波士顿公园系统ppt课件

EmeraldNecklaceBoston,MA,Unitedstates,波士顿公园系统,AShortBiography,intheartoflandscapedesign,TheartistwerefertohereisFrederickLawOlmstedwho,forhisvisionandcraft,isknownasthefatheroflandscapearchitecture.HedesignedtheBostonParksystemweaffectionatelycalltheEmeraldNecklace,astringofninecontinuousparks.Studythesegreenspacesmorecloselyandyoullfindtheyarefarfromnaturallyoccurringphenomena.Theyarefeatsofengineering,marvelsofvisionaryurbanplanning,corridorsoftransportation,contributorstothepublichealth,andacanvasuponwhichanartisthasworkedinplants,trees,earthandwaterinsteadofoils.Olmsteddesignedthisparksysteminthelater19thcenturytoprovideacommongroundtowhichallpeoplecouldcomeforhealthfulrelieffromthepollution,noiseandovercrowdingofcitylife.Carriages,horsebackridersandpedestrianscouldenjoytheirrecreations,andBostonianscouldfindplacesforbothactiveplayandquietcontemplation.Hereshapedthetopographytosolvemajordrainageandsewageproblemsandtocreatearusticenvironment.,Thoughhedidnotdesignthefirstthreeparks-BostonCommon,thePublicGardenandCommonwealthAvenueMall-hedidenvisionthenewandolderparksworkingtogetherasasystem.Andhebelievedtheyshouldworkinmanyways.,BostonCommonFoundedin1634,TheoldestparkintheUnitedStates,theCommonhasbeensharedlandsince1634andholdsauniqueplaceinthehistoryofBostonandthenation.Thoughthelandscapehaschangedfrompasturesandmilitiatraininggroundstoawell-lovedparkwithopenlawns,shadedpathways,ballfields,tenniscourtsandaplayground,theCommonremainsanactivemeetinggroundintheheartofhistoricBoston.Forover350yearsithasbeenacenterandamirrorofciviclife.,TheMassachusettsStateHouse,FrederickLawOlmstednevertouchedBostonCommon,buthissonsdid.About1913,theirfirmsupervisedthepavingofwalkways,thereplenishmentofthesoil,andthemovingof15-tontrees.,PublicGardencreatedin1837,TheBostonPublicGardenwasestablishedin1837byagroupofProprietorsasthefirstpublicbotanicalgardenintheUnitedStates.In1852itwasreturnedtocitycontrol,andafterpassageofthePublicGardenactof1858,itwaslaidoutessentiallyinitspresentform.ThebeautyoftheBostonPublicGardenliesintheLagoon,SwanBoats,sculpture,fountains,elaborateflowerbeds,anditsnotabletrees.Allthesefeaturesmaketheparkafavoritespotforsmallweddings(bypermit).,CommonwealthAvenueMallEstablished1856-1888,ThisgrandalleofshadetreesformsthecentralspineoftheBackBayneighborhoodandastronglinkintheEmeraldNecklaceparksystem.TheMallfeaturesmemorialsculptureshonoringoutstandingpeople;fromRevolutionaryWarheroestofallenfirefighters.TheresidentialstreetsofBackBayaresomeofthebestpreservedexamplesoflate19th-centuryurbanarchitectureinthecountry.,BackBayFensEstablished1879,FrederickLawOlmstedschallengein1878wastoreclaimanareathatwasdescribedas“thefoulestmarshandmuddyflatstobefoundanywhereinMassachusetts”Hesucceededbycombiningsanitaryengineeringandlandscapearttocreatewhattodaywouldbecalledanecologicalrestoration.Significantlyfilledandalteredduringthe20thcentury,theBackBayFensnowprovidesavarietyofrecreationalopportunities,fromgardening,toconcerts,tosports.TheFensissurroundedbysomeofBostonsmajorculturalandeducationalinstitutions.,WithintheFensistheoldestremainingwartimeVictoryGarden(1941)plantedbycitizens.Todayitisawell-lovedCommunityGardenofflowersandvegetables.Afavoritepicnicsiteforlocalresidents,theWorldWarII,VietnamandKoreanWarMemorial,canbefoundtuckedbehindtheKelleherRoseGarden.TheplaygroundatMothersRestisalsoaperfectspotforchildrentocomeandplayafterschoolorontheweekend.,TheRiverwayEstablished1890,TheRiverway,whichformspartoftheborderbetweenBostonandBrookline,isanarrowparkofapproximately34acresthatrunsalongtheMuddyRiver.OlmsteddescribedtheMuddyRiverasafresh-watercourseborderedbypassagesofrushymeadowandvariedslopes”Whileitlookslikeanaturallandscape,thisparkwasalmostcompletelyconstructed,includingover100,000plantings.ItcontainssomeofthemostbeautifulbridgeswithintheEmeraldNecklace,manydesignedbythesuccessorarchitecturalfirmtoHenryHobsonRichardson,thefamed19th-centuryarchitectanddesignerofBostonsTrinityChurchinCopleySquare.AlthoughtheFenswasthebeginningofFrederickLawOlmstedsparksystem,thisisthefirstlandscapealongthelineargreenribbonwheretodaywecanseetheoriginalvisionofthedesigner.,OlmstedParkEstablished1891,OlmstedParkwasdesignedas“achainofpicturesquefresh-waterponds,alternatingwithattractivenaturalgrovesandmeads.”Pathways,bridges,andplantings,designedintandem,allowthevisitortoexperienceaseriesofvisualvignettesasscenerychangeswitheverystep.Tohelpdrawwildlifeintothepark,OlmstedbuilttwoislandsinLeverettPondtoprovide“well-guardedseclusion”forbirdswhowishedtonestthere.Today,peoplearedrawntotheathleticfields,thewildflowermeadow,theseclusionofthewoodlands,andtherestoredAllertonOverlook.,JamaicaPondEstablished1891,AnearlywatersourceforBoston,this68-acre“kettlehole”wasformedbyretreatingglaciers.Olmstedwasenamoredoftheponds“greatbeautyinreflectionsandflickeringhalf-lights.Today,theBoathouseatJamaicaPondprovidesfacilitiesforsailingandrowboating.Visitorscanfish(bypermit),andthepondisstockedeachyear.Abeautiful1.5-milepatharoundthepondisafavoriteofstrollersandrunnersalike.InOctober,theannualLanternFestivalbringsthousandsofpeople,someinfullHalloweencostume,forawalkaroundthepondtocreatetheirown“flickeringhalf-lights”.,ArnoldArboretumEstablished1872,ThisisNorthAmericasfirstpublicarboretumandoneoftheworldsleadingcentersforthestudyofplants.ANationalHistoricLandmark,itisownedbytheCityofBostonandmanagedbyHarvardUniversityundera1,000-yearleasesignedin1882.Auniqueblendofbelovedpubliclandscapeandrespectedresearchinstitution,thearboretums265acresofrollinglandincludemeadows,forest,andponds.Itscollectionofover15,000trees,shrubs,andvinesisoneofthelargestandbestdocumentedintheworld.,Nestledamidthebustleofavibrantmoderncity,adelightfulurbanoasisbeckons:theEmeraldNecklace.WeavingcontinuouslyforsevenmilesfromthehistoriccenterofBostonthroughadozenneighborhoods,thisi