冷凝水处理翻译双语

WHEREMUISTHETOTALMAKEUPWATERFLOW,WHICHISTHESUMOFEVAPORATIONANDBLOWDOWN,GPM,ANDBDISTHEBLOWDOWNFLOW,GPMSINCETHEAMOUNTOFEVAPORATION,E,ISEASILYCOMPUTEDAS01OFTHECONDENSERWATERFLOWRATEPERDEGREEOFRANGE,MUINEQ136CANBEREPLACEDWITHTHEVALUEETBDEQUATION136CANTHENBEREARRANGEDTOYIELDEQ137BDECYCLES1THUS,AFTERTHENUMBEROFCYCLESISDETERMINEDBASEDONTHEMAKEUPANDDESIREDCONDENSERWATERBLOWDOWNCONCENTRATIONOFDISSOLVEDSOLIDS,THEACTUALBLOWDOWNREQUIREMENTCANBECALCULATEDFROMEQ136SINCEDRIFTWATERLOSSISNOTINCLUDEDINTHESECALCULATIONS,THEACTUALREQUIREDBDFLOWCANBEREDUCEDBYTHEAMOUNTOFDRIFTLOSSFROMTHETOWERTHEREARETWOWAYSOFCONTROLLINGBLOWDOWNINANHVACCOOLINGTOWERSYSTEM1CONSTANTBLOWDOWNWITHMANUALADJUSTMENTBASEDONPERIODICWATERHARDNESSANALYSISISTHESIMPLESTMETHODHOWEVER,SINCETHEAMOUNTOFBLOWDOWNISCONSTANT,THELOSSINWATERANDWATERTREATMENTCHEMICALSISHIGHANDTHISREALLYREPRESENTSTHEMOSTEXPENSIVEAPPROACH2CONTROLLEDBLOWDOWNISBASEDONCONTINUOUSMONITORINGOFTHEWATERHARDNESSASINDICATEDBYITSCONDUCTIVITYAUTOMATICCONTROLMINIMIZESTHEWASTEOFWATERANDWATERTREATMENTCHEMICALSANDISTHEPREFERREDMETHOD,ASDESCRIBEDINSECTION134TABLE133SUMMARIZESTHEWATERFLOWSASSOCIATEDWITHACOOLINGTOWERFORVARIOUSCYCLESOFCONCENTRATIONBASEDON30GPM/TONFLOWFROMTABLE133,ITISCLEARTHATTHEAMOUNTOFMAKEUPWATERISREDUCEDSIGNIFICANTLYASTHENUMBERTABLE133MAKEUPWATERREQUIREMENTASFUNCTIONOFCYCLESCYCLESEVAPORATIONBLOWDOWNMAKEUPMAKEUPGPM/TONGPM/TONGPM/TON2003000030000600100300300001500045075400300001000040067500300000750037563600300000600036060100030000033003335515003000002300323542000300000150031553MU是补给水流动量，这是蒸发和排污的总和,加仑每分钟和BD是排污流量，加仑每分钟。自从蒸发流量E很容易计算为01的冷凝器水流速，补给水流动量乘以蒸发流量的意义，方程式可以重新安排趋近于EQBDECYCLES1因此,在确定的周期数是基于变化值期望的冷凝器水排污浓度溶解的固体,实际的排污要求可以计算出EQ。因为水损失不包括在这些计算,实际需要排污流量可以减少损失。有两种方式控制排污在暖通空调冷却塔系统1、常数与手动调整排污基于周期性水硬度分析是最简单的方法。然而,由于数量的排污是常数,损失在水和水处理化学品居高不下,这确实代表了最昂贵的方法。2、控制排污是基于连续监测水硬度显示其电导率。自动控制最小化浪费水和水处理化学品和是首选方法,如134节中描述。表133总结了水流关联到一个冷却塔为各种周期的浓度基于30GPM/吨流。从表133中,很明显,这个数量的补给水是数量显著减少表133补给水需求功能的周期周期蒸发量GPM/TON排污量GPM/TON组成GPM/TON组成2003000030000600100300300001500045075400300001000040067500300000750037563600300000600036060100030000033003335515003000002300323542000300000150031553CONDENSERWATERTREATMENTOFCYCLESISINCREASEDFROM2TO6HOWEVER,THEREISONLYAFURTHER5REDUCTIONASTHECYCLESAREINCREASEDFROM6TO10,ANDONLYAFURTHER