外文.pdf

25CONSTRUCTIONEVOLUTIONOFDEEPSOILLOOSENINGEQUIPMENTINROMANIAINTHECOUNTRYSPECIFICSOILCONDITIONSBDESCUM1,CROITORUT1,PETCUA2,MARINE2,BORUZS1,IVANGH2,VLDUV2,MATACHEM2,CUJBESCUD2,VOICEAI21UNIVERSITYOFCRAIOVA2INMABUCHARESTKEYWORDSDEPTH,AERATION,EQUIPMENT,WORKINGBODY,SOILABSTRACTTHISPAPERPRESENTSTHEMAINACHIEVEMENTSOFTHELARGESTMANUFACTURERSOFDEEPSOILLOOSENINGMACHINESANDEQUIPMENT,HIGHLIGHTINGTHESPECIFICCHARACTERISTICSOFEACHDEVICE,SOTHATTHEYACHIEVEAVERYGOODJOBLOOSENINGINDEPTH,USINGANLOWENERGYSOURCEFORTHESAMEWORKINGWIDTHINTRODUCTIONROMANIAFACESADEGREEOFDETERIORATIONOFSOILQUALITYTHROUGHEROSION,ACIDIFICATION,ALKALIZATION,EXCESSOFMOISTUREORDROUGHT,SALINIZATION,COMPACTIONETCTHEMAINPROCESSOFSOILDEGRADATIONBYEXTENSIONANDSOCIOECONOMICIMPACTISTHEEROSIONBYWATER,WHICHTOGETHERWITHLANDFALLOVER7MILHECTARESOFFARMLANDTHESECONDMOSTIMPORTANTFACTORINSOILDEGRADATIONISPERIODICWATERLOGGINGAFFECTING38MILLIONHAOFAGRICULTURALLANDANDFORESTLAND06MILLIONANDEXCESSFREQUENTDROUGHTMANIFESTSAPPROX71MILLIONHAOFFARMLANDAND02MILLIONHECTARESOFFORESTAPRIMARYPROCESSNATURALLYENCOUNTEREDISSALINIZATION,WHICHISLARGELYENHANCEDBYSOMEAMELIORATIVEIMPROPERLYAPPLIEDTECHNIQUESSUCHASDAMMING,DRAINAGEANDIRRIGATIONANIMPORTANTROLEINSOILDEGRADATIONOCCUPIESANTHROPOGENICSOILCOMPACTIONANDCRUSTINGCOMPACTIONISFOUNDONABOUT13MILHECTARESOFARABLESOILBEINGDUEMAINLYWEIGHTAND/ORTOOFREQUENTUSEOFAGRICULTURALEQUIPMENT,ESPECIALLYINHUMIDCONDITIONSUNSUITABLESOILORTHETOODRYSOILORTOOWETSOILSTHELASTONESISMAINLYARESULTOFHIGHERLOADONATRACTOROFTHEARABLEAREACRUSTANDFILLINGSOILPORES22MILHAOCCURSMOSTLYSILTYANDCLAYEYSOILSWITHLOWORGANICMATTERCONTENT,HIGHERHORIZONSTRUCTUREDESTROYEDASARESULTOFINTENSIVEAGRICULTURALWORKANDREPEATEDLYMADEIMPROPERMOISTURECONDITIONS,WITHPOORVEGETATIONCOVERTHATALLOWSMAXIMUMIMPACTOFRAINDROPSEXCESSOFMOISTUREONTHESURFACEISDUETOTHEEXISTENCE,FROMTHEDEPTHSOF3540CM,AHARDLAYERPERMEABLETOWATERANDAIRBHORIZONCLAYILUVIAL,FINETEXTUREOFTHEDEPOSITSTHATWEREFORMEDTHESOILSEXBLACKANDBROWNPOORSOILSHUMIFERECLAY,COMPACT,VERTISOLSONTHEOTHERHAND,THEINTENSIVEUSEOFSOILSUNDERCHEMICALIZEDANDMECHANIZEDAGRICULTURE,WHILETHEYSUFFERAPROGRESSIVECOMPACTIONPROCESSESINMOSTCULTIVATEDSOILSATDIFFERENTDEPTHSTOFORMATHICKCOMPACTLAYEROF1520CMHARDPERMEABLETOWATERANDAIR,WHICHPROMOTESTHEEXPANSIONOFTHEEXCESSOFMOISTUREINTHEUPPERLAYERS,WHILETHEVOLUMEOFWATERDUETOSOILPLANTSREDUCEPEDOLOGICALDROUGHTOCCURRINGINYEARSWITHLESSPRECIPITATIONUNDERTHECONDITIONSOFOURCOUNTRY,WHERERAINFALLISUNEVENLYDISTRIBUTEDDURINGTHEYEAR,THESESOILSSUFFERASTRONGALTERNATIVEOFEXCESSINMOISTUREANDAERATIONDEFICITDURINGSPRINGTIMEANDDURINGSUMMERTIMEAMOISTUREDEFICIT26TOPREVENTANDREMOVETHEDEFICIENCIESSHOWNANDATTHESAMETIMEINCREASINGTHEEFFICIENCYOFLANDIMPROVEMENTWORKSISNECESSARYTOAPPLYASETOFAGROIMPROVEMENTMEASURES,WHERETHESOILDEEPLOOSENINGOFPARTICULARIMPORTANCEINTERMSOFPEDOLOGY,THESOILINTERESTEDINWORKSDEEPSOILLOOSENINGBELONGSTOTHEFOLLOWINGMAINTYPESANDSUBTYPESPODZOLICCLAYILUVIALUSUALLYPSEUDOGLEYEDBROWNFORESTSOILS,PODZOLICOFTEN,PSEUDOGLEYEDSOMEREDDISHBROWNFORESTSOILSVERTISOLSSMOLNASOMEMARSHYGROUNDSANDSOLONETZSCLAYSOMECHERNOZEMSLEACHATECLAYTHEAREAOCCUPIEDINOURCOUNTRYWITHTHESOILSWITHAHIGHDEGREEOFDETERIORATIONOFSOILQUALITYISABOUT198OFTHETOTALAGRICULTURALAREAEMERGENCYORDERTOIMPLEMENTIMPROVEMENTWORKSWASESTABLISHEDAGROPEDOLOGYEXPERTS,TAKINGINTOACCOUNTTHEINTENSITYOFMANIFESTATIONOFTHENEGATIVECHARACTERISTICSOFTHESOIL,THEEXPECTEDEFFICIENCYOFTHEWORK,THESLOPEOFTERRITORIALORGANIZATION,THEPOSSIBILITIESFORMECHANIZATIONETCFROMTHESEPOINTSOFVIEWTHATTHEURGENCYFIRSTLIESANAREAOFABOUTA13MILLIONHECTARES,SPREADIN36COUNTIESINTABLE1,FOREACHCOUNTYINTHECOUNTRY,AFTERTHEEMERGENCYDISTRIBUTIONOFAGRICULTURALLANDSTHATREQUIREDEEPSOILLOOSENINGWORKSMATERIALANDMETHODAMONGTHEDEEPLOOSENINGWORKSSTANDSBYSCARIFICATIONANDSUBSOILINGSCARIFICATIONCONSISTSINLOOSENINGSOILPROFILE4580CMWITHSPECIALEQUIPMENTCALLEDSCARIFIER,PERFORMINGCUTTING,BREAKING,GRINDINGANDLOOSENINGTHESOILWITHOUTTURNINGTHECUTMATERIALTHISPAPERAIMSATIMPROVINGTHESYSTEMOFMOVEMENTOFWATERINTHESOIL,FAVORINGTHEEXCESSOFINFILTRATIONFROMTHESURFACETODEPTH,LOWBULKDENSITYDADUETOINCREASEDPOROSITY,REDUCEDPENETRATIONRESISTANCE,INCREASEDMICROBIOLOGICALACTIVITYINTHEFIELD,CREATINGFAVORABLECONDITIONSFORDEVELOPMENTOFROOTSETCTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFTHISWORKDEPENDS,AMONGOTHERS,THENEEDANDOPPORTUNITYFORITSEXECUTIONAMONGTHEFACTORSTHATMAKETHISWORKREQUIREDASPECIALROLEISTHEDEGREEOFCOMPACTIONGT“TABLE1TABLE1FACTORSTHATINFLUENCETHESCARIFICATIONCOMPACTIONCRITERIATHEDEGREEOFCOMPACTION,GTREQUIREMENTSSCARIFICATIONCLAY18ACUTETHEDEGREEOFCOMPACTIONISDETERMINEDBYTHEMINIMUMTOTALPOROSITYOFTHESOIL,PMIN,THEPOROSITYDEPENDSONTHETEXTUREANDTHETOTALEFFECTIVESOILPEWITHTHERELATIONTHEAGEOFEXECUTIONDEPENDSONSOILMOISTURE,THEOPTIMUMBEING6080OFIUAACTIVESOILMOISTURERANGEANDWITHINITVARIESBYCULTUREAFTEREARLYCROPSINSUMMEROR27AUTUMN,AFTERHARVEST,ANDFORPLANTINGSPRINGBEFOREANDAFTERPLOWINGORSPRINGPRIORTOPREPARATIONOFTHESEEDBEDTHEDEPTHOFEXECUTIONHASVALUEBETWEN4580CM,DEPENDINGONTHEPROFILEOFTHESOILANDTHEPOSITIONHARDPANTHICKNESSATHICKSOILLAYER1520CM,LOCATEDATDIFFERENTDEPTHS,COMPACTED,IMPERVIOUSANDIMPENETRABLE,WHICHPREVENTSDEEPWATERPENETRATIONANDFAVORSTHEAPPEARANCEOFEXCESSMOISTUREINTHEUPPERLAYERSTHETIMEINTERVALBETWEENTWOWORKSOFSCARIFICATIONDEPENDSONSOILTEXTUREWAS45YEARSONCLAYSOILS,56YEARSONTHECLAYLOAM,SILTYSOILS79YEARS,910SANDYLOAMSOILAND1012YEARSONSOILSALINITYBASICALLY,THEJOBISRUNNINGWITHSCARIFIERSDRIVENBYTHETRACTORSPTOWITHOSCILLATORYORVIBRATORYMOVEMENTSTODEPTHSOF6080CMANDABOVEIFTHEWORKISCOMBINEDWITHTHEWORKOFTHEEXCESSWATERDRAIN,THEEFFICIENCYOFSCARIFICATIONISMAXIMALSUBSOILINGISADEEPLOOSENINGFIG1,WITHPERIODICCHARACTER,SPECIFICTOPERENNIALCROPSESTABLISHEDONSLOPPYLANDVINEYARDS,FRUITTREES,ARGILLACEOUSARABLELANDANDTHOSEPREDISPOSEDTOHARDPANFIG2HARDPANISANIMPERMEABLELAYEROFSOILTHATOCCURSDUETOTHEPERFORMANCEOFSURFACEWORKANDPLOWINGATTHESAMEDEPTHFORSEVERALYEARSINAROWTHEWORKISEXECUTEDWITHWORKINGOFDIFFERENTTYPES,FIXEDOROSCILLATINGFINCURVEDORSTRAIGHT,DIFFERENTFROMTHETRACTORWHEELSFITTEDWITHTWOORMOREBODIESUPTO5CHISELS,DEEPLOOSENINGEQUIPMENTTHATDESTROYTHEHARDPANANDLOOSENSTHESOILUPTO5060CM,ANDEVENMOREONTHEENTIRESURFACEORINSTRIPSFIG2DEEPLOOSENINGFIG3EXAMPLEOFHARDPANSUBSOILINGEFFECTIVENESSDEPENDSAMONGOTHERSTOTHEDEPTHOFEXECUTIONBELOW40CM,THEFIELDCROPSBEINGINEFFECTIVEANDTOOLARGEDEPTHSAREEXPENSIVEINORCHARDSANDVINEYARDS,SUBSOILINGEXECUTEDAT34YEARS,WITHTHEDEEPLOOSENINGPLOWFORVINEYARDISTOPARTIALLYRESTOREUNBLOCKINGEFFECTSSUBSOILINGEFFECTISOBTAINEDANDINSOILWORKSTIRUPPERDEEPLOOSENINGEQUIPMENT,APIECEATTACHEDTOTHEPLOW,WHICHLOOSENSTHELOWARABLELAYERONDEPTHOF515CM,WITHOUTBRINGINGITTOTHESURFACETHESTIRUPOFTHELOWARABLELAYERSEEKSTOEASETHEPENETRATIONOFWATERANDAIRINDEPTH,ENHANCINGAEROBICMICROBIOLOGICALPROCESSES,INCREASINGTHEPOOLOFNUTRIENTSFROMTHESOIL,HEATINGSOILLOWARABLELAYERANDENCOURAGINGTHEPLANTROOTSYSTEMAGROTECHNICALINDICESFORDEEPLOOSENINGOFTHESOILTOMAKEDEEPLOOSENINGINTHESOILUNDEROPTIMALCONDITIONSISNECESSARYTOTAKEINTOACCOUNTASERIESOFAGROTECHNICALINDICESOFWHICHISSPECIFYEDTHEFOLLOWINGLOOSENINGDEPTHHISDETERMINEDINRELATIONTOSOILPROFILETAKINGINTOACCOUNTTHEPOSITIONOFTHEWATERPROOFLAYERANDITSTHICKNESSTHEMAXIMUMDEPTHISLOOSENING7080CMANDMORE28WORKINGWIDTHOFAWORKINGBODYLDEPENDSONTHEDEPTHOFLOOSENINGHBETWEENWHICHTHEREISUSUALLYDEPENDENTRELATIONSHIPL2HTHELATERALDISTANCEBETWEENTHETWOBODIESOFWORKDISDETERMINEDBYTHEINDICESHANDLSHOWINGADOUBLERAISINGAREAFIG3DISTANCEBETWEENTWOACTIVEBODIESMUSTBECHOSENDEPENDINGONTHESOILTYPELIGHT,MEDIUMANDHEAVYTHUS,LIGHTSOILSANDLIGHTTOMEDIUMWORK34WORKINGBODIES,ANDONMEDIUMTOHEAVYSOILS,THEIRNUMBERISREDUCED,FOLLOWINGTHESUBSEQUENTPASSAGETOACTONPREVIOUSLYUNCULTIVATEDRANGEFIG3THEDISTANCEBETWEENTHEACTIVEORGANSOFTHESCARIFIERLWORKINGWIDTHDDISTANCEBETWEENTWOACTIVEBODIESHTHEWORKINGDEPTHDIRECTIONOFLOOSENINGWORKISRECOMMENDEDTOBEORIENTEDPERPENDICULARTOTHEDRAINAGECHANNELWHEREAPPROPRIATETHEREBYALLOWINGEXCESSWATERTODRAININTOTHECOLLECTIONCHANNELIFTHESOILHASAHIGHDEGREEOFCOMPACTIONISRECOMMENDEDTHATTHEWORKSHOLDBEDONEAFTERTWOPERPENDICULARDIRECTIONSONSLOPES,DEEPSOILLOOSENINGRUNSUSUALLYPARALLELTOTHECONTOURSTOREMOVETHEDANGEROFEROSIONTHETIMEOFWORKEXECUTIONOFDEEPLOOSENINGMAYHAVEAMOREPROLONGEDEFFECTONLYWHENRUNNINGUNDEROPTIMALCONDITIONSOFHUMIDITYOPTIMUMMOISTURECONDITIONSAREFULFILLEDWHENTHEHUMIDITYISBETWEEN6090OFACTIVEHUMIDITYINTERVALATLESSTHAN60MOISTURE,THESOILISTOODRY,RESULTINGLARGELUMPSWHOAREWORKEDHARDANDHASAHIGHENERGYCONSUMPTIONINTHEPROCESSOFLOOSENINGTHESOILMUSTBREAKFISSURESANDCRACKSFORMINGIRREGULARSTRUCTURALELEMENTSANDMUSTBEMOVEDRELATIVETOEACHOTHER,SIDEANDPUSHEDTOTHESURFACE,SOYOUCANNOLONGERRECOVERTHEORIGINALSETTLEMENTHUMIDITYGREATERTHAN90,REDUCESTOASIMPLELOOSENINGOFSOILCUTTINGBYWORKINGBODIESTHEAGEOFDEEPLOOSENINGWORKPERFORMANCEISRECOMMENDEDTOBEINSUMMER,DURINGJULYAUGUSTANDAUTUMNAFTERHARVESTINGTHECROPBEFOREPLOWINGDEEPLOOSENINGMAYCONTINUEINTOOCTOBER,IFNOTINTERVENINGTHEWETPERIODS,ESPECIALLYIFTHELANDISNOTFOROTHERWINTERCROPSALSODEEPLOOSENINGMUSTBEPRECEDEDBYAPPLICATIONOFORGANICFERTILIZERSAND,WHEREAPPROPRIATE,THEAPPLICATIONOFPHOSPHATEFERTILIZERSANDAMENDMENTSTOREMOVEEXCESSWATER,ETCWORKINGPROCESSANDCONSTRUCTIONOFEQUIPMENTSFORDEEPLOOSENINGTHESOILCONVENTIONALLY,THEGROUPOFMACHINERYFORSOILAERATIONWORKSCANBECLASSIFIEDACCORDINGTOTHEPURPOSEOFTHEWORKPERFORMEDINTHEFOLLOWINGSUBGROUPS,WITHTHENAMESUSEDMOSTFREQUENTLYCULTIVATORSFORDEEPLOOSENINGCALLEDCHISELSUSEDFORLOOSENINGTHEPLOWEDLAYERSCARIFIERS,USEDFORLOOSENINGPREPARATORYWORKSLOOSENINGEQUIPMENTSUSEDFORPERIODICRENEWALFORUNBLOCKINGWORKMACHINESFORDEEPLOOSENINGOFSOILUSEDTOINCREASEAIRANDWATERPERMEABILITYOFSOILLAYERSTHEWORKPROCESSCARRIEDOUTBYTHEFIXEDBODIESOFTHEDEEPLOOSENINGISSIMILARTOTHATOFTHEPLOWBODIES,ACHIEVINGTHEPROCESSINGOFTOPSOILTODEPTH,CORRESPONDINGTOTHEWIDTHOFTHEGROUNDSURFACEISABOUTBO2AFIG429FIG4SECTIONOFSOILPROCESSEDBYAFNAREADNCBYABODYWORKINGGIVENTHEMODEOFACTIONOFWORKINGBODIESACTIVETHEMACHINESFORDEEPLOOSENINGOFSOILCANBEFITTEDWITHSIMPLEWORKINGBODIES,UNTRAINEDFIG5AANDCOMPLEXWORKINGORGANS,HAVINGDIFFERENTDRIVENSIDESTHROUGHVARIOUSMECHANISMSFROMTHETRACTORSPTOFIG5B,CFIG5THEMAINTYPESOFDEEPLOOSENINGMACHINESAWITHWORKINGUNTRAINEDB,CWITHWORKINGMOBILETRAINED1ACTIVEBODY2SUPPORT3FRAMEFRONTSUPPORTINTHECASEOFTHEDEEPSOILLOOSENINGMACHINESWITHUNTRAINEDWORKINGBODIES,THEYEXECUTETHEWORKINGONLYBECAUSETHEYARETOWED,NOTRECEIVINGMOREMOVEMENTSRIGIDWORKINGBODIESAREMOUNTEDONAFIXEDSUPPORTTOTHEMACHINEDIFFERENTMACHINESFORDEEPLOOSENINGOFSOILWORKSONSIMILARPRINCIPLES,THEYDISTINGUISHEDBETWEENTHEM,MAINLYBYTHESHAPEANDTYPEOFWORKINGBODIESANDTHEWORKINGDEPTHTHEMAINTECHNICALCHARACTERISTICSOFTHEEQUIPMENTUSEDINLOOSENINGTHESOILAREPRESENTEDINTABLE2TABLE2TECHNICALCHARACTERISTICSDESCRIPTIONCHARACTERISTICTYPEOFMACHINEDEEPLOOSENINGEQUIPMENTCHISELCULTIVATORSACTIVEBODYTYPERIGIDELASTIC,TENSEORRIGIDELASTIC,ELASTICTENSEORRIGIDTHEANGLEOFATTACKOFTHEACTIVEORGANS303060THEDISTANCEBETWEENTHEACTIVEBODIESCMMIN75MIN70MIN5560THEWIDTHOFTHEWORKINGAREAFURROWACTIVEBODIESCMCCA3050CCA2530CCA20THEHEIGHTOFTHEFRAMECM7090708070USUALWORKINGDEPTHCM3060153551530RESULTSANDDISCUSSIONSALTHOUGHINROMANIATHELANDAREAOCCUPIEDREQUIRINGDEEPSOILLOOSENINGWORKSISCONSIDERABLEABOUT3,000,000HECTARESOR198OFTOTALAGRICULTURALAREA,ALONGTIMETHEREWERENOSPECIFICEQUIPMENTREQUIREDAFIRSTATTEMPTTOFILLTHISGAPREPRESENTEDASTIRUPPEROLTTYPE,WHICHWERECOMPOSEDOFAFLATCHISELPLOWANDASTRAIGHTSUPPORT,MOUNTEDTOTWOPIECESINSTEADOFCOMPONENTCARRIERS1AND3,ONTHEPLOWPP330FIGURE6AINAGGREGATEWITHA478KWTRACTORONWHEELSU650M,INFIGURE6THETRACTORISFITTEDWITHSEMITRACKSFORPADDYFIELDS,STIRUPPEROLTTYPEACHIEVEAMAXIMUMWORKINGDEPTHUPTO28CM,ANDTHEACTOFACOUPLEOFTWOWHEELEDTRACTORSOFTHESAMELOOSENINGSOILPOWERTOADEPTHOFUPTO37CMMOUNTEDONTHEPSP435PLOWWORNINSTEADCOMPONENTCARRIERNO3FIG6B,ONESTIRUPERTYPEOLTINAGGREGATEWITHA478KWTRACKEDTRACTORS650ACHIEVEDAMAXIMUMWORKINGDEPTHOF55CM,THEDISTANCEBETWEENADJACENTPATHSIS140CMABFIG6STIRUPERTYPEOLT,MOUNTEDONTHEPLOWSFRAMEPP330/PSP435ALTHOUGHTHEYWEREPRODUCEDINRELATIVELYLARGENUMBERSABOUT1200UNITSDUETOPOORPERFORMANCELOWWORKINGDEPTH,EXCESSIVEFUELCONSUMPTIONANDREDUCEDRELIABILITYOFTHISTYPEOFSTIRUPERWASLITTLEUSEDINPRODUCTIONFORTHEWORKSEXECUTIONOFDEEPLOOSENINGOFSOILWASUSEDTHEMACHINESMID02,EQUIPPEDWITHMOLEDEVICESFIG7FIG7LOOSENINGEQUIPMENTMID02WITHMOLEDEVICEINTERMSOFHEAVYSOILSMUDDY,MARSHYGROUNDS,TOACHIEVEAWORKINGDEPTHUPTO60CMTHEMACHINEHADTOBETOWEDBYACOUPLINGOFTWOTRACKEDTRACTORSPICTUREDS650T74,THEFORCETENSILESTRENGTHEXCEEDING57103DAN31DUETOHIGHFUELCONSUMPTIONANDVERYLOWRELIABILITY,THEUSEOFTHEMACHINERYMID02TOWORKDEEPSOILLOOSENINGHASNOTSPREADABROADERUSEWHENWORKINGDEEPLOOSENINGSOILWASMETATS1500LSTRACTORSEQUIPPEDWITHSCARIFIERSFIG8FIG8SCARIFIERFORTRACTORS1500DESIGNEDFORCONSTRUCTIONWORKS,LANDRECLAMATION,DEFORESTATIONETC,S1500LSTRACTORSAREEQUIPPEDWITHASCARIFIERWITHTHREEACTIVEORGANSWITH1125MMTEETHSPACINGANDDEPTHOFTHEIRCONSTRUCTIVEWORKOF40CMASARESULT,THEWORKOFLOOSENINGSCARIFIERSACTIVEBODIESAREPUTTOWORKWHENWORKINGATDEPTHSMUCHGREATERTHANTHOSEFORWHICHTHEYWEREDESIGNED,RESULTINGINANABNORMALMODEOFOPERATION,THEADDITIONALENERGYCONSUMPTIONTOELIMINATETHESEDRAWBACKS,INMABUCHARESTHASDESIGNEDANDBUILTANBODYFORDEEPSOILLOOSENINGESPECIALLYFORS1500LSTRACTOR,CALLEDA120,WHICHISMOUNTEDONTHESCARIFIER,THECENTRALPOSITIONFIG9FIG9LOOSENINGBODYA120FORTRACTORS1500LS1THECONSTRUCTIONOFTHESUPPORTALLOWSTHEINSTALLATIONOFLOOSENINGCHISELSWIDTHSBETWEEN63100MMINHARDSOILCONDITIONSITISACHIEVEDMAXIMUMWORKINGDEPTHOF90CM,TENSILEFORCEREACHING811103DAN,FUELCONSUMPTIONEXCEEDING90L/HECTARESDUETOTHEHIGHCOSTOFTHEWORKANDTHELIMITEDNUMBEROF110KWTRACKEDTRACTORSEXISTINGINAGRICULTURALUNITS,THEMACHINEWASNOTINTRODUCEDINTOPRODUCTIONFORWHEELEDTRACTORSOF132KWTYPEA1800AOROTHERSIMILAR,WASDESIGNEDANDBUILTBYINMABUCHARESTTHEMOUNTEDDEEPLOOSENINGEQUIPMENTSP35,EQUIPPEDWITH3OR5FIG10TYPERIGIDBODIESFORLOOSENINGWITHCOULTERCHISELFLATANDCURVEDBRACKETS32THEMOUNTEDDEEPLOOSENINGEQUIPMENTSP35ISINTENDEDFORWORKINGDEEPLOOSENINGOFSOILATDEPTHSOFUPTO4050CM,THEDISTANCEBETWEENACTIVEORGANSCANBEADJUSTEDBETWEEN520AND1040MM,130MMINFIXEDSTEPSRAISINGCHISELWIDTHIS60MM,ANDTHEMASSOFTHECAR,WITHTHETHREEACTIVECOMPONENTSIS950KGFIG10SUBSOLIERULPURTATSP35ECHIPATCU3/5ORGANEACTIVE1INWORKINGONAPODZOLSOILTYPE,MOISTURELAYERHAVINGWORKEDFOR2023,THESPEEDOFTHETRACTORA1800WAS210KM/H,AWHEELSLIPPAGEOF1420WITHAWORKINGCAPACITYDURINGTHEEXCHANGEOF047HECTARESANDANAVERAGEFUELCONSUMPTIONOF50L/HECTARESFIG11FIG11MOUNTEDDEEPLOOSENINGEQUIPMENTSP35ATWORK1DEEPLOOSENINGEQUIPMENTSP35WASINTRODUCEDINSERIESPRODUCTIONATENTERPRISEMECHANICSOFARAD,BUTITSUSEINOPERATIONWASCONDITIONALONWHEELEDTRACTORSOF132KWA1800USINGTHESAMEACTIVEBODIESTHEMOUNTEDDEEPLOOSENINGEQUIPMENTSP35,MECHANICALENTERPRISEARADMADEAVARIANTOFDEEPLOOSENINGEQUIPMENT5WORKINGBODIESFORCRAWLERTRACTORS1500FIG12THEDISTANCEBETWEENTHEBLADESWAS500MM,ANDMASSOFTHEMACHINE,WITHTHETHREEACTIVECOMPONENTS,WAS1200KGDUETOTHEIRLINEARARRANGEMENT,ONONELINE,WHILEWORKINGDEEPLOOSENINGEQUIPMENTWITHACTIVEBODIESFREQUENTLYBOGGEDDOWNBYENGAGINGFORWARDTOTHEDIRECTIONOFTHEUNITWEIGHTOFSOILDISPLACEDINADDITION,THEDEEPLOOSENINGEQUIPMENTWASUNABLETOOSCILLATEHORIZONTALLYTOTHETRACTORTOCONTROLTHEDIRECTIONOFMOVEMENTOFTHEUNITPLOTWHEREWASDIFFICULTTOMAINTAIN33FIG12DEEPLOOSENINGEQUIPMENT5BODIESACTIVEFORTHES1500TRACTOR2TOUSETHEVIBRATIONFORWORKDEEPSOILLOOSENINGATICSITMUAITWASMADEAMODELOFDEEPLOOSENINGEQUIPMENTSV2FIG13DEEPLOOSENINGEQUIPMENTWASEQUIPPEDWITHTWOACTIVEBODIES,RIGIDLYMOUNTEDTOTHEFRAME,ANDAVIBRATORWITHTWOROTATINGUNBALANCEDMASSESOFTHETYPEUSEDINCONSTRUCTIONCOMPACTIONTABLESPERFORMPERIODICMOVEMENTOFTHEENTIREMACHINE,NOTJUSTTHEACTIVEBODIESFIG13SUBSOLIERVIBRATORSV2,CUMASEROTATIVENEECHILIBRATE3ALSOASEXPERIMENTALMODELINORADEAWASMADEAMACHINEFORDEEPSOILLOOSENINGWITHWORKINGVIBRATORSINVOLVEDINTWOORTHOGONALPLANESFIG14FIG14MACHINEFORLOOSENINGSOILWITHWORKINGVIBRATORSOPERATEDINTWOORTHOGONALPLANES4DESIGNEDTOWORKINTHEAGGREGATE132KWTRACTORWHEELA1800,ATDEPTHSOF40TO80CM,THEMACHINEWASEQUIPPEDWITHTWOWORKINGBODIESINTHEABSENCEOFA132KWTRACTORWHEELA1800EQUIPPEDWITHINDEPENDENTPOWERAT1000REV/MINFORDRI