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NIOSEMBEDDEDPROCESSOR32BITPROGRAMMERSREFERENCEMANUAL指令手册NIOSEMBEDDEDPROCESSOR32BITPROGRAMMERSREFERENCEMANUAL101INNOVATIONDRIVEDOCUMENTVERSION31SANJOSE,CA95134DOCUMENTDATEJANUARY20034085447000MNLNIOS32PROG31COPYRIGHTNIOSEMBEDDEDPROCESSOR32BITPROGRAMMERSREFERENCEMANUALCOPYRIGHT2003ALTERACORPORATIONALLRIGHTSRESERVEDALTERA,THEPROGRAMMABLESOLUTIONSCOMPANY,THESTYLIZEDALTERALOGO,SPECIFICDEVICEDESIGNATIONS,ANDALLOTHERWORDSANDLOGOSTHATAREIDENTIFIEDASTRADEMARKSAND/ORSERVICEMARKSARE,UNLESSNOTEDOTHERWISE,THETRADEMARKSANDSERVICEMARKSOFALTERACORPORATIONINTHEUSANDOTHERCOUNTRIESALLOTHERPRODUCTORSERVICENAMESARETHEPROPERTYOFTHEIRRESPECTIVEHOLDERSALTERAPRODUCTSAREPROTECTEDUNDERNUMEROUSUSANDFOREIGNPATENTSANDPENDINGAPPLICATIONS,MASKWORKRIGHTS,ANDCOPYRIGHTSALTERAWARRANTSPERFORMANCEOFITSSEMICONDUCTORPRODUCTSTOCURRENTSPECIFICATIONSINACCORDANCEWITHALTERASSTANDARDWARRANTY,BUTRESERVESTHERIGHTTOMAKECHANGESTOANYPRODUCTSANDSERVICESATANYTIMEWITHOUTNOTICEALTERAASSUMESNORESPONSIBILITYORLIABILITYARISINGOUTOFTHEAPPLICATIONORUSEOFANYINFORMATION,PRODUCT,ORSERVICEDESCRIBEDHEREINEXCEPTASEXPRESSLYAGREEDTOINWRITINGBYALTERACORPORATIONALTERACUSTOMERSAREADVISEDTOOBTAINTHELATESTVERSIONOFDEVICESPECIFICATIONSBEFORERELYINGONANYPUBLISHEDINFORMATIONANDBEFOREPLACINGORDERSFORPRODUCTSORSERVICESIIALTERACORPORATIONABOUTTHISMANUALTHISMANUALPROVIDESCOMPREHENSIVEINFORMATIONABOUTTHEALTERANIOS32BITCPUTHETERMSNIOSPROCESSORORNIOSEMBEDDEDPROCESSORAREUSEDWHENREFERRINGTOTHEALTERASOFTCOREMICROPROCESSORINAGENERALORABSTRACTCONTEXTTHETERMNIOSCPUISUSEDWHENREFERRINGTOTHESPECIFICBLOCKOFLOGIC,INWHOLEORPART,THATIMPLEMENTSTHENIOSPROCESSORARCHITECTURETABLE1SHOWSTHISMANUALSREVISIONHISTORYTABLE1REVISIONHISTORYDATEDESCRIPTIONJANUARY2003UPDATEDPDFANDPRINTEDMANUALFORNIOSCPUV30INCLUDESCHANGESFORINSTRUCTIONCACHE,DATACACHE,ANDTHENIOSONCHIPINSTRUMENTATIONOCIDEBUGCOREAPRIL2002UPDATEDPDFVERSION21JANUARY2002PRINTEDMANUALANDPDFVERSION20JULY2001UPDATEDPDFMARCH2001PRINTEDMANUALANDPDFVERSION11HOWTOFINDTHEADOBEACROBATFINDFEATUREALLOWSYOUTOSEARCHTHECONTENTSOFAPDFFILECLICKTHEBINOCULARSTOOLBARICONTOOPENTHEFINDDIALOGINFORMATIONBOXBOOKMARKSSERVEASANADDITIONALTABLEOFCONTENTSTHUMBNAILICONS,WHICHPROVIDEMINIATUREPREVIEWSOFEACHPAGE,PROVIDEALINKTOTHEPAGESNUMEROUSLINKS,SHOWNINGREENTEXT,ALLOWYOUTOJUMPTORELATEDINFORMATIONALTERACORPORATIONIIIABOUTTHISMANUALNIOSEMBEDDEDPROCESSOR32BITPROGRAMMERSREFERENCEMANUALHOWTOCONTACTFORTHEMOSTUPTODATEINFORMATIONABOUTALTERAPRODUCTS,GOTOTHEALTERAWORLDWIDEWEBSITEATALTERAFORTECHNICALSUPPORTONTHISPRODUCT,GOTOFORADDITIONALINFORMATIONABOUTALTERAPRODUCTS,CONSULTTHESOURCESSHOWNINTABLE2TABLE2HOWTOCONTACTALTERAINFORMATIONTYPEUSACANADAALLOTHERLOCATIONSPRODUCTLITERATUREALTERALITERATURESERVICESLIT_REQALTERA1LIT_REQALTERA1NONTECHNICALCUSTOMER80076737534085447000SERVICE730AMTO530PMPACIFICTIMETECHNICALSUPPORT800800EPLD375340854470001730AMTO530PM730AMTO530PMPACIFICTIMEPACIFICTIMEFTPSITENOTE1YOUCANALSOCONTACTYOURLOCALALTERASALESOFFICEORSALESREPRESENTATIVEIVALTERACORPORATIONNIOSEMBEDDEDPROCESSOR32BITPROGRAMMERSREFERENCEMANUALABOUTTHISMANUALTYPOGRAPHICTHENIOS32BITPROGRAMMERSREFERENCEMANUALUSESTHETYPOGRAPHICCONVENTIONSSHOWNINTABLE3CONVENTIONSTABLE3CONVENTIONSVISUALCUEMEANINGBOLDTYPEWITHINITIALCOMMANDNAMES,DIALOGBOXTITLES,CHECKBOXOPTIONS,ANDDIALOGBOXOPTIONSARECAPITALLETTERSSHOWNINBOLD,INITIALCAPITALLETTERSEXAMPLESAVEASDIALOGBOXBOLDTYPEEXTERNALTIMINGPARAMETERS,DIRECTORYNAMES,PROJECTNAMES,DISKDRIVENAMES,FILENAMES,FILENAMEEXTENSIONS,ANDSOFTWAREUTILITYNAMESARESHOWNINBOLDTYPEEXAMPLESF,QUARTUSIIDIRECTORY,DDRIVE,CHIPTRIPGDFFILEBOLDITALICTYPEBOOKTITLESARESHOWNINBOLDITALICTYPEWITHINITIALCAPITALLETTERSEXAMPLE1999DEVICEDATABOOKITALICTYPEWITHINITIALDOCUMENTTITLESARESHOWNINITALICTYPEWITHINITIALCAPITALLETTERSEXAMPLEAN75CAPITALLETTERSHIGHSPEEDBOARDDESIGNITALICTYPEINTERNALTIMINGPARAMETERSANDVARIABLESARESHOWNINITALICTYPEEXAMPLESTPIA,N1VARIABLENAMESAREENCLOSEDINANGLEBRACKETSANDSHOWNINITALICTYPEEXAMPLE,POFFILEINITIALCAPITALLETTERSKEYBOARDKEYSANDMENUNAMESARESHOWNWITHINITIALCAPITALLETTERSEXAMPLESDELETEKEY,THEOPTIONSMENU“SUBHEADINGTITLE”REFERENCESTOSECTIONSWITHINADOCUMENTANDTITLESOFQUARTUSIIHELPTOPICSARESHOWNINQUOTATIONMARKSEXAMPLE“CONFIGURINGAFLEX10KORFLEX8000DEVICEWITHTHEBITBLASTERDOWNLOADCABLE”COURIERTYPESIGNALANDPORTNAMESARESHOWNINLOWERCASECOURIERTYPEEXAMPLESDATA1,TDI,