2REDUCTIONASCYCLESAREINCREASEDTO20THEREFORE,INMOSTCOOLINGTOWERAPPLICATIONS,CYCLESOFCONCENTRATIONAREMAINTAINEDBETWEEN5AND10ASINDICATEDBYTHELSI,RSI,AND/ORPSIANDDEPOSITIONINHIBITORSAREADDEDASNECESSARYWHILELOWERCYCLESREPRESENTLOSSOFMOREWATERANDTREATMENTCHEMICALS,THEAMOUNTOFTREATMENTCHEMICALSREQUIREDTENDSTOGODOWNWITHCYCLES,AND510CYCLESUSUALLYREPRESENTAGOODBALANCEPOINTREDUCTIONOFHARDNESSBYBLOWDOWNOREVENBYWATERSOFTENINGPRETREATMENTMAYNOTELIMINATETHEPOTENTIALFORDEPOSITIONINTHECONDENSERWATERSYSTEMINTHESECASES,CHEMICALTREATMENT,IE,THEADDITIONOFDEPOSITIONINHIBITORSTOTHEWATERSYSTEM,BECOMESNECESSARYWHENADISSOLVEDSALTPRECIPITATESANDDEPOSITSONTHEWETTEDMETALSURFACESOFTHECONDENSERWATERSYSTEM,ITFORMSACRYSTALGROWTHTHATATTACHESITSELFTOMETALSURFACESASITCOMESOUTOFSOLUTIONTHEMOSTCOMMONSCALEINHIBITORSUSEDINCONDENSERWATERSYSTEMSAREPOSPHONATES,WHICHAREORGANICPHOSPHATECOMPOUNDS,SUCHASHEDP,WHICHFUNCTIONBYADSORPTIONONTHECRYSTALSASTHEYFORM,PREVENTINGTHEMFROMATTACHINGTOMETALTHUS,THESECRYSTALSPRECIPITATEOUTOFSOLUTION,USUALLYINTHETOWERBASIN132CORROSIONCONTROL1321GALVANICCORROSIONMETALCORROSIONOCCURSASARESULTOFGALVANICACTIONATANEGATIVELYCHARGED“POLE”ORSITEONTHEMETALSURFACEBOTHANODES,NEGATIVELYCHARGEDSITES,ANDCATHODES,POSITIVELYCHARGEDSITES,CANBECREATEDONTHEMETALDUETOIMPURITIESINTHEMETAL,LOCALIZEDSTRESS,METALGRAINSIZEORCOMPOSITIONDIFFERENCES,OREVENSCRATCHESONTHEMETALSURFACEDUETOTHEDIFFERENCESINCHARGES,THEREISANELECTRICALPOTENTIALBETWEENTHEANODEANDCATHODEANDANELECTRICALCURRENTELECTRONSFLOWSFROMANODESTOCATHODES,USINGTHESURROUNDINGWATERASACONDUCTORORELECTROLYTE,ASSHOWNINFIGURE132FORSTEEL,THEANODICREACTIONISFORTHEIRONTOGIVEOFFTWOFREEELECTRONS,BECOMINGPOSITIVELYCHARGEDTHISPOSITIVELYCHARGEDIRONTHENCOMBINESTWOHYDROXYLRADICALSFROMTHEWATERTOFORMFERROUSHYDROXIDE,WHICHCOMBINESFURTHERWITHTHEWATERTOFROMFERRICHYDROXIDETHAT,WHENDEHYDRATED,ISIRONOXIDEORRUSTATCATHODES,THEELECTRONSGIVENOFFATTHEANODECOMBINEWITHWATERTOYIELDHYDROXYLRADICALS,TOBALANCETHEREACTIONSCORROSION,THENISTHELOSSOFMETALITLITERALLY“DISSOLVES”CORROSIONCANEXHIBITTWOCHARACTERISTICSDEPENDINGONTHEUNDERLYINGREASONFORTHEANODICANDCATHODICSITESGENERALCORROSIONISWIDESPREADANDISCAUSED,USUALLY,BYIMPURITIESINTHEMETALORCHARACTERISTICSOFTHEMETALORITSENVIRONMENTTHATRESULTSINANOVERALLFOULINGOFTHEMETALSURFACELOCALIZEDCORROSIONRESULTS,冷凝水处理周期的增加从2到6。