Unit3英语写作课件

42-0,ExemplificationandClassification,Unit3,42-1,Vigorouswritingisconcise.Asentenceshouldcontainnounnecessarywordsforthesamereasonthatadrawingshouldhavenounnecessarylinesandamachinenounnecessaryparts.,STRUNKANDWHITE：TheElementsofStyle,42-2,MainSectionstobeCovered,3.1LanguageFunctionsExemplificationClassification3.2WritingImprovementExercises,42-3,Exemplification,Extendedexamples,Exemplification,Personalexamples,Typicalexamples,Hypotheticalexamples,Generalizedexamples,42-4,Personalexamples(1),(1)Wehavebooksonalltypesofunconventionalmedicine,forexample,acupunctureandfaithhealing.(2)Knowledgeoftenresultsonlyafterpersistentinvestigation.AlbertEinstein,afteralengthyexaminationofthecharacteristicsofmatterandenergy,formulatedhisfamousTheoryofRelativity,whichnowactsasabasisforfurtherresearchinnuclearphysics.,42-5,Personalexamples(2),(3)Asparentsgetolderandgetmoreexperienceundertheirbelt,theyrealizewhatsimportantaboutraisingchildren,andwhatsnot.Itakemyselfasanexample:atdinnertheothernight,ItookacookiesheetoutoftheovenandtoldMatthew,my4-year-old,Hot.Naturally,beingtheimpulsive,stubborn,curiousandintelligentcreaturethatheis,nottomentionbeinghungry,hepromptlydecidedtoreachoutandtrytotakethecookieoffthecookiesheet,heedlessofmywarning.Sixyearsago,withMichael,myfirstchild(whoisnow10),Iwouldhaveshriekedinwarningathim,scoldinghimand,frankly,lookingtoterrifyhimintonevertouchingthehotcookiesheetfortherestofhisnaturallife.Ilovehim-Idontwanthimtogethurt.Thistime,Ijustwatchedasmy4-year-oldexperienceditforhimself.Sureenough,heburnedhimself,tookhishandback,andcried.,42-6,Typicalexamples(1),(1)ThismorningwhenIwasreadingthepaperIwasimmediatelystruckbytwomoreexamplesofhowourstudentsviewoftheworldisdifferentfromthatoftheirteachers.IntheBusinesssectionofthe“DailyNews”(LosAngeles)thereisanarticleaboutthechangesinTVviewing.TheothermorningarticlethatcaughtmyattentionisanexampleofstudentsperceptionsofAIDSpreventionandeducation.,42-7,(2)TheCDCP(CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention)ishavinganotherlookathowcalculationsregardingtheeffectsofoverweightaffecthealtharecalculated.AccordingtoWashingtonPost,officialsstressedthattheerrordidnotchangethefundamentalconclusionthattheincreasingnumberofAmericanswhoareoverweightisamajorandincreasinglycommonpublichealthproblem.,Typicalexamples(2),42-8,(1)Todaysparentshavemanyproblems.Whatwouldyoudo,forexample,ifyoufoundyourchildtakingdrugs?(2)IfwesearchedthroughGoogle,wewouldcomeacrossinnumerablestockphotoagencies.Youcanusesmallerorlargeragenciesasperyourrequirement.Letussupposethatyouaregoingtosearchforimageson“chocolates”.Youshouldinsertthatverykeyphrase“chocolate”andclicktheadvancedsearchbutton.Soon,youwillbefloodedwithdesiredresults.,Hypotheticalexamples(1),42-9,(3)ProfessorTaylorarguesthattherearemanykindsofloveandthatparticularlyinonekind,whichhecalls“romanticlove,”wearestronglyinfluencednotsomuchbywhatweactuallyfeelbutbywhatwetellourselvesaboutthewaywefeel.Hecallsthis“self-talk.”Forexample,sayawomanisstronglyattractedtoaman.