研究生英语综合教程(下) unit 1

.,Unit1,LivingAFullLife,Unit1LivingaFullLife,.,Content,StartingoutReadingFocusReadingMorePracticalTranslationFocusedWritingFinalProject,.,Task1Discusswithmembersofyourgroupwhatis/arethemostimportantelement(s)forlivingafulllife.Youmaychooseoneormorefromthefollowinglistorprovideyourownanswer.Thengivereasonswhyyouhavemadesuchachoice.agoodappearanceclosefriendsahappymindsetagoodneighborhoodperfecthealthanabsorbinghobbyagoodjoblotterywinningsahappyfamily,StartingoutTask1,.,Task2YourbestfriendhasrecentlybeeninlowspiritseversinceshewasdiagnosedwithCOPD(ChronicObstructivePulmonaryDisease)(慢性阻塞性肺病).Shestaysinbedmostofthetimeandmissesalotofclasses.Shehasnothingtodo,andmoreoverwantstodonothing.Howwouldyouencouragehertocopewiththediseasewithapositiveattitude?,StartingoutTask2,.,Herearesomesuggestionsfromexpertsthatwillenableyoutoretain(ortakeback)muchofyourindependenceandimproveyourqualityoflife.Dontisolateyourself.reachouttoothersStayasphysicallyactiveasyoucanManageyourbreathingStickwithyourtreatmentplan,StartingoutTask2,.,Task3ReadtheletterfromJohnDoeand,withyourpartner,discusshowyoucouldhelphim.DearAbby,IfeellikeIalmostcantbreathenow.IworkaridiculousamountofhoursandIdonthavetimetorelax.Myparentslive1,400milesawayandIamhereallbymyself.Ihavenotimetomakefriends.SometimesIfeelIdontevenhavealife.WhatshouldIdo?Kindregards,John,StartingoutTask3,.,DearJohn,Iusedtolivealifejustlikeyours.IcanseemyselfinyouwhenIfinishedmycollegeandstartedmyfirstjob.IfoundajobasjuniorreporterforChicagoDailysoImovedfromHoustontoChicago.Iwasworking18hoursadayinaplacewhereIknewfewpeople.Myhealthfinallybrokedownfromtoomuchworkandpoordiet.Istayedinhospitalfortwoweeks.MyparentscametoChicagoandtookcareofme.AfterIwasoutofhospital,IquittedmyjobandmovedbacktoHouston,whereIfoundajobinalocalnewspaper.IvisitedmyparentsoftenandIhadtimetohangaroundwithmyfriendswhomIhadknownforyearsaswellasthoseInewlymade.Ifelthappyfinally.,StartingoutTask3,.,StartingoutTask3,Somysuggestionistotakesometimeoffyourworkandgobacktovisityourparentsandfriends.Considerchangingajobwhichrequiresfewerhourssothatyoumayhavetimetomakefriends.Youmayalsotrytotakeclassesonasubjectyouareinterestedinorpursueahobby.Youaresuretofindlifeworthliving.Yours,Abby,.,Startingout,Listentothepassage“BoredtoDeath”andfillouttheblanks.Weveallbeenboredfromtimetotime.sometimes,whenwerereallyatlooseends（无所适从）,wemightevensaywere“boredtodeath”or“_!”Wedontreallymeanit,ofcourse.Butaccordingtoonestudy,itmaybetrue.Thatis,it_tobeboredtodeath.ResearchersinEnglandlookedatsurveysdoneinthemid1980sseveralthousandquestionnairesfilledoutby_abouttheirjobs.,soboredIcoulddie,seemspossibleliterally,Londoncivilservants,.,Theresearchersfoundthatthosewhodsaidthatinthepreviousmonththeywereboredatworkwere_asotherworkerstodieofaheartproblemoverthefollow-upperiod.Workerswho_intheirjobswerelesslikelytodieprematurely（过早地）.Now,thisdoesntmeanthatfeelingbored_willkillyou.Weretalkingaboutchronicboredom,asinbeingboredallthetime.,morethantwiceaslikely,claimedtobeinterested,everyonceinawhile,Startingout,.,Anditsnotnecessarilyboredomitselfthatsdeadly.Mostprobably,accordingtothestudy,itsthefactthatbeingboredoftenleadsto_suchsmoking,overeating,drinking,andabusingdrugs.Otherstudieshavelinked_adiseaseknownoftentoleadtopoorhealth.Doesthismeanthatbeingengagedandinterestedinotherwords,theoppositeofbored_?Maybe.Ifnotbeingboredmeansbeingphysicallyactiveandadoptinggooddietaryandexercisehabits,thenitcertainlycanthurt.,unhealthyhabits,boredomanddepression,leadstobetterhealth,Startingout,.,TheHiddenSideofHappiness,ReadingFocus,.,ReadingFocus,.,WatchaclipfromThePursuitofHappynessinwhichChristopherswifejustlefthim.Discusswithyourpartnerhowpeopleshouldpursuehappiness.,BackgroundInformation,Clickonthepicture,.,ReadingFocusGlobalUnderstanding,(Paras.1-3),(Paras.4-17),(Para.18),.,Introduction,ReadingFocusGlobalUnderstanding,Mainidea:Manypeoplefindthatenduringaharrowingordeal_.Thereseemstobeabuilt-inhumancapacityto_.Whatdoesntkillyoucanactuallymakeyoustronger.,ultimatelychangesthemforthebetter,flourishunderthemostdifficultcircumstances,.,Body,Mainidea:Peoplewhohavesufferedthemost,whohavebeenforcedtocontendwithshockstheyneveranticipatedandtorethinkthemeaningoftheirlives,_.,mayhavethemostto,tellusaboutthatprofoundandintenselyfulfilling,journeythatphilosophersusedtocallthesearch,ReadingFocusGlobalUnderstanding,for“thegoodlife”,.,Argument1:Happinessisonlyoneamongmanyvaluesinhumanlife.Sometimesonly_canfostersuchqualitiesas_because_.Example:31-year-oldfashiondesignerTracyCyr.“IfeltIhadbeenshownthesecretoflifeandwhywerehere:tobehappyandtonurtureotherlife.Itsthatsimple.”,thetrialsofadversity,creativity,compassion,wisdom,altruism,insight,ReadingFocusGlobalUnderstanding,sometimesonly,drasticsituationscanforceustotakeonthepainfulprocessofchange,Body,.,Argument2:Formanypeoplewhohaveenduredextremeeventslikecombat,violentcrimeorsuddenseriousillnessperhapseventhemajoritylife_.,ultimatelybecomesricherand,ReadingFocusGlobalUnderstanding,moregratifying,Body,.,Argument3:Actuallyimplementingthesechanges,aswellasfullycomingtotermswithanewreality,_.Andeventually,peoplemayfindthemselvesfreedinwaystheyneverimagined.Example:_.Althoughparentingcanbringsleepdeprivationandthenecessityofputtingasidepersonalpleasure,ultimately,theemotionalrewardscancompensateforthepainanddifficultiesofadversity.,usuallytakes,Oneoflifesbiggestchallenges:parenting,conscious,effort,ReadingFocusGlobalUnderstanding,Body,.,Conclusion,Mainidea:_.,Itspossibletoliveanextraordinaryrewardinglife,evenwithintheconstraintsandstrugglesweface,ReadingFocusGlobalUnderstanding,.,Task2,Choosethesentencethatbestexpressesthemeaningofthesentencefromthetext(P11),Key:2345678910,B,C,A,A,D,A,C,D,B,D,ReadingFocusDetailedInformation,.,CriticalThinking,ReadingFocus,.,Worktogetherwithyourpartnertoanswerthefollowingquestionsbasedonthetextyouvejustread.,ReadingFocusCriticalThinking,1.Thewriterclaimsinthefirstparagraphthat,“manypeoplefindthatenduringsuchaharrowingordealultimatelychangesthemforthebetter.”Inwhichsensedoesshemeanbysaying“tochangeforthebetter”,physicallyormentally?2.Inthesecondparagraph,thewriterbelievesin“abuilt-incapacitytoflourishunderthemostdifficultcircumstances.”Doyouagreewithher?Provideexamplestoelaborateyouropinion.3.Doyouagreewiththestatement“Whatdoesntkillyouactuallymakesyoustronger”?Whyorwhynot?,.,Discussingroupsthefollowingquestions.1.Haveyouhadtheexperienceofgoingthroughaverydifficultsituationandcomingoutasabetterperson?Ordoyouknowsomeonewhohasexperiencedthis?2.Unlikethosewhoaresounfortunatetohavebeenstruckbydiseasesorwhohavebeenforcedtogothroughextremedifficultiesinlife,somepeoplechoosetovoluntarilytakeadventuresorchallenges,likeextremesports,topushthemselvestolimits.Whydothesepeopledosoandwhatcantheyobtainfromtheseexperiences?,ReadingFocusCriticalThinking,.,1.Hurricanes,housefires,cancer,whitewaterraftingaccidents,planecrashes,viciousattacksindarkalleyways.(para.1),ReadingFocusLanguagePoint,hurricane:astormthathasverystrongfastwindsandthatmovesoverwater飓风e.g.Adrenchingrainpoureddownandtherisinghurricanedroveitinsheetsalongtheground.similarterms:typhoon/monsoon季风/tradewind信风,.,vicious:violentandcruelinawaythathurtssomeonephysically恶毒的e.g.aviciousmurderaviciouskiller2)veryunkindinawaythatisintendedtohurtsomeonesfeelingsormaketheircharacterseembad,有恶意的e.g.Shewasshockedbythevicioustoneinhisvoice.similarwords:malicious,evil,violent,savage残暴成性的,cruel,ferocious残忍的,fierce凶猛的,ReadingFocusLanguagePoint,.,2.Thereseemstobeabuilt-inhumancapacitytoflourishunderthemostdifficultcircumstances.(para.2),ReadingFocusLanguagePoint,flourish:developwellandbesuccessfule.g.Theeconomyisboomingandsmallbusinessesareflourishing.thrive:e.g.Childrenthrivewhengivenplentyofloveandattention.,.,3.Thisfledglingfieldhasalreadyprovedthetruthofwhatoncepassedasbromide:(Para.3)fledgling:afledglingstateororganizationhasonlyrecentlybeenformedandisstilldevelopinge.g.Nursedthefledglingbusinessthroughaneconomicdownturn.,ReadingFocusLanguagePoint,.,4.Thosewhoweatheradversitywellarelivingproofoftheparadoxesofhappiness.(para.4),ReadingFocusLanguagePoint,paradoxes:aperson,thingorsituationthathastwooppositefeaturesandthereforeseemsstrangee.g.Hewasaparadox-aloner独来独往的任wholovedtochattostrangers.Theparadoxisthatfishermenwouldcatchmorefishiftheyfishedless.,.,5.Butthatfeelingoftransformationisinsomewaystypical,(papa.11),ReadingFocusLanguagePoint,transform:tocompletelychangetheappearance,form,orcharacterofsomethingorsomeone,especiallyinawaythatimprovesite.g.Themovietransformedheralmostovernightfromanunknownschoolgirlintoamegastar超级巨星.Afterthreeweekswenoticedatotaltransformationinhisbehavior.,.,6.Inthatmoment,oursenseofinvulnerabilityispierced,andtheself-protectivementalarmorthatnormallystandsbetweenusandourperceptionsoftheworldistornaway.