外文翻译--计算机集成制造的定义.doc

附录英文原文IntroductiontoComputerIntegratedManufacturingCIMdefinedComputerintegratedmanufacturing(CIM)isthetermusedtodescribethemodemapproachtomanufacturing.AlthoughCIMencompassesmanyoftheotheradvancedmanufacturingtechnologiessuchasCNC；CAD/CAM,robotics,andjust-in-time(JIT)deliuery,itismorethanewtech.nolomlor.acncept.puterintegrated:manufacturingisanentirelynewapproachtomanufacturing,anewwayofdoingbusiness.TounderstandCIM,itisnecessarytobeginwithacomparisonofmodernandtraditionalmanufacturing.Modemmanufacturingencompassesalloftheactivitiesandprocessesnecessarytoconvertrawmaterialsintofinishedproducts,deliverthemtothemarket,andsupporttheminthefield.Theseactivitiesincludethefollowing:1.Identifyinganeedforaproduct.2.Designingaproducttomeettheneeds.3.Obtainingtherawmaterialsneededtoproducetheproduct.4.Applyingappropriateprocessestotransformtherawmaterialsintofinishedproducts,5.Transportingproductstothemarket.6.Maintainingtheproducttoensureproperperformanceinthefield.Thisbroad,modernviewofmanufacturingcanbecomparedwiththemorelimitedtraditionalviewthatfocusedalmostentirelyontheconversionprocesses.Theoldapproachexcludedsuchcriticalpreconversionelementsasmarketanalysisreseach,development,anddesign,aswellassuchafter-conversionelementsasproductdeliveryandproductmaintenance.Inotherwords,intheoldapproachtomanufacturing,onlythoseprocessesthattookplaceontheshopfloorwereconsideredmanufacturing.Thistraditionalapproachofseparatingtheoverallconceptintonumerousstand-alonespecializedelementswasnotfundamentallychangedwiththeadventofautomation.WithCIM,notonlyarethevariouselementsautomated,buttheislandsofautomationarealllinkedtogetherorintegrated.Integrationmeansthatasystemcanprovidecompleteandinstantaneoussharingofinformation.Inmodernmanufacturing,integrationisaccomplishedbycomputers.CIM,then,isthetotalintegrationofallcomponentsinvolvedinconvertingrawmaterialsintofinishedproductsandgettingtheproductstothemarket.HistoricalDevelopmentofCIMThetermcomputerintegratedmanufacturingwasdevelopedinI974byJosephHarringtonasthetitleofabookhewroteabouttyingislandsofautomationtogetherthroughtheuseofcomputers.IthastakenmanyyearsforCIMtodevelopasaconcept,butintegratedmanufacturingisnotreallynew.Infact,integrationiswheremanufacturingactuallybegan.Manufacturinghasevolvedthroughfourdistictstages:Manualmanufacturing.Mechanization/SpecializationAutomation.Integration.ManualManufacturingManualmanufacturingusingsimplehandtoolswasactuallyintegratedmanufacturing.Allinformationneededtodesign,produce,anddeliveraproductwasreadilyavailablebecauseitresidedinthemindoftheonepersonwhoperformedallofthenecessarytasks,Thetoolofintegrationintheearliestyearsof,manufacturingwasthehumanmindofthecraftsmanwhodesigned,produced,anddeliveredtheproduct,Anexampleofintegratedmanualmanufacturingisthevillageblacksmithproducingaspecialtoolforalocalfarmer.Theblacksmithwouldhaveinhismindalloftheinformationneededtodesign,produce,anddeliverthefarmerstools.Inthisexample,allelementsofmanufacturingareintegrated.Mechanization/SpecializationWiththeadventoftheindustrialrevolution,manufacturingprocessesbecamebothspecializedandmechanized.Insteadofonepersondesigning,producing,anddeliveringaproduct,workersand/ormachinesperformedspecializedtaskswithineachofthesebroadareas.Commtmicationamongtheseseparateentitieswasachievedusingdrawings,specifications,joborders,processplans,andavarietyofothercommunicationaids.Toensurethatthefinishedproductmatchedtheplannedproduct,theconceptofualitycontrolwasintroducedThepositivesideofthemechanization/specializationstagewasthatitpermittedmassproduction,interchange,abilityofparts,differentlevelsofaccuracy,anduniformity.Thedisadvantageisthatthelackofintegrationledtoagreatdealofwaste.AutomationAutomationimprovedtheperformanceandenhancedthecapabilitiesofbothpeopleandmachineswithinspecializedmanufacturingcomponents.Forexample,CADenhancedthecapabilityofdesignersanddrafters.CNCenhancedthecapabilitiesofmachinistsandcomputer-assistedplanners.Buttheimprovementsbroughtonbyautomationwereisolatedwithinindividualcomponentsorislands.Becauseofthis,automationdidnotalwaysliveuptoitspotential.Tounderstandthelimitationsofautomationwithregardtooverallproductivityimpro-vement,considerthefollowinganalogy.Supposethatvarioussubsystemsofanautomobile(i.e.,theengine,steering,brakes)wereautomatedtomakethedriversjobeasier.Automaticacceleration,deceleration,steering,andbrakingwouldcertainlybemoreefficientthanthemanualversions.However,considerwhatwouldhappenifthesevariousautomatedsubsystemswerenottiedtogetherinawaythatallowedthemtocommunicateandshareaccurateup-to-dateinformationinstantlyandcontinually.Onesystemmightbeattemptingtoacceleratetheautomobilewhileanothersystemwasattemptingtoapplythebrakes.Thesamelimitationsapplyinanautomatedmanufacturingsetting.Theselimitationsarewhatledtothecurrentstageinthedevelopmentofmanufacturing,integration.Integration.Withtheadventofthecomputerage,manufacturinghasdevelopedfullcircle.Itbeganasatotallyintegratedconceptand,withCIM,hasonceagainbecomeone.However,therearemajordifferencesinthemanufacturingintegrationoftodayandthatofDesignhasevolvedfromamanualprocessusingsuchtoolsassliderulesofmanufacturingarelinkedtogetherthroughthemanualeraofthepast.First,theinstrumentofintegrationinthemanualerawasthehumanmind.Theinstrumentofintegrationinmodernmanufacturingisthecomputer.Second,processesinthemodernmanufacturingsettingarestillspecializedandautomated.AnotherwaytoviewthehistoricaldevelopmentofClMisbyexaminingthewaysinwhichsomeoftheindividualcomponentsofCIMhavedevelopedovertheyears.Suchcomponentsasdesign,planning,andproductionhaveevolvedbothasprocessesandinthetoolsandequipmentusedtoaccomplishtheprocesses.pencils,scales,anderasersintoanautomatedprocessknownascomputer-aideddesi