(Itcouldjustaseasilyhappentoamanattractedtoawoman.)Shetellsherselfthingslike“HeisallIhaveeverwantedinaman!Heiswarm,kind,andaffectionateandwillunderstandallmyneeds.”Butwhenshediscoversthatheis,likeallofus,justanordinaryhumanbeingwithbothstrongandweakpoints,sheisbitterlydisappointed.,Hypotheticalexamples(2),42-10,Generalizedexamples(1),(1)Allofus,atonetimeoranother,havebeendriventodistractionbyatrivialannoyancelikethebuzzingofaflyoramosquitosbite.(2)Amongtheargumentsforuniforms,oneofthefirstisthatintheeyesofmostpeopletheylookmoreprofessionalthanordinaryclothes.Peoplehavebecomeconditionedtoexpectsuperiorqualityfromamanwhowearsauniform.Forexample,atelevisionrepairmanwhowearsauniformtendstoinspiremoretrustthanonewhoappearsineverydayclothing.,42-11,Generalizedexamples(2),(3)Changesinmeaningalsohappenwhenthethingaworddescribeschangesform.Theword“car”,fromLatin“carrus”,isanexample.Itoriginallymeanta“four-wheeledcoach”.Themoderncarisnotatallliketheoldfour-wheeledcoach.Thethinghaschanged,sothemeaningofthewordhaschanged,too.,42-12,Extendedexamples,Recipesanddirectionsarebothconcernedwithdesiredends,butadirectionmerelypointstotheendwhereasarecipeprovidestheformulaormethodforachievingit.Thedifferencecanbeillustratedfrommyownlife.WhenIwasachild,myfatherwasalwaystellingmewhatheexpectedofmeinlife:makefriends,wininfootball,graduatefromcollege,andbecomeasuccessinthebusinessworld.ButitwasnotuntilIhadmademanymistakesandwonderedifIcouldeverpossiblypleasehimthatIrealizedhehadonlysetupthegoals,ordirections.Neveroncehadhebotheredtoprescribeamethod,orrecipe.,42-13,Markerstogiveexamples,Whenyougiveexamples,whatkindofwordsorphrasesdoyouusuallyuse?,42-14,forexample/forinstancetoillustrateanotherexampleofsaylikeanotherillustrationofbeacaseinpointhereareafewexamples,giveanexampletonamebutafewbywayofillustrationoneillustrationofthisideaasshowninsuchascanbeillustratedby,42-15,Classification,Definition:sortthingsintogroups,classes,categories,etc.accordingtoacriterionorseveralcriteria,i.e.standardsorprinciplesonwhichjudgmentsarebased.Structure:,Topic,Organizingprinciple,Category,Example,42-16,Structureofclassification,Studentsatthiscollegerepresentawiderangeofraces,including,Topic,Organizingprinciple,whiteAmerican,AfricanAmerican,AsianAmerican,andHispanicAmerican.,Categories,42-17,Examples(1),(1)Atthesummercampthestudentsaregroupedaccordingtothesporttheywanttolearn.(2)Therearetwotypesofschool:primaryandsecondary.Primaryschoolscaterforchildrenaged7-12,andsecondaryschoolsforages12-17.,42-18,Examples(2),(3)Therearethreekindsofbookowners.Thefirsthasallthestandardsetsandbest-sellers-unread,untouched.(Thisdeludedindividualownswoodpulpandink,notbooks.)Thesecondhasagreatmanybooks-afewofthemreadthrough,mostofthemdippedinto,butallofthemascleanandshinyasthedaytheywerebought.(Thispersonwouldprobablyliketomakebookshisown,butisrestrainedbyafalserespectfortheirphysicalappearance.)Thethirdhasafewbooksormany-everyoneofthemdog-earedanddilapidated,shakenandloosenedbycontinualuse,markedandscribbledinfromfronttoback.(Thismanownsbooks.)