(para.12),ReadingFocusLanguagePoint,翻译：在事情发生的那一瞬间，我们的安全感被冲破了，平时处于我们与我们对世界的种种看法之间的自我保护的精神盔甲被剥离了。,.,Key1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-,Task1Readthewordsandtheirexplanationsinthebox.Chooseawordtocompleteeachofthesentencesbelowandexplainitsmeaning.Changetheformifnecessary.(P14),provincesb.,wokea.,hauntb.,troublea.,weathersd.,wakeb.,coinedc.,troubleb.,ReadingFocusVocabularyinAction,.,Key9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-,weatherc.,provincec.,coina.,valuea.,hauntsa.,haspromiseda.,troublec.,coinb.,ReadingFocusVocabularyinAction,promised.,valuesc.,refrainb.,valuede.,.,Task2,The_atmosphereoftheinnallowsgueststofeeltotallyathome.2.Technologicaladvancesmight_leadtoevenmorejoblosses.,Fillineachoftheblankswithanappropriatephrasefromthebox.Changetheformifnecessary.(P15),tranquil,ultimately,adversityordealanticipatedrasticsuicidalpreoccupylegacynostalgiaretrospecttranquildeprivationaspireaftermathcanceloutultimately,ReadingFocusVocabularyinAction,.,3.Inthe_oftheshootings,therewerecallsfortightercontrolsongunownership.4.Herkindnessandgenerosity_heroccasionalflashesoftemper.5.Hewasbeginningtowonderifhewouldsurvivethe_.6.Foreignfoodaidhasledtoa_reductioninthenumbersofpeopledyingofstarvation.,aftermath,cancelout,ordeal,drastic,ReadingFocusVocabularyinAction,adversityordealanticipatedrasticsuicidalpreoccupylegacynostalgiaretrospecttranquildeprivationaspireaftermathcanceloutultimately,.,7.Perhapshermostimportant_washerprogramofeducationalreform.8.Therewerefoodshortagesandother_duringtheCivilWar.9.Theneweconomicpoliciescouldprove_fortheparty.10.Thebuildingwillbecompletedaroundsixmonthsearlierthan_.,legacy,deprivations,suicidal,anticipated,ReadingFocusVocabularyinAction,adversityordealanticipatedrasticsuicidalpreoccupylegacynostalgiaretrospecttranquildeprivationaspireaftermathcanceloutultimately,.,11.Theexperiencewasenoughtokeephim_forsometime.12.Theroadtohappinessispavedwith_.13.She_tonothingnolessthanthechairmanshipofthecompany.14.Hemightbeinfluencedby_forthesurroundingsofhishappyyouth.15.In_,IwishthatIhadthoughtaboutalternativecoursesofaction.,preoccupied,adversities,aspires,nostalgia,ReadingFocusVocabularyinAction,adversityordealanticipatedrasticsuicidalpreoccupylegacynostalgiaretrospecttranquildeprivationaspireaftermathcanceloutultimately,retrospect,.,Task3,CompletethefollowingsentencesbytranslatingtheChineseinbracketsintoEnglish.Trytousetheexpressionsyouhavelearnedfromthetext.