L5 Speech on Hitler27s Invasion of the USSR(08.10吴飒)

Lesson 5 Speech on Hitlers Invasion of the USSRI. Objectives1. To let students know the three elements of argument (logos, ethos, pathos) and to ask them to analyze how to achieve them2. To help students appreciates Churchills speech3. To familiarize students with the basic elements of making good English speeches, such as in diction, sentence structures and the use of rhetorical devices4. To enable students to write a similar speechII. Background knowledge1. Britain and the Second World War2. The development of the WWII3. Adolph Hitler4. Sir Winston Spencer Churchill5. J.V.Stalin, Joseph VissarionovichIII. Overall structure of the textPart I: A piece of narration, Background of the speechPart II: Part of the speech proper, an argument or persuasionSection 1: “The Nazi regime horrors upon mankind”, Scenario on both sides of the border.To arouse emotion.Section 2: “I have to declare thein determination and in resources.”, What we should do.Section 3: “This is no timelife and power remain”, Further persuasion, to convince the audience of the justification of the decision.IV. Five Canons in Classical RhetoricClassical rhetoric divides the process of persuasion into five canons: 1. Invention, the search for persuasive ways to present information and formulate arguments - Deduction and Induction2. Arrangement, the organization of the parts of a presentation to ensure that all the means of persuasion are present and properly disposed3. Style, the art of producing sentences and words that will make a favorable impression on readers or listeners. Elements of style include language, word choice, length, variety, and patterns of emphasis, along with tropes (figures of speech), and schemes (figures of actual expression). the use of correct, appropriate, and remarkable language throughout the speech4. Memory, the use of mnemonics and practice 5. Delivery, presenting the message with effective gestures and vocal modulationLogosInvention PathosEthosIntroductionStatement of factsArrangementDivisionProofRefutation ConclusionDictionLengthProcess of persuasionStyleVariety Rhetorical devicesFigure of speechMnemonicsMemoryPracticeEffective gesturesDelivery Vocal modulationV. Three Elements of an Argument Logos : The logic of the argument, which includes Structure, Claim, Evidence 理性诉诸Pathos：Passion, your desire to get something done; the motivating force, and I mean force, behind your idea感性诉诸Ethos: Your credentials; your experience, your credibility, your past performance, awards, if any, for your work.伦理/人品诉诸，权威诉诸Questions: l What does an argument look like that has Logos or logic, but no Ethos or Pathos? l What does an argument look like that has Logos and Ethos, but not Pathos? l What does an argument look like that has all three: Logos (the logic), Ethos (the credentials), and Pathos (the Passion) VI. The analysis of the three appeals in Churchills speechLogos1. Any man or state who fights on against Nazidom will have our aid. Any man or state who marches with Hitler is our foeIt follows therefore that we shall give whatever help we can to Russia and the Russian people. (L8b, P80)2. He wishes to destroy the Russian power because(L14b, P81)3. The Russian danger is therefore our danger, and the danger of the United States, just as the cause of any Russian fighting for his hearth and home is the cause of free men and free people in every quarter of the globe. Sentences 1 and 2 are major premises (大前提), the minor premises (小前提) “Russia fights against Natzidom” is omitted. Sentence 3 is the conclusion. “It follows (L8b, P80)” means “It can be concluded from”, which is a reference.Pathos 1. I see the Russian soldiersI see them guarding their homes I see the ten thousand villages of Russia I see advancing upon all this I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldieryI see the German bombers and fighters in the sky (P79-80)2.He used a variety of figures of speech such as repetition, parallelism, metaphor, simile, etc. At the same time, he used description and contrast to reveal the quiet and peaceful life of Russian people and the outrage of German war machines. Dramatically, he described how Nazi war machines destroyed peace and involve people into the disaster of war. He compared Hun soldiery as locust, unveiling Hitlers reckless act and arousing audiences sensory disgust. He used figurative language to blend his emotion into his speech so as to achieve the effect of emotional appeal Ethos 1. The Nazi regime is indistinguishable from the worst features of CommunismNo one has been a more consistent opponent of Communism than I have for the last twenty-five years. I will unsay no word that I have spoken about it. (L7, P79)2.Churchill often relied on his reputation as elder statesman to get his point acrosseven the strongest communism opponent can change his position to support the Soviet Union and oppose Hitler, who cannot?VII. The rhetorical devices Churchill employed (Writing techniques)1. Periodic sentence: a sentence in which the main thought is not completed until the very end of the sentence. Compare: Loose constructionShe was offered a professional contract after winning the Olympic gold medal for figure skating, according to newspaper reports.Periodic sentenceAccording to newspaper reports, after winning the Olympic gold medal for figure skating, she was offered a professional contract.Loose constructionThere have been many great discoveries made by scientists in the twentieth century.Periodic sentenceScientists in the twentieth century have made many great discoveries.2. Rhetorical questionA rhetorical question differs from an ordinary question in this way: when a writer asks a rhetorical question, he does not expect the reader to answer it. Instead, a rhetorical question is used for emphasis. 3. Parallel structureIn parallel structure it is necessary to balance word for word (noun with noun, verb with verb, adjective with adjective, etc.), phrase with phrase, clause with clause, sentence with sentence.4. InversionWhen the normal order of words in a basic sentence pattern is reversed, inversion takes place. Inversion used judiciously, can be very effective in emphasizing a point.5. RepetitionThe use of repetition as a rhetorical device has a long story to tell. The repeated use of the same synonymous words add force, clearness or balance to a senten