icu血液净化指南

THEPARTSFORHIGHVOLUMEPARTSREQUIRESALOTOFTESTING4,STRUCTURESHOULDBESIMPLEANDSTRAIGHTFORWARD,BECAUSEYOUWANTTOSEEWHETHERTHEREISAIRBUBBLESINTHEWATERPRELIMINARYDESIGNTESTGASKEYSEXTOOLINGSTRUCTUREFOLLOWINGFIGUREBYSHOWSQIANCOVER2,ANDSEALEDPARTS13,ANDSEALEDCIRCLE1SEALEDCIRCLE25,ANDSEALEDPARTS2ASSHANGFIGUREBYSHOWSEARLYSETDOWNOFGASKEYSEXTOOLINGFORSHANGFIGUREBYSHOWS,SEALEDPARTS1AND2THROUGHTHREADCONNECTION,CANDEMOLITION,SEALEDPARTS1ANDQIANCOVERCONTACTPLACEHASSEALEDCIRCLE,PREVENTGASLEAK,A,DIRECTIONTHATFORGASENTEREDDIRECTIONTHESTRUCTUREHASMANYFLAWSTOBEIMPROVEDINCLUDETHEFOLLOWINGSEALPARTFORTUBULAR,CLAMP,SCREWEDTOGETHERDIRECTIONSFROMAGAS,BYWHATMEANSANDPIPECONNECTIONSIMPROVEDMETHODS,TUBESHAPEDPARTSDIFFICULTTOCLAMPANDTIGHTEN,YOUCANCHANGEITSSHAPE,HEXAGONALORRECTANGULAR,ANDTHEIMPORTATIONOFGASHOSESCANBEUSED,SOSEALINGPARTS2ADIRECTIONCANMAKEATHREADANDHOSECONNECTIONS,WILLENSURETHEGASINPUT,ANDDEPENDINGONTHEINSPECTIONREQUIREMENTS,SEALINGPARTS2ANDHOSECONNECTIONFORALONGTIME,SOTHATYOUCANUSEWITHBATCHINSPECTIONIMPROVEDSEALINGPARTS1AND2ASSHOWNINTHEFIGUREAREASFOLLOWS522AIRTIGHTTOOLINGDESIGNSTRUCTUREDESIGNANDCALCULATIONOFTHEMOSTSIZE,ARECALCULATEDACCORDINGTOSIZESEALINGDIAMETEROFPARTS126MMACCORDINGTOTHETOPDIAMETEROF20MMITTOTALWIDTH136MMCANMEETTHENATIONALSTANDARDINTHEHEXAGONOFHEXAGONSFIXTURECLAMPINGREQUIREMENTSSEALPARTS55MMWELDCANMEETTHELENGTHREQUIREMENTTHICKNESSOF7MMAND18MMWEREACQUIREDUNDERTHEPARTSAFTERWELDINGHEIGHT,CANMEETTHEREQUIREMENTSCOVEREDPARTSSEALPART1INTERNALDIMENSIONS94MMAND122MMACCORDINGTOTHEDIAMETEROFTHEWELDINGPARTS,ANDMEETSTHETESTREQUIREMENTSM125ISCOUNTRIESNEEDANINNERTHREADDIAMETERTOSUMUP,SEALINGPARTS1SIZEDESIGNFORWHICHSOURCESAREAVAILABLE,INLINEWITHTHEMECHANICALDESIGNREQUIREMENTS,BUTALSOFACILITATETHEMANUFACTURINGPROCESSOFTHEPARTS,INLINEWITHTHEECONOMIC,EASYPROCESSINGCHARACTERISTICS,MATERIALSELECTIONOFDURALUMINALLOYFINISHEDAFTERSURFACETREATMENT,DEBURRING,SURFACEROUGHNESSREQUIREDTO125ROUGHTURNINGTOMEETTHEPROCESSREQUIREMENTSSEALINGDIAMETEROFPARTS224MMCOMEUNDERWELDEDWELDDIAMETERTOTALWIDTH130MMCANMEETTHENATIONALSTANDARDINTHEHEXAGONOFHEXAGONSFIXTURECLAMPINGREQUIREMENTSSEALPARTS32MMWELDCANMEETTHELENGTHREQUIREMENTTHICKNESS8MMTOTIGHTENANDREMOVINGAREFIXTURESREQUIREDTHICKNESSTHICKNESSOF10MMISOBTAINEDINACCORDANCEWITHHOSE,ABLETOMEETGASREQUIREMENTSSEALPART1INTERNALDIMENSIONS106ACCORDINGTOTHEDIAMETEROFTHEWELDINGPARTS,ANDMEETSTHETESTREQUIREMENTSM125ISCOUNTRIESNEEDANINNERTHREADDIAMETERTOSUMUP,SEALEDPART2OFTHEDESIGNFORWHICHSOURCESAREAVAILABLE,INLINEWITHTHEMECHANICALDESIGNREQUIREMENTS,BUTALSOFACILITATETHEMANUFACTURINGPROCESSOFTHEPARTS,INLINEWITHTHEECONOMIC,EASYPROCESSINGCHARACTERISTICS,MATERIALSELECTIONOFDURALUMINALLOYSURFACEAFTERPROSEALINGSHOULDHAVEENOUGHPRELOAD,ISATWOSIDEDMANDATORYSEALINGUSUALLYINCONNECTIONWITHABALLINONEOFTHEUPPERANDORLOWERSTEMISEQUIPPEDWITHTHRUSTBEARINGFLOATINGBALLVALVEDESIGNSHOULDFOCUSONSEALINGMATERIALCANWITHSTANDTHESPHEREOFMEDIUMLOADBECAUSESPHERESWORKUNDERMEDIUMLOADTOEXPORTALLSEALS,THEREFORE,THISFLOATINGSPHEREISWIDELYUSEDINLOWPRESSUREBALLVALVESINADDITION,THEFLOATINGBALLVALVEBALLISFLOATING,UNDERMEDIAPRESSURE,SPHEREPRODUCESACERTAINAMOUNTOFDISPLACEMENTANDCOMPRESSIONONTHESEALINGRINGONTHEEXPORTSIDE,ENSURETHEOUTLETSEAL,ISASINGLEMANDATORYSEALINGSUMMARYSELECTAFIXEDBALLVALVESBALLVALVESFORTOOLINGPURCHASEACCESSTOBALLVALVE,TYPEQ617F16CDN20,EXPLAINSQBALLVALVE,6PNEUMATICDRIVEWRITE3TURBOTRANSMISSION,9ISTHEELECTRICDRIVE,1SCREWTHREADWROTE4FLANGECONNECTION,7FIXEDWRITE1ISFLOATING,SOFTSEALPTFEFWRITTENHISHARDKEYSSELECTIONOFAIRCOMPRESSORS，BECAUSETHEPARTSARENOTVERYBIG,BUBBLESWASOBSERVEDLESSOBVIOUSTOTHENAKEDEYE,SOFINDINGWAYSTOBUBBLEBECAMEOBVIOUS,ICAMEUPWITHABUBBLEMETHODISINTHEFIXTURESURFACEINTHISWAY,IFTHEREISABUBBLE,ITWILLBECOMEVERYAPPARENTCANBEWELLOBSERVED55GASTIGHTNESSTOOLSUSINGMETHOD1,PUTTHEPARTSINTOFIXTURES2,THEFIXTUREINTHESINK3,OPENTHEBALLVALVEFORGAS4,AFTERTHETESTINGISCOMPLETED,OPENINGANOTHERBALLVALVESFORGAS5,REMOVETHEWELDINGPARTS,REPEATTHESTEPSABOVE,FOREXAMINATION6CONCLUSIONTHISARTICLECOMPLETEDBEFOREAROCKETSCAPWELDINGPROCESSPREPARATIONANDINSPECTIONOFWELDEDAIRTIGHTFIXTURESINTWOPARTS,THEMAINTASKSAREASFOLLOWS1BYANALYZINGTHEPARTSOFTHEROLE,EXPLAINSTHEIMPORTANCEOFTHEFRONTCOVER,ITSTHERE,PROTECTTHEWARHEADFROMWINDANDWATEREROSION,TOILLUSTRATETHEFRONTCOVEROFRESEARCHISOFGREATSIGNIFICANCE2THROUGHTHEANALYSISOFPARTS,ACCORDINGTOTHEFINISHEDPARTDRAWINGSANDSPECIFICATIONS,ANALYSISOFFINISHEDPARTSMACHINING,MACHININGMETHODOFDETERMININGNECESSARY3THEREFERENCEPARTSHAPESELECTIONOFWELDINGJIGS,TOFACILITATETHECLAMPATTHESAMETIME,TOFACILITATETHEWELDING4SELECTTHEAPPROPRIATEWELDINGMETHODANDBYMATERIALANDSTRUCTURE5WELDING,THEWELDINGACCORDINGTOTHEWELDINGPROCESS6EXAMINATIONOFWELDINGQUALITY,ALUMINUMWELDINGMETHODSOFINSPECTION,INSPECTIONIFNOTQUALIFIED,YOUCANCARRYOUTAWELDING,COSTSAVINGS,BUTNOTFORASECONDWELD,IF,PARTDESTROYED7ACCORDINGTOTHESHAPE,THINKDESIGNATOOLTOTESTTHEAIRTIGHTNESS,NOTONLYTOMEETTHETESTINGREQUIREMENTS,BUTALSOFORICU中血液净化的应用指南血液净化BLOODPURIFICATION技术指各种连续或间断清除体内过多水分、溶质方法的总称，该技术是在肾脏替代治疗技术的基础上逐步发展而来。血液净化方法有肾脏替代治疗、血液灌流、免疫吸附、内毒素吸附和血浆置换等。每一种血液净化方式都各有特点，且各适用于不同疾病或不同疾病状态。本指南仅对ICU中应用最多的肾脏替代治疗RENALREPLACEMENTTHERAPY,RRT进行讨论并提出建议。血液净化概念和常见种类上世纪70年代末，RRT主要用于治疗重症急性肾功能衰竭患者。