeggsandfungus翡翠虾仁Stir-friedshrimpswithpeas牡丹蔬菜Friedmushroomandbambooshootsinpeonyshape芙蓉鸡片Friedchickensliceswitheggwhite,生蒸鸳鸯鸡Steamedfrog凤爪炖甲鱼Steamedturtleandchickensfeetsoup红烧四喜肉Braisedbrisketwithbrownsauce雪耳袈裟Scaledwhitefunguswithveiledlady红烧狮子头braisedmincedporkballswithbrownsauce,三蛇龙虎会Fricasseesnakeandcat百花酿北菇Mushroomsstuffedwithmincedshrimps五柳石斑鱼Steamedtenchwithassortedgarnished红烩虎皮鸽蛋Boiledandfriedpigeoneggs,stewedwithbrownsauce,D.Literal&liberaltranslation+pa