外文文献及翻译-java版贪食蛇游戏的设计与实现

PROSPECTSOFJAVAJAVAISNOWTHEWORLDSMOSTFASHIONABLEDEVELOPMENTTOOLS,ITHASAHUGEANDPERFECTLIBRARY,BUILTINOTHERLANGUAGESRELYONLIBRARIESANDEVENOPERATINGSYSTEMTOSUPPORTTHEFUNCTION,HASAVIRTUALMACHINE,INSHORT,JAVA,DOESGIVETHEPROGRAMHASBROUGHTHUGEIMPACT,PERHAPSNOWALSONOTACCURATEASSESSMENTOFJAVAFORTHEITINDUSTRYIMPACT,BUTTHEREISONETHINGBUTTHERESNODOUBTTHATJAVAWILLINEVITABLYINFLUENCETHEGENERATIONOFPROGRAMMERSASAPROGRAMMERLEARNINGTOBECOMETHEOCCUPATION,PERHAPSSHOULDCAREFULLYASSESSJAVAINTHEFORESEEABLEPERIODOFTIMETOBRINGTHEIRINFLUENCEINTHEUNITEDSTATES,MOREANDMOREAPPLICATIONSAREDEVELOPEDBASEDONTHEJAVAJAVAINTHEENTERPRISEAPPLICATIONISGETTINGMOREPERFECT,ELIMINATESMANYOFTHEJAVACANNOTBEAPPLIEDTOLARGEENTERPRISEAPPLICATIONOFCONCERNINCHINA,JAVAALSOISLIKEARAGINGFIREACCORDINGTOTHESURVEY,INTHENEXTFEWYEARS,THEREWILLBE200000JAVAPROGRAMMERNEEDS,PERHAPSMORETHANANYOTHERAPROGRAMMERNEEDSMAYBEYOUHAVENOWSTARTEDTOJAVAHEARTBEAT,HEARTBEAT,NOTACTIONLEARNINGJAVABBSJAVARESEARCHORGANIZATION,CHINAJAVAWORLD,SUNONEEXPERTROADNEWLYESTABLISHEDJAVAAREANETWORKDESIGNLANGUAGE,TOALLOWPROGRAMMERSTOCREATEAPPLICATIONS,THESEAPPLICATIONSCANBEDOWNLOADED,BUTALSOINANYCOMPUTINGPLATFORMSAFETYOPERATION,IFCOUPLEDWITHTHEINTERNETANDTHEINTRANETOFTHEENTERPRISESYSTEM,YOUWILLHAVEASTANDARDNETWORKCOMPUTINGENVIRONMENT,JAVAASADISTRIBUTED,OBJECTORIENTEDPROGRAMDESIGNPARTIES,CANMAKEINANYPLACEINANYCOMPUTERONTHENETWORKTOTHEAPPLICATIONABOVE,JAVAVITALITYEMBODIEDINTHEFOLLOWINGASPECTS1JAVAINTERNETPRODUCTIONANDPOPULARISTHEOBJECTIVEREQUIREMENTSOFTHEDEVELOPMENT2ISAVARIOUSASPECTSOFPERFORMANCEAREVERYGOODPROGRAMMINGLANGUAGE,ITSBASICCHARACTERISTICISSIMPLE,OBJECTORIENTED,DISTRIBUTED,INTERPRETED,STRONG,FULL,STRUCTUREOFNEUTRAL,PORTABLE,VERYHIGHPERFORMANCE,MULTITHREADED,DYNAMIC,FORTHEINTERNETENVIRONMENTONTHEDEVELOPMENTOFAPPLICATIONSYSTEM3JAVACANMAKETHEMOSTOFNETWORKAPPLICATIONSYSTEM,ANDNOWTHEPOPULARWWWBROWSERSWITHVERYGOOD4JAVAISNOTONLYAKINDOFPARTIES,MOREIMPORTANTISDIFFERENTFROMTHETRADITIONALSYSTEM,ABIDEBY“THENETWORKISTHECOMPUTER“CREEDOFTHEPLATFORMTECHNOLOGYOFJAVAPLATFORMORIENTEDSYSTEMEXPANDEDTOINCLUDEPROGRAMSANDDATANETWORKCOMPUTERNC,WHILETHECOREOFTHEPLATFORMISAJAVAVIRTUALMACHINE,ALOTOFJAVABECOMEUNIVERSALDEVELOPMENTPLATFORMATTRIBUTESAREDERIVEDFROMJAVAVIRTUALMACHINECONCEPTANDIMPLEMENTATIONSUNANDIBM,ORACLE,NETSCAPEANDOTHERCOMPANIESAREVIGOROUSLYPROMOTETHEAPPLICATIONOFJAVAAIMEDATIMPROVINGTHEJAVAOPERATINGSPEEDOFJAVACHIPAREWILDLYBEATINGGONGSANDDRUMSTOMAKE,ITWASEXPECTEDTHATTHENEARFUTURE,THEJAVACODERUNNINGSPEEDASFASTASCJAVAAPPLICATIONINWWWSTATUSCONFIRMEDLATER,SUNINTURNEXTENDEDJAVAINHOUSEHOLDAPPLIANCEAPPLICATIONS,THEAPPLICATIONOFJAVATOTHEBROADERFIELDOFEXPANSIVETRENDSUNEXECUTIVESSAID“JAVAFARMOREPOTENTIALTHANASAPROGRAMMINGLANGUAGEBENEFITSINFACT,JAVAISANEWCOMPUTINGMODEENABLINGTECHNOLOGY“LOOK,JAVAFUTURELIMITLESSASALANGUAGE,JAVAINTHEPASTTENYEARSHASMADEANYOTHERLANGUAGESAREINCOMPARABLEACHIEVEMENTSINTHECHINESEMARKET,THOUGHTECHNICALLYALLTHETIMEANDINTERNATIONALSYNCHRONIZED,BUTAPPLICATIONISALWAYSLAGGINGBEHINDRETHINKINGTHECHINESEJAVACOURSEOFTENYEARSOFDEVELOPMENT,INADDITIONTOPRAISEANDCELEBRATE,MOREREALISTICAPPROACH,CAREFULCONSIDERATIONOFHOWTOCHINESEFUTUREDEVELOPMENTTOCONSERVESOILANDWATERJAVALOVELYASFOREIGNDOMESTICONLYTHENBLOOMIFWECASUALLYINTHESTREETSOFBEIJINGTOHOLDAMOBILEPHONEMANASKED,TOKNOWWHETHERMMSSHOULDEVERYONEWILLKNOWBUTIFWEASK,DOYOUKNOWJAVATOANSWERITVERYRAREINFACT,MMSISUSEDFORTHISANDNOTFORORDINARYPEOPLEFAMILIARWITHJAVATECHNOLOGYLIKEMANYJAVATECHNICALSTAFFHAVEREPEATEDLYEMPHASIZEDTHATJAVAONYOURSIDE,ANDISEVERYWHEREFROMAGLOBALPERSPECTIVE,THEJAVASTORYISFULLOFLEGENDS,SUCHASTHOSEUNBELIEVABLESUCCESS,SUCHASJUSTMISSTHEPERSONOROPPORTUNITYOPPORTUNITY,THEREISMORETOBECOMEENTANGLEDINALAWSUITINTENYEARS,THEJAVAPROGRAMMINGLANGUAGEANDPLATFORMHASBEENSUCCESSFULLYUSEDINNETWORKCOMPUTINGANDMOBILEVARIOUSAPPLICATIONS,SUCHASMOBILEPHONES,PERSONALCOMPUTER,MULTINATIONALFINANCIALSYSTEMANDSATELLITECOMMUNICATIONSNEVERBEFOREINHISTORYHASSUCHJAVACANBEWIDELYUSEDINTHEPLATFORM,THEGLOBALJAVAECONOMICVALUEWASOVER120000000000WHENSUNLAUNCHEDTHEJAVASSLOGANIS“WRITEONCE,RUNEVERYWHERE“INTENYEARS,JAVACROSSPLATFORMANDOPENCHARACTERISTICSHASBEENRECOGNIZED,INADDITION,THEJAVALANGUAGEISOBJECTORIENTED,SIMILARTOCANDCEXPRESSIONGRAMMAR,GOODSECURITYANDOTHEREXCELLENTPROPERTIES,BECAMEINMANYWAYSTHECOBOLANDCLANGUAGESSUCCESSOR,AFFECTEDBYTHEGLOBALDEVELOPMENTPERSONNELSFAVOR,ANDTOHAVEBECOMEENTERPRISEAPPLICATIONDEVELOPMENTPLATFORMOFCHOICEINJULYTHISYEAR,IBMANDSUNJUSTANNOUNCEDTHETWOCOMPANIESSIGNEDTHEJAVAAGREEMENTFORANOTHER10YEARS,THETARGETISTOPROVIDEGLOBALJAVAGROUPSINNEARLY4000000DEVELOPERSTOPROVIDELONGTERMSTABILITYGUARANTEEBEAALSOANNOUNCEDAPACKAGEOFPLANS,THEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEINDUSTRYSFIRSTFULLYSUPPORTALLMAJOROPENSOURCEFRAMEWORKFORJ2EEAPPLICATIONENVIRONMENTTHESEINITIATIVESHAVEAFFIRMEDTHEJAVACROSSPLATFORMCOMPATIBILITYVALUEANDNECESSITYINTHECHINESEMARKET,JAVABOTHINTHEENTERPRISELEVELAPPLICATION,ORINTHEPUBLICSERVICEHAVEMADEALOTOFPROGRESS,ESPECIALLYINCHINASTELECOMMUNICATIONS,FINANCIALANDOTHERKEYBUSINESSPLAYADECISIVEROLEATPRESENT,THERELEVANTDEPARTMENTSOFTHECHINESEGOVERNMENTSSUPPORT,CHINAMOBILEANDCHINAUNICOMHASOFFICIALLYLAUNCHEDJAVABASEDWIRELESSVALUEADDEDSERVICES,ANDACTIVELYPREPARINGFORTHE3GVALUEADDEDSERVICEBASEDONJAVAINJAVACARD,SUNCOMPANYANDCHINAUNIONPAYCOFOUNDEDTHEJAVACARDJOINTLABORATORY,FROMTECHNOLOGYTOCONDUCTACOMPREHENSIVEPROGRAMMEOFCOOPERATIONINADDITION,THECOMPANYALSOBASEDONJAVASTANDARDSYSTEMWASDEVELOPEDONTHEBASISOFQUITEAFEWSOFTWAREAPPLICATIONS,SUCHASUFCOMPANYSTARTEDFROM1998INJAVAONTHEDEVELOPMENTATPRESENT,UFIDAERP5ISINDEVELOPMENT,THENEXTUPCOMINGBUTIFINTHEGLOBALSCOPEFORCOMPARINGWORDS,WECANSAYTHAT,CHINAJAVANEVERSEEMSTOATTRACTENOUGHATTENTION“JAVADEVELOPMENTASTHEROCKETLIFTOFF,NOBODYWOULDHAVETHOUGHTITCOULDFLYSOFAR“,SUNPRESIDENTANDCHIEFOPERATINGOFFICEROFJONATHANSCHWARTZINJAVATENANNIVERSARYCELEBRATIONTHATHOWEVER,WEAREJOYFUL,ITSHOULDBENOTED,CONTRASTSTHEDOMESTICANDFOREIGNDEVELOPMENTOFTHEJAVA,WESEEMTOSEEA“LOVELYASFOREIGN,DOMESTICBEGANINFULLBLOOM“SITUATIONIN2005JAVACHINESEDEVELOPERSCONFERENCEHELDNOTLONGAGO,SUNCHINAENGINEERINGACADEMYDEANGONGLITOTHEPOSTOFMICROSOFTINTERNETTECHNOLOGYCHINAGENERALMANAGEROFJAVAINCHINA,ASTHEMOSTREPRESENTATIVEOFHISHOME,PERHAPSFROMASIDETOSHOWCHINESEJAVADEVELOPMENTOFTHEROADTOTHETRACEOFHAZEJAVAEASYWILLBEGHARDSOFTWAREOFAREAOFSUNBIGCHINA,ISVANDJAVABUSINESSDIRECTORHUANGZHENTHINK,JAVAEASYENTRY,BUTGOODISNOTEASYITCANDRAWCHINESEPAINTINGSOFMANYPEOPLE,AMATEUR,BUTREALLYTOBECOMEAPAINTERSELDOMINCHINA,JAVATALENTS,ITSEEMSNOTONLYLITERATEENOUGH,REALLYWANTTOLEARNTOUSEJAVALANGUAGEENTHUSIASTSARENOTOPTIMISTICXIAOLIISBEIJINGSOMECOLLEGEDEPARTMENTOFCOMPUTERSCIENCEGRADUATESTUDENTS,ONTHEJAVATECHNOLOGYSTUDYISQUITEDEEP,ONCESERVEDASTHEUNIVERSITYBBSFORUMJAVATECHNOLOGYFORUMMODERATORSBUTHESAID,HEWASNOTPREPAREDTOTAKETHEJAVACERTIFICATIONIEJAVADEVELOPERCERTIFICATIONEXAMINATIONS,THEREASONISTHATHEDIDNTWANTTOPAYTHE1500YUANCERTIFICATIONFEEINFACT,INANATIONWIDELIKEXIAOLISUCHCANUSEJAVABUTHAVENOTBEENCERTIFIEDTECHNICIANSANDMANYTHISSITUATIONCAUSEDTODAYWESTATISTICALLYDOMESTICJAVANUMBEROFDEVELOPERSALWAYSPRECISEENOUGHDATASHOWS,THISYEARSGLOBALJAVADEVELOPERSREACHED4500000,WHILEINCHINA,THENUMBERISONLY100000LESSTHANTOTHIS,“CHINAJAVA“FATHERSAIDTHECOMPUTERDEPARTMENTOFTSINGHUAUNIVERSITYPROFESSORWANGKEHONGSAID,IFREALLYTHESTATISTICALSCOPESTRICTLYDEFINEDIN“DEVELOPERS“ONITEVENIFYOULIKEXIAOLIHASNOTOBTAINEDTHECERTIFIEDTECHNICIANSINTOCONSIDERATION,CHINAREALJAVADEVELOPERSMAYONLYABOUT50000PEOPLETHISWITHCHINATHEBIGSTATETHATHAS1300000000POPULATIONSTATUSANDJAVAHUGEMARKETPOTENTIAL,ISEXTREMELYDISPROPORTIONATESO,WHYDOCHINESEJAVADEVELOPERSSOLITTLEPROFESSORWANGKEHONGISONEOFTHEEARLIESTATTENTIONJAVA,BUTALSOCANADHERETODATEONEOFTHEEXPERTSHEEXPRESSES,LOOKFROMOVERALLCONDITION,JAVAINCHINAISNOTOPTIMISTIC,FOREXAMPLE,THE“SCHOOL“UNTILNOW,PEKINGUNIVERSITYCOMPUTERSYSTEMSTILLDIDNOTSYSTEMATICALLYPROFESSORJAVACOURSEFROMTHEPOINTOFTHEWHOLENATION,MORETHAN500HIGHERSCHOOLSCOMPUTERSCIENCEDEPARTMENTISONLYLESSTHANHALFINTHEOFFERJAVACOURSESHOWEVER,INJAVA1995YEARSWHENJUSTWASBORNINCHINA,THESITUATIONISNOTSOPROFESSORWANGKEHONGDESCRIBEDTHETECHNOLOGICALPERSONNELFORJAVAIS“HARD“,ANDEVENINTHECOUNTRYLAUNCHEDA“JAVA,JAVA,EXTENDSJAVA“UPSURGE,NATIONALJAVATECHNOLOGYEXCHANGEWILLCONTINUEALSOOPENEDTHE7ATTHETIME,“NETWORKWORLD“NEWSPAPERTHENCALLEDTHE“INTERNATIONALELECTRONICNEWSPAPER“WASHELDINJAVATECHNOLOGYLECTURESERIESANDANATIONWIDEJAVACONTESTFROMTHENON,PROFESSORWANGKEHONGHASPUBLISHEDASERIESOFARTICLESABOUTTECHNOLOGYTOPROMOTETHEDEVELOPMENTOFJAVAINCHINAHOWEVER,JUSTAFEWYEARSLATER,WHENPARTICIPATINGINTHEJAVACONTESTBUTALOTOFPEOPLEAREFARAWAYFROMJAVAPROFESSORWANGKEHONGTHINKSTHOSEWHOCHOSETOGIVEUP,MOSTLYFORTHREEREASONS,ONEISBECAUSEOFTHEDOTCOMBUBBLEIN2000TWOISABOUTJAVAFASTENOUGHOFCOURSE,TODAYTHEJAVADEVELOPMENTSPEEDANDOPERATIONSPEEDHASBEENAQUALITATIVELEAP,THREEBECAUSEIALWAYSSEECONVINCINGPRACTICALCASESOFAR,EVENSOMEONEEXTREMETOTHINKTHATJAVAISJUSTA“TOY“PROFESSORWANGKEHONGSAYS,DOMESTICJAVACOMPAREDWITHFOREIGNCOUNTRIES,INADDITIONTOFEWERINNUMBER,ITSDIFFERENCEISALSOREFLECTEDINCANOPENGRADEJAVACOURSESSUCHASJ2EE,WEBSERVICESTRAININGUNITISNOTMUCH,DIFFICULTTOMEETTHETRAININGNEEDSOFSENIORJAVAPROFESSIONALSSECONDLY,THEMEDIAONJAVAPUBLICITYSTRENGTHISNOTSTRONGENOUGH,THISHASRESTRICTEDTHEJAVATECHNOLOGYDEVELOPMENTINCHINAOFCOURSE,INCHINAJAVATALENTAMOUNT,ALSOTHEREAREDIFFERENTVIEWSSUNCHINACOMPANYRESPONSIBLEFORTHEJAVAONLINECOMMUNITYSENIORTECHNICALCOMMUNITYMANAGERJIANGQINGYESAID,ATPRESENTCHINARELATEDTOTHEJAVACOMMUNITYISTHRIVING,SUCHASCSDN,JAVARESEARCH,SHUIMUCOMMUNITYVERSIONOFTHEJAVA,WHEREIN,THELARGESTJAVACOMMUNITYSUNCHINESETECHNOLOGYCOMMUNITY,ITSUSERSREGISTERHASREACHED160000CSDNREGISTRATIONNUMBERTOACHIEVE800000,INWHICHJAVAUSERSACCOUNTEDFORHALFOFCHINAASSOCIATIONOFUSEROFJAVAINMORETHAN200NATIONALUNIVERSITYFOUNDEDTHEUSERBRANCHFROMTHESPECIFICNUMBER,JIANGQINGYETHINKS,CHINESEJAVABUSINESSDEVELOPMENTSTAFFOFABOUT450000,ASCHINATELECOMINDUSTRY80SOFTWAREAREPREPAREDUSINGJAVA,SMSANDMOBILEPHONEGAMESBUSINESSALLISPREPAREDBYUSINGJAVAACCORDINGTOHUANGZHEN,THESEPTEMBERJAVACHINACONFERENCEWILLHAVEMORETHAN140EXPERTSDIRECTLYFROMTHEUNITEDSTATESTOCOMETOCHINA,WITHALLTHETECHNICALEXCHANGEHETHINKS,ATPRESENTDOMESTICLACKISTHEJAVATECHNICALEXCHANGESANDLEARNINGOPPORTUNITIES,ANDCHI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性业务中发挥着举足轻重的作用。目前,在中国政府有关部门的支持下,中国移动和中国联通已经正式推出基于JAVA的无线增值服务，并在积极准备基于JAVA的3G增值服务。在JAVACARD方面，SUN公司与中国银联共同建立了JAVACARD联合实验室，从技术到方案进行全面合作。此外，很多业内公司也以JAVA的标准体系为基础开发了相当多的应用软件，比如用友公司从1998年开始在JAVA上进行开发。目前，用友的ERP5正在研发中，明年即将推出。但是如果在全球范围内进行横向比较的话，我们只能说，中国JAVA似乎从来没有吸引过足够多的目光。“JAVA的发展如同火箭升空，当初没有人会想到它能飞这么远”，SUN总裁兼首席运营官JONATHANSCHWARTZ曾在JAVA十周年庆典上这样说。然而，我们在欢庆之余，应该注意的是，对照国内外JAVA的发展，我们似乎看到一个“国外芳菲尽，国内始盛开”的局面。就在2005JAVA中国开发者大会召开前不久，SUN中国工程研究院院长宫力转任微软互联网技术部（中国区）总经理，作为JAVA在中国最具代表性的人物之一，他的出走或许从一个侧面显露了中国JAVA发展之路上的一丝阴霾。JAVA易得一将难求SUN大中华区软件、ISV和JAVA业务总监黄震认为，JAVA入门容易，但是精通不易。这就好像会画中国画的人不少，业余爱好者很多，但真正能够成为画家的很少。而在中国的JAVA人才，似乎不只是精通者不够多，真正愿意学习运用JAVA语言的爱好者数量也不容乐观。小李是北京某高校计算机系研究生，对JAVA技术研习颇深，一度担任该校BBS论坛JAVA技术讨论版的版主。但他表示，他并不准备去考JAVA认证（即JAVA开发者资格认证考试，原因是他不想交那个1500元钱的认证费。事实上，在全国范围内像小李这样能够运用JAVA但是没有得到认证的技术人员并不少。这种情形造成今天我们在统计国内JAVA开发者数量的时候总是不够精确。数据显示，今年全球JAVA开发者达到了450万，而在中国，这个数字只有10万不到。对此，有“中国JAVA之父”之称的清华大学计算机系教授王克宏表示，如果真正把统计范围严格界定在“开发者”上的话（即便把像小李那样未取得认证的技术人员考虑进去），中国真正的JAVA开发者或许也仅有5万人左右。这与中国这个拥有13亿人口的大国地位以及JAVA的巨大市场潜力相比，是极其不相称的。那么，为什么中国的JAVA开发者如此之少呢王克宏教授是国内最早关注JAVA、同时也是能够坚持至今的专家之一。他表示，从总体情况看，JAVA在中国并不被“学院派”看好，比如直到现在，北京大学计算机系仍然没有系统地教授JAVA课程。从全国来看，500多所高等学校的计算机系也只有不到一半在开设JAVA课程。但是，在JAVA1995年刚刚出世的时候，它在中国的情形并非如此。王克宏教授形容当时科技人员对JAVA可谓“穷追不舍”，甚至在全国掀起了一个“学JAVA、用JAVA、推广JAVA”的热潮，全国性的JAVA技术交流会陆陆续续也开了7届。当时，网络世界报社（当时名为国际电子报）曾经举办了JAVA技术讲座连载和一次全国性的JAVA大赛。从那时起，王克宏教授等人发表了一系列的技术文章来推动J