-MortimerJ.Adler,42-19,Examples(3),(4)Britainspressisunusualinthatitisdividedintotwoverydifferenttypesofnewspaper-theso-called“quality”papersorbroadsheetsandthepopularpressortabloids.Broadsheetnewspaperscontainalargeamountofpolitical,industrialandculturalnewsandalsodevotesomepagestofinancialmattersandinternationalnews.Theyhavearestrainedlayoutstylewithquitelengthyarticles.Tabloidpapersarehalfthesizeofabroadsheetandcompressthenewsintoshort,sensationalarticles.Theyoftencontainsensationalstoriesandaimtoexcitethereadersvisually,byusingtechniquessuchaslargeheadlines,picturesandcartoons.Sometabloidsevenusephotosofnakedwomentoattractreaders!,42-20,3.2WritingImprovementExercises,1.Completethesentencesmakinguseofeachofthefollowingwords.,forexampleacaseinpointliketonamebutafewforinstancesuchasexamplebywayofillustration,42-21,Officescaneasilybecomemoreenvironmentally-friendly.Usingrecycledpaperisonegood_.(2)However,wisemencatchopportunitiesratherthanwaitforthem._,manypeoplehadwatchedapplesfallingfromanappletreebutonlyNewtondiscoveredtheLawofGravity.,example,Forexample/Forinstance,42-22,(3)Theinterviewercanintroducethemainaspectsofthejobopeningtotheinterviewee,_thespecificrequirementsforthejob,theworkingconditions,andthewagesandbenefitstheintervieweewillget.(4)Ipreferclotheswhicharemadeoutofnaturalmaterials_cottonandwool.,suchas,like,42-23,(5)Lackofcommunicationcausesseriousproblemsandthemisunderstandingbetweenthetwopartiesis_.(6)Thecompanyssuccessisashining_ofthewayinwhichthegovernmentsnewpoliciesarerevitalizingindustry.,acaseinpoint,example,42-24,(7)Somanyindustrieshavebeenhitintherecession,_,steel,coal,construction.(8)_,IshouldliketomentionaresearchprojectfundedbyaSocialSciencesandHumanitiesResearchCouncilofCanadagrant(ContractNo.123-00-456).,Bywayofillustration,tonamebutafew,42-25,2.ReadthefollowingexamplesofBioethicscourses.Writeouttheothertwoperspectiveswiththehelpofthenotes.,42-26,Example:BIOE560ClinicalApproachestoBioethicsThissetofcoursesexaminesanissueinbioethicsfromtheperspectiveofthepracticingclinician,physician,nurse,orotherhealthcareprofessionals.Thesecourseswilloftenusecasestudiesorclinicalexperiencetoanalyzeorunderstandcontemporaryproblemsinbioethics.AnexampleofsuchacourseisClinicalDilemmasThroughtheLifeCourse.BIOE570TopicsinLawandPolicyThissetofcourseswilllookatbioethicaltopicsfromeitheralegalorpublicpolicyperspective.Pastcourseshaveincluded:EthicsofManagedCare,Law,MedicineandPolicy,andLegalAspectsofHealthcareinAmerica.,42-27,3.Followingispartofanexemplificationessay.Addoneormorespecificexamplestoprovethepoint.,Example2-MarcushatedreadingEnglish,soheonlytalkedtoAmericans.Hisspeakingandpronunciationhadimproved,buthisgrammarwasstillverybasic.Example3DavidandFannybothwentthroughaperiodofextensivereadingandwritingwhilelivingwithAmericanfriends.TheirvocabularyandgrammarimproveddrasticallyasdidtheirpronunciationandeaseoftalkingwithnativeEnglishspeakers.,42-28,4.Completethesentenceswithwordsorphrasesgivenintheboxbelow.Makechangeswherenecessary.,classifydividebaseononthebasisofsub-categorizegroupcategoryclassification,42-29,(1)Somesocialscientiststryto_apopulationintocategories_howmuchmoneytheyearn.(2)Inthiscommunitylibrary,booksare_bysize,andarethen_intolargeandsmall,illustratedandunillustrated,childrensandadults.,divide,onthebasisof,grouped,sub-categorized,42-30,(3)The_ofindustrialenterprisesis_severalcriteriasuchastheamountoffixedassets,thevalueofannualproductionandthenumberofemployees.