unit3 grammar 宾语从句与表语从句

NounClauses(名词性从句),SubjectClause(主语从句),AppositiveClause（同位语从句）,ObjectClause（宾语从句）,PredicativeClause（表语从句）,名词性从句的作用相当于名词，因此主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句分别作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。,Whowillwinthematchisstillunknown.Iwanttoknowwhathehastoldyou.Thefactisthatwehavelostthegame.Thenewsthatwewonthegameisexciting.,主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句,(引导名词性从句的关联词):,what,who,whom,whose,which,wh+ever,that,whether,if,asif/asthough,when,where,how,why,Iknowhim.2.Iknowwhoheis.,主语,谓语,宾语,（简单句）,主语,谓语,宾语从句,连词,从句主语,从句谓语,主句,（复合句）,什么是宾语？,Iknowhim.Doyouhavethetime?Ithink(that)sheisbeautiful.Whydontyoupayattentiontome?,宾语位于谓语动词或者介词后,一、宾语从句的概念,从句在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，位置：通常放在主句谓语动词（及物动词）或介词之后。eg.WeknowMrGreenteachesEnglish.Sheaskediftheseanswerswereright.,Wecanlearnwhatwedonotknow.HewilltalktousaboutwhathesawintheU.S.A.Idontknowwherewewillholdthemeeting.,二、宾语从句三要素,引导词（连接词）语序时态,不同引导词引导的宾语从句,由从属连词that引导的宾语从句,由连接代词Who,whom,whose,which,what和连接副词where,how,why,when引导的宾语从句,由从属连词whether,if引导的宾语从句,（一）引导词,1,2,3,e.g.Ihear(that)_.Hesaid(that)_.Theteachertoldus(that)_.,hewillbebackinanhour,hemissedusverymuch,theearthmoves,由从属连词that引导的宾语从句,注：that在句中无词汇意义，在从句中不能充当成分，在口语当中往往省略,aroundthesun,引导宾语从句的that一般都可以省去，但是当及物动词后跟两个或两个以上的宾语从句时，只有第一个that可以省略。Theteachersaid(that)thetextwasveryimportantandthatweshouldlearnitbyheart.,that不能省略的2种情况,（1）当that作介词except,in宾语时Theybelieveinthatshemuststillbesingle.IknownothingabouthimexceptthatheislivinginBeijing.,（2）用it做形式宾语的宾语从句时,（it常可以放在动词think,find,consider,believe,feel,make等后作为形式宾语，而真正的宾语that从句则放在句尾）IthinkitnecessarythatyoushouldreadEnglishaloud.Wehearditthatshewouldgetmarriednextmonth.,由从属连词whether,if引导的宾语从句,Iwanttoknow_.2.Askhim_.3.Iwonder_.4.Couldyoutellme_?,if(whether)hewillgototheparkwithus,whether(if)hecancome,whetheritisgoingtorainornot,if/whether“是否”，说明对陈述的事物不明确或不清楚。常用在ask,wonder,can(could)youtellme等后。,whether(if)MrLiliveshere,只能用whether不能用if的情况,1.在介词后面：Imthinkingofwhetherweshouldgofishing.Weareworriedaboutwhetheritwillraintomorrow.2.在动词不定式前(whethertodosth.)：Theyaskedmewhethertogoskating.,3.当与ornot连用，或提出两种选择时:Idontknowwhetherhesfreeornot.MaryaskedwhetherIwasdoingmyhomeworkornot.Tellmewhetheryoudliketogoshoppingortidytheroom.4.宾语从句提前时：Whetherthisistrueornot,Icantsay.,Practicetime,if/whether1.Iaskedher_shehadabike.2.Wereworriedabout_heissafe.3.Iwonder_heiswell.4.Idontknow_ornotheiswell.5.Idontknow_togo.,if/whether,whether,whether/if,whether,whether,由连接代词Who,whom,whose,which,what和连接副词where,how,why,when引导的宾语从句,1.Heasked_.2.Doyouknow_3.Heasked_,whocouldanswerthequestion,whomtheyarewaitingfor,whosebikewasthebestintheclass,连接代词或副词连接主句和从句，并在从句中担任句子成分，具有一定的意义，不可省略。,4.Doyouknow_?5.Pleasetellme_.6.Canyoutellme_?7.Couldyoutellme_?,whenwellhaveameeting,whereheis,howIcangettothestation,whythetrainislate,二、语序宾语从句的语序用陈述语序：连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分,Whenwillhegotothelibrary?Hisbrotheraskswhenhewillgotothelibrary.,主句+连接词+从句（主+谓+其他成分）,否定的转移,主语为第一人称，主句谓语动词为think,consider,suppose,believe,expect,guess,imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。