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PASSAGEAPOWERTRAINTHEPOWERTRAINSERVESTWOFUNCTIONSITTRANSMITSPOWERFROMTHEENGINETOTHEDRIVEWHEELS,ANDITVARIESTHEAMOUNTOFTORQUETHEPOWERTRAININCLUDES1ENGINETHATPRODUCESPOWER；2TRANSMISSIONEITHERMANUALORAUTOMATIC；3CLUTCHUSEDONLYONMANUALTRANSMISSION,ORTORQUECONVERTERUSEDONLYONAUTOMATICTRANSMISSION4DRIVESHAFTTHATTRANSMITSTHEPOWERFROMTRANSMISSIONTODIFFERENTIAL；5THATCARRIESTHEPOWERTOTHETWOWHEELAXLESSEEFIG51MANUALTRANSMISSIONTHEFUNCTIONOFAMANUALTRANSMISSION,SHOWNINFIG52,ISTOTRANSFERENGINEPOWERTOTHEDRIVESHAFTANDREARWHEELSGEARSINSIDETHETRANSMISSIONCHANGETHECARSDRIVEWHEELSPEEDANDTORQUEINRELATIONTOENGINESPEEDANDTORQUETHISKEEPSTHEENGINESOUTPUTMATCHEDASCLOSEASPOSSIBLETOVARYINGROADSPEEDSANDLOADSAMANUALTRANSAXLE，SHOWNINTHEFIG53,ISASINGLEUNITCOMPOSEDOFAMANUALTRANSMISSION,DIFFERENTIAL,ANDDRIVEAXLESMOSTFRONTWHEELDRIVE（FWD）CARSAREEQUIPPEDWITHATRANSAXLESUCHTRANSAXLEAREALSOFOUNDONSOMEFRONTENGINEDORREARWHEELDRIVE（RWD）,FOURWHEELDRIVE（4WD）CARSANDONREARENGINEDANDREARWHEELDRIVECARSAMANUALTRANSMISSIONREQUIRESUSEOFACLUTCHTOAPPLYANDREMOVEENGINETORQUETOTHETRANSMISSIONINPUTSHAFTTHECLUTCHALLOWSTHISTOHAPPPENGRADUALLYSOTHATTHECARCANBESTARTEDFROMACOMPLETESTOPMANUALTRANSMISSIONUSUALLYHAVEFOURORFIVESPEEDS,ANDOFTENHAVE“OVERDRIVE”,WHICHMEANSTHATTHEOUTPUTSHAFTCANTURNFASTERTHANTHEINPUTSHAFTFORFUELECONOMYONTHEHIGHWAYWHENYOUUSEIT,ITWILLREDUCETHEENGINESPEEDBYONETHIRD,WHILEMAINTAININGTHESAMEROADSPEEDCLUTCHDRIVINGACARWITHAMANUALTRANSMISSION,YOUDEPRESSTHECLUTCH,SELECTAGEAR,ANDRELEASETHECLUTCHWHILEAPPLYINGPOWERTOGETTHECARTOMOVETHECLUTCHALLOWSENGINEPOWERTOBEAPPLIEDGRADUALLYWHENAVEHICLEISSTARTINGOUT,ANDINTERRUPTSPOWERTOAVOIDGEARCRUNCHINGWHENSHIFTINGENGAGINGTHECLUTCHALLOWSPOWERTOTRANSFERFROMTHEENGINETOTRANSMISSIONANDDRIVEWHEELDISENGAGINGTHECLUTCHSTOPSTHEPOWERTRANSFERANDALLOWSTHEENGINETOCONTINUETURNINGWITHOUTFORCETOTHEDRIVEWHEELSTHECLUTCHBASICCOMPONENTSARETHEFLYWHEEL,CLUTCHDISK,PRESSUREPLATE,RELEASEBEARINGANDLINKAGESEEFIG54THEFLYWHEELISBOLTEDTOTHECRANKSHAFTOFTHEENGINEITSMAINFUNCTIONISTOTRANSFERENGINETORQUEFROMTHEENGINETOTHETRANSMISSIONTHECLUTCHDISKISBASICALLYASTEELPLATE,COVEREDWITHAFRICTIONALMATERIALTHATGOESBETWEENTHEFLYWHEELANDTHEPRESSUREPLATEAPRESSUREPLATEISBOLTEDTOTHEFLYWHEELITINCLUDESASHEETMETALCOVER,HEAVYRELEASESPRINGS,AMETALPRESSURERINGTHATPROVIDESAFRICTIONSURFACEFORTHECLUTCHDISKTHERELEASEBEARINGISTHEHEARTOFCLUTCHOPERATIONWHENTHECLUTCHPEDALISDEPRESSED,THETHROWOUTBEARINGMOVESTOWARDTHEFLYWHEEL,PUSHINGINTHEPRESSUREPLATESRELEASEFINGERSANDMOVINGTHEPRESSUREPLATEFINGERSORLEVERSAGAINSTPRESSUREPLATESPRINGFORCETHELINKAGETRANSMITSANDMULTIPLIESTHEDRIVERSLEGFORCETOTHEFORKOFTHECLUTCHPRESSUREPLATEAMECHANICALCLUTCHLINKAGEUSUALLYCONSISTSOFTHECLUTCHPEDAL,ASERIESOFLINKAGERODSANDARMS,ORACABLEAHYDRAULICCLUTCHLINKAGETYPICALLYINCLUDESACLUTCHMASTERCYLINDERANDRESERVOIR,AHYDRAULICLINEANDASLAVECYLINDERAUTOMATICTRANSMISSIONBOTHANAUTOMATICTRANSMISSIONANDAMANUALTRANSMISSIONACCOMPLISHEXACTLYTHESAMETHING,BUTTHEYDOITINTOTALLYDIFFERENTWAYSTHEKEYDIFFERENCEBETWEENAMANUALANDANAUTOMATICTRANSMISSIONSISTHATTHEMANUALTRANSMISSIONLOCKSANDUNLOCKSANDDIFFERENTSETSOFGEARSTOTHEOUTPUTSHAFTTOACHIEVETHEVARIOUSGEARRATIOS,WHILEINANAUTOMATICTRANSMISSION,THESAMESETOFGEARSPRODUCESALLOFDIFFERENTGEARRATIOSTHEPLANETARYGEARSETISTHEDEVICETHATMAKESTHISPOSSIBLEINANAUTOMATICAUTOMATICTRANSMISSIONSAREUSEDINMANYREARWHEELDRIVEANDFOURWHEELDRIVEVEHICLESAUTOMATICTRANSAXLESAREUSEDINMOSTFRONTWHEELDRIVEVEHICLESTHEMAJORCOMPONENTSOFATRANSAXLEARETHESAMEASTHOSEINATRANSMISSION,EXCEPTTHETRANSAXLEASSEMBLYINCLUDESTHEFINALDRIVEANDDIFFERENTIALGEARS,INADDITIONTOTHETRANSMISSIONANAUTOMATICTRANSMISSIONRECEIVESENGINEPOWERTHROUGHATORQUECONVERTER,WHICHISDRIVENBYTHEENGINESCRANKSHAFTHYDRAULICPRESSUREINTHECONVERTERALLOWSPOWERTOFLOWFROMTHETORQUECONVERTERTOTHETRANSMISSIONSINPUTSHAFTTHEINPUTSHAFTDRIVESAPLANETARYGEARSETTHATPROVIDESTHEDIFFERENTFORWARDGEARS,ANEUTRALPOSITION,ANDONEREVERSEGEARPOWERFLOWTHROUGHTHEGEARSISCONTROLLEDBYMULTIPLEDISKCLUTCHES,ONEWAYCLUTCHES,ANDFRICTIONBANDSPASSAGEBPOWERTRAINTORQUECONVERTERTHEKEYTOTHEMODERNAUTOMATICTRANSMISSIONISTHETORQUECONVERTERITTAKESTHEPLACEOFACLUTCHINAMANUALTRANSMISSIONTOSENDTHEPOWERFROMTHEENGINETOTHETRANSMISSIONINPUTSHAFTTHETORQUECONVERTEROFFERSTHEADVANTAGEOFMULTIPLYINGTHETURNINGPOWERPROVIDEDBYTHEENGINEITHASTHREEPARTSTHATHELPMULTIPLYTHEPOWERANIMPELLER（ORPUMP）CONNECTEDTOTHEENGINESCRANKSHAFT,ATURBINETOTURNTHETURBINESHAFTWHICHISCONNECTEDTOTHEGEARS,ANDASTATOR（ORGUIDEWHEEL）BETWEENTHETWOSEEFIG56THETORQUECONVERTERISFILLEDWITHTRANSMISSIONFLUIDTHATISMOVEDBYIMPELLERBLADESWHENTHEIMPELLERSPINSABOVEACERTAINSPEED,THETURBINESPINS,DRIVENBYTHEIMPELLERPLANETARYGEARINGPLANETARYGEARSPROVIDEFORTHEDIFFERENTGEARRATIOSNEEDEDTOMOVEAVEHICLEINTHEDESIREDDIRECTIONATTHECORRECTSPEEDAPLANETARYGEARSETCONSISTSOFASUNGEAR,PLANETGEARS,ANDAINTERNALRINGSEEFIG57INTHECENTEROFTHEPLANETARYGEARSETISTHESUNGEARPLANETGEARSSURROUNDTHESUNGEAR,JUSTLIKETHEEARTHANDOTHERPLANETSINOURSOLARSYSTEMTHESEGEARSAREMOUNTEDANDSUPPORTEDBYTHEPLANETCARRIERANDEACHGEARSPINSONITSOWNSEPARATESHAFTTHEPLANETGEARSAREINCONSTANTMESHWITHTHESUNANDRINGGEARSTHERINGGEARISTHEOUTERGEAROFTHEGEARSETITSHASINTERNALTEETHANDSURROUNDSTHERESTOFTHEGEARSETITSGEARTEETHAREINCONSTANTMESHWITHTHEPLANETGEARSTHENUMBEROFPLANETGEARSUSEDINAPLANETARYGEARSETVARIESACCORDINGTOTHELOADSTHETRANSMISSIONISDESIGNEDTOFACEFORHEAVYLOADS,THENUMBEROFPLANETGEARSISINCREASEDTOSPREADTHEWORKLOADOVERMOREGEARTEETHTHEPLANETARYGEARSETCANPROVIDEAGEARREDUCTIONOROVERDRIVE,DIRECTDRIVEORREVERSE,ORANEUTRALPOSITIONBECAUSETHEGEARSINCONSTANTMESH,GEARCHANGESAREMADEWITHOUTENGAGINGORDISENGAGINGGEARS,ASISREQUIREDINAMANUALTRANSMISSIONRATHER,CLUTCHESANDBANDSAREUSEDTOEITHERHOLDORRELEASEDIFFERENTMEMBERSOFTHEGEARSETTOGETTHEPROPERDIRECTIONOFROTATIONAND/ORGEARRATIODIFFERENTONFWDCARS,THEDIFFERENTIALUNITISNORMALLYPARTOFTHETRANSAXLEASSEMBLYONRWDCARS,ITISPARTOFTHEREARAXLEASSEMBLYLOCATEDINSIDETHEDIFFERENTIALCASEARETHEDIFFERENTIALPINIONSHAFTSANDGEARSANDTHEDIFFERENTIALSIDEGEARSSEEFIG58THEDIFFERENTIALASSEMBLYREVOLVESWITHTHERINGGEARAXLESIDEGEARSARESPLINEDTOTHEREARAXLEORFRONTAXLEDRIVESHAFTSWHENANAUTOMOBILEISMOVINGSTRAIGHTAHEAD,BOTHWHEELSAREFREETOROTATEENGINEPOWERISAPPLIEDTOTHEPINIONGEAR,WHICHROTATESTHERINGGEARBEVELEDPINIONGEARSARECARRIEDAROUNDBYTHERINGGEARANDROTATEASONEUNITEACHAXLERECEIVESTHESAMEPOWER,SOEACHWHEELTURNSATTHESAMESPEEDSEEFIG59WHENTHECARTURNSASHARPCORNER,ONLYONEWHEELROTATESFREELYTORQUESTILLCOMESINONTHEPINIONGEARANDROTATESTHERINGGEAR,CARRYINGTHEBEVELEDPINIONSAROUNDWITHITHOWEVER,ONEAXLEISHELDSTATIONARYANDTHEBEVELEDPINIONSAREFORCEDTOROTATEONTHEIROWNAXISAND“WALKAROUND”THEIRGEARTHEOTHERSIDEIS