(p.17),1.Watchingyourbabybeingbornis_(极其令人兴奋的经历).2.Thereis_(内置储藏空间)inallbedrooms.3.Thishandoutfocuseson_(自我保护措施)underdifficultclimaticconditions.,amind-blowingexperience,built-instoragespace,self-protectionmeasures,ReadingFocusVocabularyinAction,.,4.Imsurewecouldofferyousome_(短期的工作).5.So,howisitthatweall,oratleastmanyofus,havesucha_(歪曲的、否定的自我观念)?6.HelenHuntstarsasacharacterundergoing_(改变了生活的事件)inThenSheFoundMe.7.Shehaswrittenabookthatisbeautifulbecauseofthehonestyandtherawemotionthatisportrayedin_(无所不包的细节).8.Havingadecentjobcontributesto_(一个好的自我形象).,short-termemployment,distortedandnegativeself-perception,life-changingevents,ReadingFocusVocabularyinAction,all-encompassingdetails,agoodself-image,.,PracticalTranslation,.,语篇（discourse）是在交际功能上相对完整和独立的一个语言片断。为了进行有效的交际活动，语篇应衔接（cohesion）得当，连贯性（coherence）好。衔接手段（cohesivedevice）是一种谋篇手段，是生成语篇的重要条件之一，也是译者在翻译过程中首先要考虑的问题，因为它直接关系到译文的质量。衔接自然的译文读起来通顺、流畅、连贯；缺乏衔接或衔接不当的译文晦涩难懂，影响阅读，也影响交际功能的实现。,语篇层次的翻译衔接,.,从语篇层面上说，英汉两种语言在形合（hypotaxis）和意合（parataxis）方面的差异。由于英汉两种语言逻辑思维的不同，英语重“形合”，句子内部的连接或句子间的连接采用显性的语言手段来实现，主要是通过各种语法手段和词汇手段，以表示其结构和逻辑关系。因此，英语中长句多。汉语重“意合”，句中各成分之间或句子之间的结合少用甚至不用形式衔接手段，主要靠句子内部的隐性逻辑联系，注重逻辑事理的顺序以及意义和主旨上的衔接和连贯。因此，汉语中短句多，短句间的逻辑关系靠意义来表达，语法处于次要地位。在翻译过程中，要牢记英汉两种语言在形合和意合上的差别，注意形合和意合之间的转换和调整。,.,Ihadsoworkeduponmyimaginationasreallytobelievethataboutthewholemansionanddomaintherehunganatmospherepeculiartothemselvesandtheirimmediatevicinityanatmospherewhichhadnoaffinitywiththeairofheaven,butwhichhadreekedupfromthedecayedtrees,andthegreywall,andthesilenttarnapestilentandmysticvapor,dull,sluggish,faintlydiscernible,andleaden-hued.(EdgarAllanPoe:“TheFalloftheHouseofUsher”)译文：我如此沉湎于自己的想象，以至于我实实在在地认为那宅院及其周围悬浮着一种它们所特有的空气。那种空气并非生发于天地自然，而是生发于那些枯树残枝、灰墙暗壁，生发于那一汪死气沉沉的湖水。那是一种神秘而致命的雾霭，阴晦，凝滞，朦胧，沉浊如铅。（曹明伦译）,.,解析：这个例句选自美国作家爱伦坡的小说名篇厄舍府之倒塌。整段话其实只有一个完整的句子，共70个字，它不仅通过多个消极、晦涩、阴暗的形容词，如：decayed,grey,silent,pestilent,mystic,dull,sluggish,leaden-hued来营造一种凄凉、萧瑟的自然氛围和压抑、沉闷的心理气氛，而且通过一个典型“形合”的长句来烘托这种乏味、阴晦的自然氛围和心理气氛。这个“形合”长句主要采用各种语法手段（如并列句、状语从句、同位语从句、定语从句）以及词汇手段（如词汇atmosphere的重复）等来表示其结构关系，并进行有机的衔接。在翻译过程中，原语中“显性的语法和词汇手段”不能完全照搬到目标语中，也就是说，不能用带有各种成分的长句来处理这个句子，否则整个汉语句子就会显得拖沓、冗长。因此在正确理解原文内容、弄清原文内在结构的基础上，用三个分句来处理这个长句。分句之间虽然也运用了一定的词汇和语法手段，如重复“空气”一词和运用并列结构“生发于，生发于”，分句之间的衔接主要还是靠意义和逻辑关系的连接，先是讲我想象的内容，然后讲想象内容“空气”和周围环境的关系，最后讲这种空气的实质。三个分句环环相扣，层层展开，如果缺少了分句中意义和逻辑关系的衔接，整个句子就无法成为一个有机而连贯的汉语句子。,.,2)Shehadaverythinfacelikethedialofasmallclockseenfaintlyinadarkroominthemiddleofanightwhenyouwakentoseethetimeandseetheclocktellingyouthehourandtheminuteandthesecond,withawhitesilenceandaglowing,allcertaintyandknowingwhatithastotellofthenightpassingswiftlyontowardfurtherdarknessbutmovingalsotowardanewsun.(RayDouglasBradbury:Fahrenheit451)译文：（她的）容貌那么清秀，就像半夜里醒来时在黑暗中隐约可见的小小的钟面，报告时刻的钟面。它皎洁而安静，深知时间在飞驰，深信黑暗虽然越来越深沉，却也越来越接近新生的太阳。（苗怀新译）,.,解析：这个例句选自美国作家布拉德伯利的著名的反乌托邦小说华氏451度。整段话共80个字，是一个完整而典型的“形合”句，主要是采用各种语法手段（如被动句、定语从句、宾语从句、并列句）以及运用修辞手法来进行有机的衔接，使原文一气呵成。