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HOWCANIBECOMEABETTERWRITEREIGHTSUGGESTIONSFORENGLISHLEARNERSMIKEROTHERAYFORMALWRITINGHEREWEAREMAINLYDISCUSSINGFORMALWRITING,PARTICULARLYASUSEDINACADEMICCONTEXTS,IEWRITINGESSAYS,ANDREPORTSTHEREQUIREMENTSHEREAREFORLANGUAGEATAHIGHERLEVELTHANTHATACCEPTABLEININFORMALWRITING,SUCHASLETTERSTOFRIENDS,NOTES,EMAILETCFORMALWRITINGREQUIRESAHIGHERSTANDARDOFGRAMMARACCURACY,STRUCTUREANDCOHESIONITHASITSOWNSTYLEANDCONVENTIONSGENERALSTRATEGIES1READ,READ,READ2WRITESOMETHINGEVERYDAY3FINDSOMEONETOWRITETO4COPYOUTTEXTEXTRACTS5ESTABLISHTHESELFCHECKINGHABIT6BECOMEFAMILIARWITHACADEMICSTYLE7DEVELOPYOURGRAMMAR8LOOKFORCOHESIONPARAGRAPHINGANDCONNECTIVES1READ,READ,READGOODWRITERSAREALSOGOODREADERSTHEYKEENLYREADAVARIETYOFTEXTTYPESANDTHEYREADOFTENREADINGINCREASESYOURAWARENESSOFGOODWRITINGPATTERNSTEXTSTRUCTURE,PARAGRAPHS,TOPICSENTENCES,INTROSANDCONCLUSIONS,ETCITALSOBUILDSYOURVOCABULARYSUGGESTEDTEXTTYPESNEWSPAPERSANDMAGAZINES,PARTICULARLYTHOSEWITHOPINIONPIECESCOLUMNSANDESSAYSACADEMICANDPROFESSIONALJOURNALSNONFICTIONBOOKSHISTORY,BIOGRAPHY,TRAVEL,CULTUREETCYOUCANACCESSMANYGOODMAGAZINEANDNEWSPAPERSITESFREEONTHENETNYTIMESCOMWASHINGTONPOSTCOMECONOMISTCOMETC2WRITESOMETHINGEVERYDAYLIKEOTHERLANGUAGESKILLS,WRITINGDEVELOPSBESTWHENCONSTANTLYUSEDTRYTODEVELOPTHEHABITOFWRITINGSOMETHINGEVERYDAYSOMESUCCESSFULSTUDENTSKEEPAPERSONALJOURNALINTOWHICHTHEYMAKEANENTRYEVERYDAYDIARYNOTES,THOUGHTSABOUTTHEIRLESSONS,THEIROPINIONSONATOPIC,ETCTHESUBJECTISNOTIMPORTANTTHEHABITISWRITINGABOUTAPHOTOGRAPHWHYNOTOCCASIONALLYWRITEYOUROWNDESCRIPTIONOFAPHOTOORPICTURETHISTASKCANBEMORESTIMULATINGTHANOTHERFORMSOFWRITING,ESPECIALLYIFITSHOWSSOMETHINGYOUAREPERSONALLYINTERESTEDIN,ANDISPARTICULARLYGOODFORPRACTISINGANDIMPROVINGPRESENTTENSESPHOTOSSHOWINGACTIVITYOFSOMESORTAREOFTENDESCRIBEDUSINGPRESENTCONTINUOUSTENSE3FINDSOMEONETOWRITETOIFYOUCANFINDSOMEONETOWRITETOREGULARLY,THISWILLHELPDEVELOPYOURHABITCANYOUFINDANOTHERLANGUAGELEARNERTOWRITETOVIATHEINTERNETEVENMOREINFORMALMESSAGESWRITINGWILLHELPIFYOUCANFINDANOTHERENGLISHLEARNER,YOUMAYAGREETOWRITEMOREFORMALLYTOEACHOTHERAND/ORATTACHYOURWRITINGEXERCISESFOREACHOTHERTOCOMMENTONANDTOCORRECTWEAREUSUALLYBETTERATSEEINGMISTAKESINOTHERSWORKTHANINOUROWN4COPYOUTTEXTEXTRACTSCOPYINGTEXTEXTRACTSNOTTOOLONGCOULDHELPCEMENTCORRECTGRAMMARSTRUCTURESINYOURMINDLOOKATWHATYOUAREREADINGANDHOWYOUHAVECOPIEDITTHISWILLHELPYOUSEEHOWMOREADVANCEDGRAMMARSTRUCTURES,COMPLEXSENTENCES,ANDCONNECTIVESAREPROPERLYFORMEDANDUSED5DEVELOPTHESELFCHECKINGHABITGOODLANGUAGELEARNERSDEVELOPTHEHABITOFALWAYSANALYSINGANDCHECKINGWHATTHEYHAVEWRITTENFORERRORSFAILURETODOTHISISONEOFTHEMAINREASONSWHYMANYLEARNERSPLATEAUATALOWERLEVELANDHAVEGREATDIFFICULTYATTAININGTHEGRAMMARANDCOHERENCELEVELREQUIREDFORFORMAL,ACADEMICWRITINGMAJORORMINORERRORSEVENADVANCEDLEARNERSOFENGLISHCONTINUETOMAKEERRORSWITHDIFFICULTGRAMMARAREASSUCHASARTICLESANDPREPOSITIONSTHESEAREGENERALLYMINORMISTAKESYOUMUST,HOWEVER,AVOIDMAJORGRAMMARMISTAKESTHESEARENOTACCEPTABLEINFORMALWRITINGEVENIFYOURMEANINGISCLEARANDWILLBEPENALISEDBYEXAMINERSANDMARKERSDEVELOPAGRAMMARCHECKLISTWHICHYOUAPPLYCAREFULLYTOALLYOUROWNWRITINGYOURGRAMMARCHECKLISTWILLHELPYOUAVOIDMAJORERRORSSUCHASNOTWRITINGINCOMPLETESENTENCESNOAGREEMENTBETWEENSUBJECTANDVERBFORMSFORGETTINGTOPUTTHESONTHIRDPERSONSINGULARINPRESENTTENSEITGO,THETEACHERKNOWINCORRECTUSEOFCOUNTABLE/UNCOUNTABLENOUNSWRONGTENSES,INCORRECTLYFORMEDINCORRECTCOMPARATIVEANDSUPERLATIVEFORMSERRORCHARTINTHEBACKOFYOURJOURNAL,ORWRITINGEXERCISEBOOK,YOUCOULDCREATEANERRORCHARTSHOWINGANEXAMPLEOFTHETYPEOFERRORYOUCOMMONLYMAKETHECORRECTEDSTRUCTUREAND,IFPOSSIBLE,ANEXPLANATIONORRULEREFERTOTHISCHARTWHENEVERYOUWRITEITWILLHELPYOUREDUCEYOURERRORRATE6BECOMEFAMILIARWITHACADEMICSTYLEACADEMICSTYLEUSEDINUNIVERSITYPUBLICATIONS,ESSAYS,RESEARCHREPORTSETCISMARKEDBYIMPERSONALTONEAVOIDANCEOFCONTRACTIONSCAUTIONANDQUALIFICATIONFORMALWORDSANDTERMSANDMOREFREQUENTUSEOFPASSIVETENSEFORMSTHANISUSEDINSPEAKINGANDININFORMALWRITINGASYOUREADMOREOFTHISSTYLE,YOUWILLBECOMEMOREFAMILIARWITHTHEREQUIREMENTANDBETTERABLETOUSEITINYOUROWNWRITINGAIMPERSONALTONEESSAYSANDREPORTSGENERALLYSTILLAVOIDPERSONALTERMSSUCHASINMYOPINION,ANDASWECANSEE,ALTHOUGHTHISAPPEARSTOBECHANGINGANDYOUWILLNOWSOMETIMESSEETHISINWRITINGYOUSHOULDSIMPLYSTATEYOUROPINIONSASFACTSASREADERS,WECANALMOSTALWAYSDISTINGUISHOPINIONSFROMFACTS,ANDWEKNOWTHEFORMERAREJUSTTHEWRITERSVIEWSEGTHEUSINVASIONOFIRAQWASILLCONCEIVEDBAVOIDANCEOFCONTRACTIONSDONOTUSETHECONTRACTIONSCOMMONLYUSEDINSPEAKINGANDININFORMALWRITINGTHATIS,USEDOESNOTINSTEADOFDOESNT,ANDTHISWILLNOTINSTEADOFTHISWONT,ETCCCAUTIONANDQUALIFICATIONBECAREFULABOUTTHESTATEMENTSYOUMAKEINESSAYSANDREPORTSACADEMICLANGUAGEOFTENUSESTERMSLIKEMANY,SOME,AMAJORITY,USUALLY,GENERALLY,PERHAPS,PROBABLY,MAYANDCOULDYOUNEEDTOBECAREFULABOUTUSINGABSOLUTESSUCHASDEFINITELY,EVERYBODYANDALWAYS,ORINMAKINGUNQUALIFIEDSTATEMENTSDFORMALWORDSANDTERMSYOUNEEDTOEXTENDYOURVOCABULARYSOTHATYOUCANINCLUDEMOREFORMALWORDSANDTERMSINYOURWRITINGTHISMAKESYOURWRITINGLOOKMOREMATUREANDPROFESSIONALEG,INSTEADOFWRITINGMANYPEOPLETHINKTHAT,YOUMIGHTSAYAMAJORITYOFPEOPLEHOLDTHEOPINIONTHATLESSFORMALMOREFORMALHELPASSISTANCEMAKEPRODUCEBOSSEMPLOYERSHOWINDICATE,DEMONSTRATEIMPORTANTSIGNIFICANTQUITEALOTOFACONSIDERABLENUMBEREUSEOFPASSIVEFORMSFORMAL,ACADEMICENGLISHCOMMONLYUSESPASSIVETENSEFORMS,EGTHEACTIVEFORMMANYPEOPLETHOUGHTTHATMIGHTINSTEADBEEXPRESSEDASITWASCOMMONLYCONSIDEREDTHATORWECANSHOWMIGHTBECOMEITCANCLEARLYBEDEMONSTRATEDTHAT7DEVELOPYOURGRAMMARASWELLASAVOIDINGMAJORERRORS,YOUNEEDTODEVELOPYOURGRAMMARSOTHATYOURWRITINGISSEENASMOREMATURE,PROFESSIONALANDINTERESTINGENGLISHREWARDSVARIETYTRYTOAVOIDOVERUSEOFTHESAMESENTENCESTRUCTURE,ANDOCCASIONALLYMOVECOMPONENTSSUCHASPREPOSITIONALPHRASESANDSUBORDINATECLAUSESINTODIFFERENTPOSITIONSEG,BECAUSEOFTHESEDIFFERENCESINOPINION,THEPARTIESWERENOTABLETOREACHACONSENSUSHERETHESUBORDINATEORDEPENDENTCLAUSEISPLACEDBEFORETHEMAINCLAUSEINSTEADOFTHEMOREUSUALPOSITIONOFFOLLOWINGITTHISCANINCREASEYOURREADERSINTERESTYOUSHOULDIMPROVEYOURUNDERSTANDINGOFTHECORRECTFORMATIONANDUSEOFPASSIVEFORMSSOMELANGUAGESDONOTHAVETHISGRAMMARFORM,ORONLYINAVERYSIMPLIFIEDWAYACOMMONLEARNERWEAKNESSISNOTKNOWINGHOWTOMAKETHEFORMSOMEVERSIONOFTHEVERBTOBETOGETHERWITHPASTPARTICIPLEENGLISHUSEOFPASSIVEFORMSISMOREFREQUENT,ANDASNOTED,ITISESPECIALLYCOMMONINFORMAL,ACADEMICWRITINGPASSIVEFORMISOFTENUSEDINDESCRIPTIONSOFPROCESSESANDPROCEDURESHERETHEFOCUSISMOREONWHATHAPPENSRATHERTHANWHOMAKESITHAPPEN,ANDTHUSTHEREPORTORACCOUNTNEEDSTOBEINTHEPASSIVE,USUALLYTHEPRESENTTENSEFORMCANDIDATESFORTHEIELTSTESTNEEDTOBEPREPAREDFORTHEPOSSIBLEREQUIREMENTTOWRITEABOUTAPROCESSORADIAGRAMWRITINGTASK18LOOKFORCOHESIONPARAGRAPHINGANDCONNECTIVESCOHESIONMAKESYOURWRITINGCOHERENTUNDERSTANDABLETOYOURREADER,ANDISPERHAPSTHEMOSTCRITICALNEEDINACADEMICWRITINGCOHESIONREFERSTOTHEWAYDIFFERENTPARTSOFATEXTARELINKEDTOGETHER,SOTHATTHEREADERCANSEEALOGICALFLOWTHROUGHOUTYOURESSAYORREPORTTHETWOMAINELEMENTSOFCOHESIONAREPARAGRAPHSANDCONNECTIVESWEALWAYSGETCHOICESONEXACTLYWHEREWEDECIDETOMAKEAPARAGRAPHBREAKIE,STARTANEWPARAGRAPH,BUTTHEGENERALRULEISTHATEACHPARAGRAPHSHOULDONLYCONTAINONEMAINIDEAITMAYINCLUDESEVERALSENTENCES,GIVINGEGFURTHEREXPLANATION/DISCUSSIONOFTHEIDEAANDEXAMPLES,BUTITSHOULDONLYONLYHAVEMAINIDEA,OUTLINEDBYTHETOPICSENTENCEMOREONTHISINAFUTURELECTUREFORTHEREADERTOSEETHEFLOWINYOURESSAY/REPORT,YOUNEEDTOKNOWTHECORRECTUSEOFCONNECTIVESORLINKINGWORDSANDEXPRESSIONSTHESESHOWTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENIDEASANDAREPERHAPSTHEMOSTIMPORTANTKEYTOCOHERENTWRITIN
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