然而,只有一个进一步减少5的周期是增加在6至10,只有进一步减少2作为周期增加到20。因此,在大多数应用程序,循环冷却塔的浓度维持在5到10之间的正如所指出的那样,大规模集成电路,肢体重复性劳损症,和/或PSI和沉积抑制剂添加为必要。而低损耗更多的水的循环和处理化学品、化学物质的数量需要治疗往往走下来与周期和510周期通常代表一个好的平衡点。毕业设计论文代做平台580毕业设计网是专业代做团队也有大量毕业设计成品提供参考WWWBYSJ580COMQQ3449649974降低硬度通过排污或甚至被水软化预处理可能不会消除潜在的沉积在冷凝器水系统。在这些情况下,化学治疗,即。,添加到水系统沉积抑制剂,就成为必要当溶解盐沉淀和沉积在金属表面润湿的冷凝器水系统,形成一个晶体生长,就附着在金属表面,因为它出来的解决方案。最常用的阻垢剂用于冷凝器水系统是POSPHONATES,有机磷酸化合物,比如HEDP,函数通过吸附在晶体上他们,阻止他们形成粘附金属。因此,这些晶体沉淀出的解决方案,通常在塔盆地132腐蚀控制1321电化学腐蚀金属腐蚀发生电化腐蚀的结果在一个带负电荷的“极”或网站上的金属表面。两个阳极,带负电荷的网站,和阴极,带正电的网站,可以创建在金属由于杂质在金属、局部应力,金属晶粒尺寸或成分差异,甚至金属表面上的划痕。由于不同的费用,有一个电位阳极和阴极之间,电流从阳极电子流到阴极,利用周围的水作为导体或电解质,如图132对钢铁、阳极反应是铁放出两个自由电子,成为带正电。这个带正电的铁然后结合两个羟基自由基从水中形成氢氧化亚铁,进一步与水相结合,从氢氧化铁,当脱水,是铁的氧化物或生锈。在阴极,释放出的电子在阳极与水结合产生羟基自由基反应的平衡腐蚀,然后是金属损耗它的字面意思是“溶解。“腐蚀可以表现出两个特点取决于底层的阳极和阴极的原因网站。一般腐蚀是广泛和引起,通常,杂质在金属或特征的金属或其环境,形成一个整体的金属表面污垢。局部腐蚀的结果,主要是,从划痕,压力,或局部环境和最常见的原因为“金属失效。FIGURE132TYPICALSTEELCORROSIONCHEMISTRYCOURTESYOFBETZDEARBORN,INC,TREVOSE,PENNSYLVANIAMOSTLY,FROMSCRATCHES,STRESS,ORLOCALIZEDENVIRONMENTANDTHEMOSTCOMMONREASONFOR“METALFAILURE”IFDISSIMILARMETALSWITHDIFFERENTELECTRICALPOTENTIALSAREUSEDINACONDENSERWATERSYSTEM,GALVANICCORROSIONISENHANCEDANDTHEMETALSSIMPLYCORRODEFASTER,PARTICULARLYATANDNEARTHEPOINTSOFCONTACTBETWEENTHEMETALSTHEFIRSTSTEPINCORROSIONCONTROLISTOMINIMIZETHECONTACTBETWEENWATERANDMILDSTEELMATERIALSALLPRIMARYWETTEDSURFACESWETDECKSFORINDUCEDDRAFTTOWERSANDBASINSSHOULDBECONSTRUCTEDOFSTAINLESSSTEELTHISTYPICALLYINCREASESTOWERCOSTSBYONLYABOUT15ANDISGENERALLYAWORTHWHILEINVESTMENTUSEPLASTICSORFIBERGLASSFORTHETOWERCASING,WETDECKCOVERS,INTAKELOUVERS,DRIFTELIMINATORS,ANDFILLFINALLY,IFMILDSTEELISUSEDFORTHETOWERSTRUCTURALFRAME,ITSHOULDBEGALVANIZEDAND,ASDISCUSSEDINSEC1322,COATEDWITHANEPOXYORPOLYMERFINALPROTECTIVECOATINGHOWEVER,THEPIPINGINMOSTCONDENSERWATERSYSTEMSWILLBESTEELANDMUSTBEPROTECTEDFROMCORROSIONTHISISACCOMPLISHEDBYUSINGONEORMORETREATMENTPROGRAMS,ASFOLLOWSPASSIVATINGANODICINHIBITORSTHESECHEMICALSFORMAPROTECTIVEOXIDEFILMONTHEMETALSURFACEWHICHISNOTONLYTOUGH,BUT,WHENDAMAGED,QUICKLYREPAIRSITSELFTYPICALCHEMICALSTHATACTASPASSIVATINGINHIBITORSINCLUDEMOLYBDATE,POLYPHOSPHATES,ANDORTHOPHOSPHATETHESECHEMICALSAREOXIDIZERSTHATPROMOTEPASSIVATIONBYINCREASINGTHEELECTRICALPOTENTIALOFIRONTHEDRAWBACKTOTHEUSEOFMOLYBDATEISITSEXPENSE,ANDITISUSEDONLYWHENBLOWDOWNLEVELSAREKEPTASLOWAS图132。典型的钢腐蚀化学。由BETZDEARBORN,INC,宾夕法尼亚TREVOSE。如果不同的金属与不同的电势是用于冷凝器水系统、电化学腐蚀是增强和金属腐蚀速度,特别是在简单和点附近S的金属之间的联系。腐蚀控制的第一步是最小化之间的接触水和软钢材料。所有主湿表面湿甲板对诱导通风塔和盆地应该是采用不锈钢。这通常会增加塔的成本只有约15,通常是一个有价值的投资。用塑料或玻璃纤维为塔套管、湿甲板封面,摄入量百叶窗,芯材料,并填写。最后,如果低碳钢是用于塔式结构框架,它应该是镀锌和所秒。1322,涂有环氧树脂或聚合物最终保护涂层。然而,在大多数冷凝器水管道系统将钢和必须免受腐蚀。这是通过使用一个或多个处理程序,如下所示钝化阳极抑制剂这些化学物质形成保护性氧化膜在金属表面不仅是艰难的,但是,当损坏,迅速修复本身。典型的化学物质作为钝化抑制剂包括钼酸盐、聚磷酸盐、正磷酸盐。这些化学物质是氧化剂,促进钝化通过增加电气潜在的铁。的缺点使用钼酸盐是它的费用,它只用在排污水平尽可能。OTHOPHOSPHATES不应该用于冷凝器水系统包含不锈钢,因为它将使金属脆性随时间变化而变化。POSSIBLEOTHOPHOSPHATESSHOULDNOTBEUSEDINCONDENSERWATERSYSTEMSCONTAININGSTAINLESSSTEELSINCEITWILLMAKETHEMETALBRITTLEOVERTIMEPRECIPITATINGINHIBITORSATCATHODICSITES,THELOCALIZEDPHATTHESITEISINCREASEDDUETOTHEHIGHERCONCENTRATIONOFHYDROXIDEIONSTHATAREBEINGPRODUCEDPRECIPITATINGINHIBITORSFORMCOMPLEXESTHATAREINSOLUBLEATTHEHIGHERPHAND,THUS,PRECIPITATEOUTOFTHEWATERZINCISAGOODPRECIPITATINGINHIBITORMOLYBDATEWILLALSOACTASAPRECIPITATINGINHIBITORAND,THUS,CANSERVEASACORROSIONINHIBITORUSINGTWOMECHANISMSADSORPTIONINHIBITORSTHESEAREORGANICCOMPOUNDSCONTAININGNITROGEN,SUCHASAMINES,ORSULFURORHYDROXYLGROUPSDUETOTHESHAPE,SIZE,ORIENTATION,ANDELECTRICALCHARGEOFTHEMOLECULE,THEYWILLATTACHTOTHESURFACEOFTHEMETAL,PREVENTINGCORROSIONTHEIRDRAWBACKISTHATTHEYFORMTHICK,OILYSURFACEFILMSTHATREDUCEHEATTRANSFERCAPABILITYEACHPROGRAMISDESIGNEDFORPARTICULARCONDENSERWATERPHRANGEANDWATERCHEMISTRY,ASSUMMARIZEDINTABLE134TOPROTECTCOPPERINHEATEXCHANGERTUBESANDPIPINGFROMCORROSION,AROMATICTRIAZOLES,SUCHASBENZOTRIZOLEBZTANDTOLYLTRIAZONETTA,AREUSEDINMOSTCONDENSERWATERTREATMENTSYSTEMSTHESECOMPOUNDSBONDWITHTHECUPROUSOXIDEONTHEMETALSURFACEANDPROTECTIT1322WHITERUSTSINCETHELATE1970S,THEREHASBEENASIGNIFICANTINCREASEINTHEUSEOFGALVANIZEDSTEELCOOLINGTOWERS,PARTICULARLYINTHEHVACMARKETWITHTHEADVENTOFNEWCOOLINGTOWERWATERTREATMENTPOLYMERSANDCORROSIONINHIBITORS,MOSTCONDENSERWATERTREATMENTPROGRAMSNOWUTILIZELITTLEORNOACIDADDITION,ANDOPERATINGPHLEVELSHAVEINCREASEDFROM6575TOASHIGHAS95WITHTHENEWALKALINEPOLYMERAPPROACHASTHETECHNOLOGYOFTHEWATERTREATMENTINDUSTRYHASCHANGED,THECORROSIONOFGALVANIZEDSTEELHASNOWBECOMEAMAJORCONCERNTHETERMWHITERUSTREFERSTOTHEPREMATURE,RAPIDLOSSOFGALVANIZEDCOATINGONCOOLINGTOWERMETALSURFACESWHITERUSTISEVIDENCEDBYAWHITE,WAXY,NONPROTECTIVEZINCCORROSIONDEPOSITONWETTEDGALVANIZEDSURFACESTHISRAPIDTABLE134WATERPHANDCHEMISTRYFORCORROSIONPROGRAMSPROGRAMWATERPHANDCHEMISTRYZINCMOLYBDATEORMOLYBDATE/ZINCORTHOPHOSPHATEORGANICADSORPTION758575957585,WITHAPHOSPHATEDEPOSITIONINHIBITOR7595,WITH300500PPMALKALINITY沉淀抑制剂在阴极的网站,在网站的本地化的PH值增加是因为更高浓度的氢氧化物离子,正在生产。沉淀形成不溶性复合物的抑制剂在PH值越高,因此,沉淀出水面。锌是一种良好的沉淀剂。钼酸盐还作为沉淀剂,因此,可以作为缓蚀剂使用两种机制。吸附抑制剂这些都是含氮的有机化合物,如胺类、或硫或羟基。由于形状、大小、方向、电荷的分子,他们将附着在表面的金属,防止腐蚀。他们的缺点是它们形成厚,油性表面膜,降低传热能力。每个项目是专为特定的冷凝器水PH值范围和水化学、总结如表134。保护铜在热交换器管和管道受到腐蚀,芳香族杂四唑,如BENZOTRIZOLEBZT和TOLYLTRIAZONETTA,用于大多数冷凝器水处理系统。这些化合物债券与氧化亚铜在金属表面和保护它1322。白锈病自1970年代末以来,已经有一个显著增加使用镀锌钢冷却塔,尤其是在暖通空调市场。随着新冷却塔水处理聚合物和腐蚀抑制剂,大多数冷凝器水处理项目现在利用很少或没有酸加上和操作PH值从65增加到75高达95与新碱性聚合物的方法。随着技术的水处理行业已经发生了改变,腐蚀的镀锌钢已成为一个主要关注的问题。这个术语是指白锈病过早,迅速失去镀锌涂层冷却塔的金属表面。白锈,证明了一个白色,蜡质,NONPROTECTIVE锌腐蚀押金湿镀锌表面。这种快速的损失导致腐蚀的镀锌钢和底层,而不是塔系统,将持续2025年,设备将会大大缩短寿命。表134水的PH值和化学腐蚀项目材料水的PH值锌钼酸盐或钼酸盐/锌正磷酸盐有机吸附758575957585,磷酸盐沉积抑制剂7595,WITH300500PPM碱度THISRAPIDLOSSOFGALVANIZINGRESULTSINTHECORROSIONOFTHEUNDERLYINGSTEELAND,INSTEADOFTOWERSYSTEMSTHATWILLLAST2025YEARS,EQUIPMENTWILLHAVEDRASTICALLYSHORTENEDLIFESPANSMANYBELIEVETHATTHECHANGETOTHEDRYKETTLEMETHODOFGALVANIZING,WITHCONTINUOUSSHEETSTEELSEECHAP10,HASHADANEFFECTONTHEINCREASEDFORMATIONOFWHITERUSTINITIALRESEARCHHASSHOWNTHATTHELEVELSOFALUMINUMANDLEADINTHEGALVANIZINGHAVECHANGEDWITHTHEWETKETTLEMETHOD,LEADLEVELSWERE06010ANDALUMINUMLEVELSWERE0005LEVELSOFLEADHAVEDROPPEDTO005ANDLEVELSOFALUMINUMHAVEINCREASEDTO040SINCEGOINGTOTHECONTINUOUSSHEETGALVANIZINGTHISINCREASEINALUMINUMANDDECREASEINLEADISBELIEVEDTOHELPINCREASETHEBRIGHTNESSOFTHEMETALSURFACES,MAKINGABETTERLOOKINGPRODUCTTHEHIGHERALUMINUMPERCENTAGEISALSONECESSARYFORBETTERBONDINGOFTHEZINCCOATINGTOTHESTEELTHECOOLINGTOWERMANUFACTURERSDONOTBELIEVETHATCHANGESINTHEGALVANIZINGPROCESSORINTHELEADANDALUMINUMLEVELSDEPOSITEDARERESPONSIBLEFORTHEINCREASEOFWHITERUSTTHEINDUSTRYHASSTATEDTHATALUMINUMLEVELSHAVENOTCHANGEDANDTHATTHEGALVANIZEDCOATINGISACTUALLYMORETHANTWICEASTHICK235OZOFZINCPERFT2OFSTEELSHEETASTHEYWERE20YEARSAGOHOWEVER,ITCANBEDOCUMENTEDTHATCOOLINGWATERPROGRAMSOPERATEDWITHAPHRANGEOF8085FORMANYYEARSWITHOUTHAVINGWHITERUSTPROBLEMSITCANALSOBEDOCUMENTEDTHATNEWTOWERSADDEDTOEXISTINGSYSTEMS,USINGTHESAMEMAKEUPWATER,CHEMICALTREATMENT,ANDCONTROLSHAVEDEVELOPEDWHITERUST,WHILETHEORIGINALUNITSHAVENOTTHEREFORE,WHITERUSTDOESNOTAPPEARTOBEAWATERQUALITYAND/ORWATERTREATMENTPROBLEMSOWHILETHEARGUMENTCONTINUES,ANDBASEDONCURRENTINFORMATION,ITISWELLESTABLISHEDTHATWHITERUSTMAYFORMIFTHEFOLLOWINGCONDITIONSEXIST1THEGALVANIZEDCOATINGISNOTPROPERLY“PASSIVATED”WHENTHETOWERISPLACEDINSERVICEPASSIVATIONISAPROCESSTHATALLOWSTHEZINCCOATINGTODEVELOPANATURALNONPOROUSSURFACEOFBASICZINCCARBONATETHISCHEMICALBARRIERPREVENTSRAPIDCORROSIONOFTHEZINCCOATINGFROMTHEENVIRONMENT,ASWELLASFROMNORMALCOOLINGTOWEROPERATIONTHEBASICZINCCARBONATEBARRIERWILLFORMONGALVANIZEDSURFACESWITHIN8WEEKSOFTOWEROPERATIONWITHWATEROFNEUTRALPH6580,CALCIUMHARDNESSOF100300PPM,ANDALKALINITYOF100300PPM2CONDENSERWATERISMAINTAINEDATPHABOVE803HIGHCONDENSERWATERALKALINITYABOVE300PPM4LOWCONDENSERWATERCALCIUMHARDNESSLEVELBELOW100PPM5THELACKOFPHOSPHATEBASEDCORROSIONINHIBITORINTHECONDENSERWATERTREATMENTPROGRAMFORMOSTGALVANIZEDMETALHVACCOOLINGTOWERS,WHITERUSTWILLOCCURIFNOTPREVENTEDBYTHEFOLLOWINGSTEPS这种快速的损失导致腐蚀的镀锌钢和底层,而不是塔系统,将持续2025年,设备将会大大缩短寿命许多人认为改变干锅法的镀锌,连续钢片参见第十章,已经没有效果增加形成的白锈。初步研究表明,铝和铅的含量在镀锌已经改变了。与湿锅法、铅水平分别为06010和铝含量0005。的铅水平已降至005,铝的含量增加到040自去连续板镀锌。这增加铝和降低铅被认为有助于提高金属表面的亮度,使一个BETTERLOOKING产品。较高的铝比例也必要更好的结合的锌涂层的钢。冷却塔制造商不相信改变过程或主要的热镀锌和铝水平沉积负责增加的白锈。这个行业已经表示,铝含量没有改变,镀锌层实际上是两倍厚235盎司每FT2锌的钢板,他们20年前。然而,它可以证明,冷却水程序操作的PH值范围的8085多年不用白锈病问题。它也可以证明,新塔添加到现有的系统,使用相同的补给水、化学治疗和控制已经开发出白锈病,而原单位没有。因此,白锈病似乎不是一个水质和/或水处理问题。因此,争论仍在继续,并根据当前的信息,它已经知道白锈病可能形式如果下列条件存在1。镀锌层是不恰当的“钝化”当塔被放置在服务。钝化是一个过程,使锌涂层开发自然无孔的表面的碱式碳酸锌。这个化学屏障阻止快速腐蚀的镀锌层从环境,以及从正常的冷却塔操作。碱式碳酸锌的屏障将形成在镀锌表面在8周内塔的操作与水中性PH6580、钙硬度100300PPM,碱度的100300PPM。2。冷凝器水PH值维持在80以上。3。高冷凝器水碱度超过300PPM。4。低的冷凝器水钙硬度级别低于100PPM。5。缺乏磷酸盐缓蚀剂在冷凝器水处理程序。对于大多数镀锌金属暖通空调冷却塔、白锈将发生如果没有阻止通过以下步骤1PROVIDEASECONDARYBARRIERCOATINGONALLWETTEDSURFACES,SUCHASEPOXYORPOLYMERFINISHFORANEWTOWERORCOALTARBITUMENONANEXISTINGTOWERANEVENBETTERAPPROACHISTOSPECIFYNEWTOWERSTOHAVEWETTEDSURFACES,SUCHASBASINSANDWETDECKS,TOBECONSTRUCTEDOFSTAINLESSSTEELTHISOPTIONISNORMALLYAVAILABLEFORONLYA1020COSTINCREASE2RUNTHECOOLINGWATERTREATMENTPROGRAMATAPHBETWEEN70AND80,WHICHMAYREQUIREPHCONTROL3MAKESURETHEGALVANIZEDTOWERISPROPERLYPASSIVATEDUPONSYSTEMSTARTUPWHEREWHITERUSTHASOCCURRED,THEMETALCANBE“REPASSIVATED”BYTREATINGTHESURFACEWITHA5SODIUMDICHROMATEIN01SULFURICACID,BRUSHINGWITHASTIFFWIREBRUSHFORATLEAST30SEC,THENRINSINGTHOROUGHLY4INCORPORATEAPHOSPHATEBASEDPRODUCTINTOTHEWATERTREATMENTPROGRAM,ALONGPROPERDISPERSANTS133BIOLOGICALFOULINGCONTROL1331BIOLOGICALFOULINGBIOLOGICALFOULINGRESULTSFROMBACTERIA,FUNGI,ZOOPLANKTON,ANDPHYTOPLANKTONORALGAEINTRODUCEDTHROUGHMAKEUPWATERORFILTEREDFROMTHEAIRPASSINGTHROUGHANHVACCOOLINGTOWER“FOULING”RESULTSWHENTHESEMICROORGANISMSGROWINOPENSYSTEMSRICHINOXYGENANAEROBICPROCESSANDFORMSLIMEONTHESURFACESOFTHETOWER,PIPING,ANDHEATTRANSFERSURFACESOFTHECONDENSERWATERSYSTEMSLIMEISANAGGREGATEOFBOTHBIOLOGICALANDNONBIOLOGICALMATERIALSTHEBIOLOGICALCOMPONENT,CALLEDTHEBIOFILM,CONSISTSOFMICROBIALCELLSANDTHEIRBYPRODUCTSTHENONBIOLOGICALCOMPONENTSCONSISTOFORGANICAND/ORINORGANICDEBRISINTHEWATERTHATHASBECOMEADSORBEDORIMBEDDEDINTHEBIOFILMLAYERTHEIMPACTOFBIOLOGICALFOULINGISTWOFOLDTHESLIMEACTSASANINSULATORANDREDUCESHEATTRANSFEREFFICIENCYINTHESYSTEM,ANDMICROBIALACTIVITYWITHINTHESLIMECANACCELERATECORROSIONBYCREATINGALOCALIZEDOXYGENRICHENVIRONMENTTHATACCELERATESOXIDATIONAVERYSPECIALCASEOFBIOLOGICALFOULINGINCOOLINGTOWERSISTHEBACTERIALEGIONELLA,WHICHISDISCUSSEDINSEC1332THENUMBERONEMETHODOFCONTROLLINGBIOLOGICALFOULINGISTOKEEPCOOLINGTOWERSCLEANATLEASTTWICEDURINGTHECOOLINGSEASON,THETOWERSHOULDBEDRAINED,SCRUBCLEANED,ANDALLOWEDTOFULLYDRYBEFOREREFILLINGTHEN,THEUSEOFCHEMICALTREATMENTWILLCOMPLETETHECONTROLCHORETHEREARETWOKINDSOFANTIMICROBIALCHEMICALSORBIOCIDESUSEDINCOOLINGTOWERWATERTREATMENTPROGRAMSTOCONTROLBIOLOGICALFOULINGOXIDIZINGANDNONOXIDIZING1。提供二次障碍涂层所有湿表面,如环氧树脂或聚合物完成新塔或煤焦油沥青在一个现有的塔。一个更好的方法是指定新塔有湿表面,如盆地和湿甲板,是采用不锈钢。这个选项通常是用于只有1020的成本增加。2。运行冷却水处理项目的PH值在70和80之间,这可能需要控制PH值。3。确保镀锌塔是在系统启动正常钝化。在白锈病发生时,金属可以“REPASSIVATED”把表面5的重铬酸钠在01硫酸,刷牙用硬钢丝刷至少30秒,然后彻底冲洗。4。合并一个磷酸盐产品入水处理程序,以及适当的分散剂。133。生物污染控制1331。生物污染生物污染的结果从细菌、真菌、藻类浮游动物和浮游植物或介绍,通过添加水或过滤从空气中穿过一个暖通空调冷却塔。“污染”的结果当这些微生物生长在开放系统丰富的氧气一个有氧过程,形成表面的粘液、管道、塔和传热表面冷凝器水系统。粘液是一个集合的两个生物和NONBIOLOGICAL材料。生物成分,称为生物膜,由微生物细胞及其副产品。那些非生物成分包括有机和/或无机水中的残骸,已经成为吸附或嵌入到生物膜层。生物污染的影响是双重的粘液作为绝缘体,降低传热效率的系统,和微生物活动在粘液可以加速腐蚀通过创建一个局部富氧环境,加速氧化。一个非常特殊的情况下生物污垢在冷却塔是军团菌的细菌,这是在美国证券交易委员会的讨论。1332。一个方法的数量控制生物污染是保持冷却塔清洁。至少两次在冷却的季节,塔应该耗尽,擦洗干净,并允许完全干后再充填。然后,使用化学治疗控制将完成家务。