在翻译过程中，在正确理解原文内容、理清原文内在结构，原语中“显性的语法和词汇手段”，除了两组重复的词（“钟面”、“深知”和“深信”）以及前后指代（“钟面”和“它”）外，大部分都被隐去，取而代之的是汉语中意义和逻辑上的衔接和连贯。译文充分利用汉语的短句形式，按照原文的逻辑顺序，把整个句子切分成两个单句、七个部分。每个部分间层层相连，环环相扣，读起来有读原文那种一气呵成的感觉。如果脱离了汉语句子间意义和逻辑的衔接，整个句子将支离破碎、读起来拗口、别扭。,.,1.Ivebeensparedalot,oneoftheblessedoftheearth,atleastoneofitslucky,thatprivilegedhandfulofthedramaticallyprospering,thesortwhosesecretsareasked,likethehundred-year-oldman.2.AndsoFranklinRooseveltfoundthathehad,ineffect,torecruitanentirelynewandtemporarygovernmenttobepiledontopoftheoldone,thenewgovernmenttogetthetanksandairplanesbuilt,theuniformsmade,themenandwomenassembledandtrainedandshippedabroad,andthebattlesfoughtandwon.,TranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoChinese.,.,1.我一直活得无忧无虑，深得上帝垂爱，至少算个幸运儿，少数人才享有的尊荣富贵，我垂手得之。就像百岁人瑞总有人讨教，我的秘诀也总有人探询。2.富兰克林罗斯福因此意识到他必须招募新班人马，组建临时机构来补强不能胜任的旧政府。新成立的政府机构专门负责建造坦克飞机，定制军服，招募培训战士。这些战士将被派往前线，去赢得一场场的战争。,TranslationforReference:,.,PersonalLetters,FocusedWriting,.,Apersonalletterisaletterwhichprovidescommunicationbetweenasmallnumberofpeople,usuallytwo.Therearemanytypesofpersonallettersandtheyarewrittenforawidevarietyofreasons,forexample:,FocusedWritingWritingSkill,*obtaininginformationfromanindividualorabusiness;*tellingsomebodyaboutthemselves,forexample,penpals;*sendinganindividualorabusinessasocialnote,suchasathank-youorcongratulations;*contactinganacquaintance,afriendorfamilymember,forexample,toexchangeinformation.,.,TheFormatofaLetterIngeneral,aletter,beitpersonalorformal,iscomprisedofthesameparts.Letstakealookatthefollowingspecimenformatofapersonalletter.,FocusedWritingWritingSkill,.,FocusedWritingWritingSkill,Sendersaddress,Date,Salutation,Bodyoftheletter,Complimentaryclose,NameorSignature,.,TheaddressofthesenderThesendersaddressiswrittenonthetopright-handcornerofthepage.Rememberthattheaddressofthereceiver,whichisoftenreferredtoasthereceiversoraddresseesaddress,isnotappropriateinapersonalletter.,FocusedWritingWritingSkill,.,ThedateThedateiswrittenbelowthesendersaddresswithablanklineinbetween.Inthemonth-day-yearsystem,popularintheUnitedStates,acommaisusedbetweenthedayandtheyear,asinSeptember10,2009whereasBritishpeopletendtoadopttheday-month-yearmode,asin10thSeptember2009or10-9-2009.,FocusedWritingWritingSkill,.,ThesalutationThesalutationalwaysappearsattheleft-handsideofthepage.Thecustomary“Dear”isusedalongwiththerecipientsfirstname,ifappropriate.,FocusedWritingWritingSkill,.,ThebodyoftheletterItisthemostimportantpart,conveyinginformationtotherecipientoftheletter.Personallettersareusually“newsy”(信息丰富的)andarewritteninachattyorconversationalstyleinmostcases.Thus,suchcontractionslike“Ill”or“doesnt”,incompletesentenceslike“Wonderfulnews!”andcolloquialexpressionsareacceptable.,FocusedWritingWritingSkill,.,ThecomplimentarycloseItcanbeplacedeitherontheright-handorleft-handsidebelowthebodyoftheletter.Themostcommonformsofclosin