(4)LearnersofEnglishoftenfindthatwritingisthemostdifficultskilltheyhavetomaster.Theirerrorscanbe_intothreebroad_:Firstly,errorswhichleadtoamisunderstandingorabreakdownincommunication.Secondly,errorswhichresultinungrammaticalEnglish,butwhichdonotinterferewiththemeaning.Thethirdtypeoferrorconcernsstyleandusage.,classification,classified,basedon,categories,42-31,(5)TodayIdliketotalkaboutsomeoftheproblemsthatstudentsfacewhentheyfollowacourseofstudythroughthemediumofEnglish-ifEnglishisnottheirmothertongue.Theproblemscanbe_intothreebroadcategories:psychological,culturalandlinguistic.Thefirsttwo_aremainlyconcernedwiththosewhocometostudyinBritain.Illcommentonlybrieflyonthefirsttwoandthenspendmostofthetimelookingatlinguisticdifficulties.,divided,categories,42-32,(6)Drinksmaybe_intotwomain_:alcoholicandnon-alcoholic.Alcoholicdrinksmaybe_intospirits,wine,andbeers.Non-alcoholicdrinksmaybe_intohotandcolddrinks.,classified,groups,divided,divided,42-33,5.Withreferencetothediagrambelow,writeaparagraphdescribingtypesoftestitemsinexaminations.,Examinations,(assesswhatstudentshavelearnedincourses),“objective”type,“completion”type,“essay”type,(writeacomposition),(choosethebestchoice),(addawordorphrasetoasentence),42-34,Example:Examinationsareofthreekinds.Oneisthemachine-scored“objective”type.Inanobjectivetest,thestudentsanswerquestionsbydecidingonthebestchoiceamonganumberofalternativesgiven.Anotheristhe“completion”type.Thiskindofexaminationrequiresthestudentstoaddawordorphrasetoasentence.Andthethirdtypeisessayexamination,inwhichthestudentsareaskedtowriteacompositiononagiventopic.Allthesekindsofexaminationsaredesignedtorevealwhatastudentmayhavelearnedinanyparticularcourse.,42-35,6.Withthehelpofthenotesbelow,writeafewparagraphsonthetopic:Twotypesofinterview.Thefirstparagraphisdoneforyou.Youneedtocompletethetextbyexpandingthenotes.,42-36,Interviewsweuseinthiscompanycanbegenerallyclassifiedintotwotypes.Firstly,interviewsmaybecarriedoutinaone-to-onesituation,thatis,oneinterviewerandonecandidate.Wecallthisaone-to-oneinterview.Thentheresanothertype,aboardinterview,whichmeansagroupofinterviewersinterviewasinglecandidate.Eachtypeofinterviewhasitsownadvantagesanddisadvantages.(Tobecontinued),42-37,Theone-to-oneinterviewhastheadvantageofbeingthemostnaturalsituation.Itiseasiertobuilduparelationshipwiththecandidate;heorshewillfeelateaseandwillanswerquestionsmorefullyandmorenaturally.Inthiswaytheinterviewerislikelytofindoutagooddealaboutthecandidate.Inparticularhewillbeinagoodpositiontofindoutwhetherornotheorsheistherightcandidateforthecompany.However,theseadvantagesalsocarrywiththemcertaindisadvantages.Theinterviewermaybesostronglyaffectedbyhisownpositiveornegativefeelingsthatheisunabletoassessthecandidatefairly.Theinterviewmaybesorelaxingthattheinterviewer“forgets”toexplorecertainareas:itmayturnintoaconversationabouttopicsofmutualinterest.(Tobecontinued),42-38,Theothertypeofinterviewistheboardinterview.Theselectionprocedureseemsfairertocandidatesbecauseaboardmaybem