,翻译句子,Idontthinkthisdressfitsyouwell.Idontthinkyouareright.,我认为你今天无法完成工作。,我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。我认为你是错的。,Idontbelieveyouwillfinishtheworktoday.,Iknowheliveshere.Iknowhelivedheretenyearsago.Ihaveheardthathewillcometomorrow.,三、时态,主句用现在时或将来时，从句可用任何时态，根据实际情况而定。,2.如果主句是过去的时态（一般过去时，过去进行时），从句的时态一定要用相对应的过去的某种时（一般过去时，过去进行时,过去将来时，过去完成时）,Iknewwholivedhere.Isawshewastalkingwithhermother.,Heaskedwhetherhisfatherwouldcomebacktomorrow.Hesaidthathehadseenit.,3.从句说明的是一般真理、客观事实、自然现象时，仍用一般现在时。,Hetoldtheboythatthreeandthreeissix.Hetoldmetheearthmovesaroundthesun.,4.从句中有具体时间状语，即使从句动作发生在主句动作前，仍用一般过去时。,Theteachertoldmeshewasbornin1960.IheardthathewenttoParislastnight.,宾语从句三要素,时态,Summary(小结）,引导词（连接词）,语序,常见的系动词分为三种：,A表示特征和状态：be,look,sound,taste,smell,seem,appear等,B表示由一类状态转为另一类状态：get,become,grow,turn,fall,go,come,run等,C表示某种状态的：remain,keep,prove,continue,stay等,表语从句,表语从句就是从句在主句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后,我们的目的是他能认识到错误。,Ourpurposeisthathecanrealizehisfaults.,引导表语从句的连接词一般不省略。,问题是它是否值得做。,Thequestioniswhetheritisworthdoing.,表语从句表示“是否”只用“whether”而不用“if”,试区分以下句子,Isthismuseumwhatyouvisited?,Isthisthemuseumthatyouvisited?,Isthismuseumtheonethatyouvisited?,(表从),(定从),(定从),注意1：that/what的辨用,1._hewantsisabook.2._hewantstogothereisobvious.3.Weshouldpayattentionto_theteacherissaying.4.Hetoldus_hefeltill.,What,That,what,（that）,5.Theresultis_wewonthegame.6.Thisis_wewanttoknow.7.Ihavenoidea_hedidthatafternoon.8.Thefact_sheworkshardiswellknowntousall.,（that）,what,what,that,9.Hisfatherissatisfiedwith_hehasdone.10.Thereasonwas_Todhadneverseenthemillionpoundbank-note.,what,that,1.that在名词性从句中不充当任何成分，只起连接作用2.what除起连接作用外，还在名词性从句中充当成分，可做从句的主语、宾语、或表语。,Rules,whether与if的辨用,1.Whetheritistrueremainsaproblem.2.Itremainsaproblemwhether/ifitistrue.3.Heaskedwhether/ifMarywouldattendtheceremony.4.Itdependsonwhetherwehavegotenoughmoney.,5.Thequestioniswhetheryoushouldacceptit.6.Thequestionwhetherhellattendthemeetingisimportant.7.Ididntknowwhethertolaughortocry.8.Idontknowwhether/ifitisrightornot.,1.在由形式主语it引导的主语从句及在vt后面的宾语从句中，表“是否”，whether/if都可以用；2.在前置主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句和跟在介词后面的宾语从句中，表“是否”，只能用whether；3.在whetherornot和whethertodo中whether不能换成if,Rules,1.Theyoungmanasked_itssummerorwinter.A.eitherB.thatC.weatherD.whether2.Wedontknow_theydidit.A.howB.whoC.whatD.which,D,A,Practice,3.Theteacherasksus_Jimcancomebackontime.A.thatB.ifC.whenD.whattime4.Doesanybodyknow_wewillhaveasportsmeetingthisweekendornot.A.ifB.whereC.whetherD.that,B,C,5.Couldyoushowme_?A.howcanIgettothestationB.whereisthestationC.howIcouldgettothestationD.howIcanreachthestation6.Pleasetellme_.A.whatdoeshelikeB.whathedoeslikeC.whathelikesD.whathelike,C,D,7.Mysistertoldhim_.A.whatdaywasitB.whenthetrainarrivedC.whoshewaswaitingD.wheredidyoulive,B,8.Doyouknowwherenow?A、helivesB、doesheliveC、helivedD、didheli