INPUTACTIVELOWSIGNALSAREDENOTEDBYSUFFIXN,EG,RESETNANYTHINGTHATMUSTBETYPEDEXACTLYASITAPPEARSISSHOWNINCOURIERTYPEFOREXAMPLECQUARTUSIIQDESIGNSTUTORIALCHIPTRIPGDFALSO,SECTIONSOFANACTUALFILE,SUCHASAREPORTFILE,REFERENCESTOPARTSOFFILESEG,THEAHDLKEYWORDSUBDESIGN,ASWELLASLOGICFUNCTIONNAMESEG,TRIARESHOWNINCOURIER1,2,3,ANDA,B,C,NUMBEREDSTEPSAREUSEDINALISTOFITEMSWHENTHESEQUENCEOFTHEITEMSISIMPORTANT,SUCHASTHESTEPSLISTEDINAPROCEDUREBULLETSAREUSEDINALISTOFITEMSWHENTHESEQUENCEOFTHEITEMSISNOTIMPORTANTVTHECHECKMARKINDICATESAPROCEDURETHATCONSISTSOFONESTEPONLY1THEHANDPOINTSTOINFORMATIONTHATREQUIRESSPECIALATTENTIONRTHEANGLEDARROWINDICATESYOUSHOULDPRESSTHEENTERKEYFTHEFEETDIRECTYOUTOMOREINFORMATIONONAPARTICULARTOPICALTERACORPORATIONVCONTENTSABOUTTHISMANUALIIIHOWTOFINDINFORMATIONIIIHOWTOCONTACTALTERAIVTYPOGRAPHICCONVENTIONSVOVERVIEW13INTRODUCTION13AUDIENCE13NIOSCPUOVERVIEW13INSTRUCTIONSET14REGISTEROVERVIEW14GENERALPURPOSEREGISTERS14KREGISTER16R0G0REGISTER16PROGRAMCOUNTER16CONTROLREGISTERS16STATUSCTL016ISTATUSCTL119WVALIDCTL219ICACHECTL520CPU_IDCTL620DCACHECTL720CLR_IECTL821SET_IECTL921MEMORYACCESSOVERVIEW21READINGFROMMEMORYORPERIPHERALS22WRITINGTOMEMORYORPERIPHERALS23CACHEMEMORY24INITIALIZINGCACHEMEMORY26BYPASSINGTHEDATACACHEWHENREADINGPERIPHERALS27ADDRESSINGMODES275/16BITIMMEDIATEVALUE27FULLWIDTHREGISTERINDIRECT29PARTIALWIDTHREGISTERINDIRECT29FULLWIDTHREGISTERINDIRECTWITHOFFSET30PARTIALWIDTHREGISTERINDIRECTWITHOFFSET31PROGRAMFLOWCONTROL31RELATIVEBRANCHINSTRUCTIONS31ABSOLUTEJUMPINSTRUCTIONS32ALTERACORPORATIONVIICONTENTSNIOSEMBEDDEDPROCESSOR32BITPROGRAMMERSREFERENCEMANUALTRAPINSTRUCTIONS32CONDITIONALINSTRUCTIONS33EXCEPTIONS33EXCEPTIONHANDLINGOVERVIEW33EXCEPTIONVECTORTABLE34EXTERNALHARDWAREINTERRUPTSOURCES34INTERNALEXCEPTIONSOURCES35REGISTERWINDOWUNDERFLOW35REGISTERWINDOWOVERFLOW36DIRECTSOFTWAREEXCEPTIONSTRAPINSTRUCTIONS37EXCEPTIONPROCESSINGSEQUENCE37REGISTERWINDOWUSAGE38STATUSPRESERVATIONISTATUSREGISTER39RETURNADDRESS39SIMPLECOMPLEXEXCEPTIONHANDLERS40SIMPLEEXCEPTIONHANDLERS40COMPLEXEXCEPTIONHANDLERS40PIPELINEIMPLEMENTATION41DIRECTCWPMANIPULATION41BRANCHDELAYSLOTS4232BITINSTRUCTIONSET43ABS52ADD53ADDI54AND55ANDN56ASR57ASRI58BGEN59BR60BSR61CALL62CMP63CMPI64EXT16D65EXT16S66EXT8D67EXT8S68FILL1669FILL870IF071IF172IFRNZ73IFRZ74IFS75VIIIALTERACORPORATIONNIOSEMBEDDEDPROCESSOR32BITPROGRAMMERSREFERENCEMANUALCONTENTSJMP76LD77LDP78LDS79LRET80LSL81LSLI82LSR83LSRI84MOV85MOVHI86MOVI87MSTEP88MUL89NEG90NOP91NOT92OR93PFX94PFXIO95RDCTL96RESTORE97RET98RLC99RRC100SAVE101SEXT16102SEXT8103SKP0104SKP1105SKPRNZ106SKPRZ107SKPS108ST109ST16D110ST16S111ST8D112ST8S113STP114STS115STS16S116STS8S117SUB118SUBI119SWAP120TRAP121ALTERACORPORATIONIXCONTENTSNIOSEMBEDDEDPROCESSOR32BITPROGRAMMERSREFERENCEMANUALTRET122USR0123USRXX1,2,3,OR4124WRCTL125XOR126INDEX127XALTERACORPORATIONLISTOFTABLESTABLE1REVISIONHISTORYIIITABLE2HOWTOCONTACTALTERAIVTABLE3CONVENTIONSVTABLE4NIOSCPUARCHITECTURE13TABLE5REGISTERGROUPS14TABLE6PROGRAMMERSMODEL15TABLE7CONDITIONCODEFLAGS19TABLE8TYPICAL32BITNIOSCPUPROGRAM/DATAMEMORYATADDRESS0X010021TABLE9NBITWIDEPERIPHERALATADDRESS0X010032BITNIOSCPU21TABLE10INSTRUCTIONSUSING5/16BITIMMEDIATEVALUES28TABLE11INSTRUCTIONSUSINGREGISTERINDIRECTADDRESSING29TABLE12INSTRUCTIONSUSINGPARTIALWIDTHREGISTERINDIRECTADDRESSING30TABLE13INSTRUCTIONSUSINGFULLWIDTHREGISTERINDIRECTWITHOFFSETADDRESSING30TABLE14INSTRUCTIONSUSINGPARTIALWIDTHREGISTERINDIRECTWITHOFFSETADDRESSING31TABLE15BRBRANCHDELAYSLOTEXAMPLE42TABLE16NOTATIONDETAILS44TABLE17INSTRUCTIONFORMAT45TABLE1832BITOPCODETABLE47TABLE19GNUCOMPILER/ASSEMBLERPSEUDOINSTRUCTIONS50TABLE20NIOSOPERATORS50TABLE21SMALLESTNIOSREGISTERFILE51ALTERACORPORATIONXIOVERVIEW1OVERVIEWINTRODUCTIONTHISDOCUMENTDESCRIBESTHE32BITVARIANTOFTHENIOSEMBEDDEDPROCESSORTHENIOSEMBEDDEDPROCESSORISASOFTCORECPUOPTIMIZEDFORALTERAPROGRAMMABLELOGICDEVICESANDSYSTEMONAPROGRAMMABLECHIPSOPCINTEGRATIONITISACONFIGURABLE,GENERALPURPOSERISCPROCESSORTHATCANBECOMBINEDWITHUSERLOGICANDPROGRAMMEDINTOANALTERAPROGRAMMABLELOGICDEVICEPLDTHENIOSCPUCANBECONFIGUREDFORAWIDERANGEOFAPPLICATIONSA32BITNIOSCPUCOREWITHEXTERNALFLASHPROGRAMSTORAGEANDLARGEEXTERNALMAINMEMORYISAPOWERFUL32BITEMBEDDEDPROCESSORSYSTEMAUDIENCETHISREFERENCEMANUALISFORSOFTWAREANDHARDWAREENGINEERSCREATINGNIOSPROCESSORBASEDSYSTEMSTHISMANUALASSUMESYOUAREFAMILIARWITHELECTRONI
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