有两种抗菌物质或杀菌剂用于冷却塔水处理程序来控制生物污垢氧化和无氧化OXIDIZINGCHEMICALSINCLUDECHLORINE,BROMINE,ANDOZONETHATOXIDIZEORACCEPTELECTRONSFROMOTHERCHEMICALCOMPOUNDSUSEDASANTIMICROBIALS,THESECHEMICALSREACTDIRECTLYWITHTHEMICROBESANDDEGRADECELLULARSTRUCTUREAND/ORDEACTIVATEINTERNALENZYMESYSTEMSTHEYPENETRATETHECELLWALLANDDISRUPTTHECELLMETABOLICSYSTEMTO“KILL”ITWARNINGOXIDIZINGCHEMICALS,PARTICULARLYCHLORINE,CANREACTWITHSTEEL,INCLUDINGSTAINLESSSTEEL,ANDCAUSERAPIDCORROSIONTOPREVENTTHIS,CONCENTRATIONSOFTHESECHEMICALSMUSTBEKEPTLOW,IDEALLYTOLESSTHAN07PPMOXIDIZINGCHEMICALSMUSTBEINTRODUCEDINTOTHECONDENSERWATERSYSTEMINSUCHAWAYTOBERAPIDLYDISPERSEDTOPREVENTLOCALIZEDHIGHCONCENTRATIONSNONOXIDIZINGANTIMICROBIALSATTACKCELLSANDDAMAGETHECELLMEMBRANEORTHEBIOCHEMICALPRODUCTIONORUSEOFENERGYBYTHECELL,RESULTINGINITSDEATH,ANDARESOMETIMESREFERREDTOAS“SURFACEACTIVE”BIOCIDESTYPICALNONOXIDIZINGBIOCIDESINCLUDEISOTHIAZOLINES,GLUTERALDEHYDE,MBT,ANDPOLYQUATMICROBIALSINCONDENSERWATERSYSTEMSCANBECOMERESISTANTTOASINGLEMETHODOFATTACK,ORSOMEMICROBIALSMAYBEMOREORLESSIMMUNETOONETYPEOFATTACKTHEREFORE,ITISRECOMMENDEDTHATBOTHTYPESOFTREATMENTCHEMICALSBEUSEDOXIDIZINGANDNONOXIDIZING,EITHERBLENDEDTOGETHERORINALTERNATINGTREATMENTPATTERNS,ASINDICATEDBYPERIODICWATERTESTINGRESULTSTHEKEYTOASUCCESSFULBIOLOGICALTREATMENTPROGRAMISMAINTAININGADEQUATECHEMICALTREATMENTLEVELSATALLTIMESVIACONTINUOUSFEEDOFANTIMICROBIALSINTOTHECONDENSERWATERSYSTEM1332LEGIONELLACONTROLIN1976,34ATTENDEESATANAMERICALEGIONCONVENTIONINPHILADELPHIADIEDFROMAPNEUMONIALIKEDISEASETHATWASLATERTRACEDTOTHETHENUNKNOWNBACTERIATHATWENOWCALLLEGIONELLASINCETHISINITIALOUTBREAKWHICHWASREALLYPRECEDEDBYEARLIEREVENTSINAUSTIN,MNIN1957ANDWASHINGTON,DCIN1964,THERECOGNITIONOFLEGIONELLAASASERIOUSPROBLEMHASGROWNSIGNIFICANTLYACCORDINGTOTHEUSCENTERSFORDISEASECONTROLCDC,LEGIONNAIRESDISEASEINFECTSAPPROXIMATELY25,000PEOPLEINTHEUNITEDSTATESEACHYEARAND1015OFTHESECASESARETYPICALLYFATALTHISEQUATESTO30007000DEATHSATTRIBUTABLEEACHYEARTOLEGIONELLALEGIONELLAISABACTERIATHATISCOMMONINSURFACEWATERS,INCLUDINGLAKES,RIVERS,ETCTHEBACTERIASURVIVEROUTINEWATERTREATMENTANDLOWCONCENTRATIONSAREINTRODUCEDINTOMOSTPOTABLEWATERSUPPLIESLEGIONELLATHRIVESINWATERTEMPERATURESBETWEEN68AND1228F,WITHOPTIMALGROWTHOCCURRINGBETWEEN95AND1158FLOWPHANDHIGHLEVELSOFAQUATICGROWTHMICROBIOTA,AMOEBAE,ALGAL氧化化学物质包括氯、溴、和臭氧氧化或接受电子从其他化合物。作为抗菌剂,这些化学反应直接与微生物和降解细胞结构和/或关闭内部酶系统。他们穿透细胞壁,扰乱细胞代谢系统“杀