随着技术不断发展，近30年，RRT已用于全身过度炎症反应如严重创伤、重症急性胰腺炎等、脓毒血症、中毒和多脏器功能衰竭等危重症的救治。另外，对重症患者并发的特殊情况，如严重电解质紊乱、过高热等，RRT也能显示良好疗效。RRT在重症患者救治中起着极其重要的作用，是ICU医师应予掌握的基本技术。基于此，国内ICU有关专家根据循证医学证据制定本指南。制定本指南的意义循证医学证据按照DELPHI分级标准见表1。循证医学证据时间跨度为1999年1月至2009年3月；数据主要来自MEDLINE、EVIDENCEBASEDMEDICINEREVIEWSEBMR、LIPPINCOTTWILLIAMSWILKINSLWW和万方数据库等4个数据库。主题词采用以下几个HEMOFILTRATION；DIALYSIS；RENALREPLACEMENTTHEPARTSFORHIGHVOLUMEPARTSREQUIRESALOTOFTESTING4,STRUCTURESHOULDBESIMPLEANDSTRAIGHTFORWARD,BECAUSEYOUWANTTOSEEWHETHERTHEREISAIRBUBBLESINTHEWATERPRELIMINARYDESIGNTESTGASKEYSEXTOOLINGSTRUCTUREFOLLOWINGFIGUREBYSHOWSQIANCOVER2,ANDSEALEDPARTS13,ANDSEALEDCIRCLE1SEALEDCIRCLE25,ANDSEALEDPARTS2ASSHANGFIGUREBYSHOWSEARLYSETDOWNOFGASKEYSEXTOOLINGFORSHANGFIGUREBYSHOWS,SEALEDPARTS1AND2THROUGHTHREADCONNECTION,CANDEMOLITION,SEALEDPARTS1ANDQIANCOVERCONTACTPLACEHASSEALEDCIRCLE,PREVENTGASLEAK,A,DIRECTIONTHATFORGASENTEREDDIRECTIONTHESTRUCTUREHASMANYFLAWSTOBEIMPROVEDINCLUDETHEFOLLOWINGSEALPARTFORTUBULAR,CLAMP,SCREWEDTOGETHERDIRECTIONSFROMAGAS,BYWHATMEANSANDPIPECONNECTIONSIMPROVEDMETHODS,TUBESHAPEDPARTSDIFFICULTTOCLAMPANDTIGHTEN,YOUCANCHANGEITSSHAPE,HEXAGONALORRECTANGULAR,ANDTHEIMPORTATIONOFGASHOSESCANBEUSED,SOSEALINGPARTS2ADIRECTIONCANMAKEATHREADANDHOSECONNECTIONS,WILLENSURETHEGASINPUT,ANDDEPENDINGONTHEINSPECTIONREQUIREMENTS,SEALINGPARTS2ANDHOSECONNECTIONFORALONGTIME,SOTHATYOUCANUSEWITHBATCHINSPECTIONIMPROVEDSEALINGPARTS1AND2ASSHOWNINTHEFIGUREAREASFOLLOWS522AIRTIGHTTOOLINGDESIGNSTRUCTUREDESIGNANDCALCULATIONOFTHEMOSTSIZE,ARECALCULATEDACCORDINGTOSIZESEALINGDIAMETEROFPARTS126MMACCORDINGTOTHETOPDIAMETEROF20MMITTOTALWIDTH136MMCANMEETTHENATIONALSTANDARDINTHEHEXAGONOFHEXAGONSFIXTURECLAMPINGREQUIREMENTSSEALPARTS55MMWELDCANMEETTHELENGTHREQUIREMENTTHICKNESSOF7MMAND18MMWEREACQUIREDUNDERTHEPARTSAFTERWELDINGHEIGHT,CANMEETTHEREQUIREMENTSCOVEREDPARTSSEALPART1INTERNALDIMENSIONS94MMAND122MMACCORDINGTOTHEDIAMETEROFTHEWELDINGPARTS,ANDMEETSTHETESTREQUIREMENTSM125ISCOUNTRIESNEEDANINNERTHREADDIAMETERTOSUMUP,SEALINGPARTS1SIZEDESIGNFORWHICHSOURCESAREAVAILABLE,INLINEWITHTHEMECHANICALDESIGNREQUIREMENTS,BUTALSOFACILITATETHEMANUFACTURINGPROCESSOFTHEPARTS,INLINEWITHTHEECONOMIC,EASYPROCESSINGCHARACTERISTICS,MATERIALSELECTIONOFDURALUMINALLOYFINISHEDAFTERSURFACETREATMENT,DEBURRING,SURFACEROUGHNESSREQUIREDTO125ROUGHTURNINGTOMEETTHEPROCESSREQUIREMENTSSEALINGDIAMETEROFPARTS224MMCOMEUNDERWELDEDWELDDIAMETERTOTALWIDTH130MMCANMEETTHENATIONALSTANDARDINTHEHEXAGONOFHEXAGONSFIXTURECLAMPINGREQUIREMENTSSEALPARTS32MMWELDCANMEETTHELENGTHREQUIREMENTTHICKNESS8MMTOTIGHTENANDREMOVINGAREFIXTURESREQUIREDTHICKNESSTHICKNESSOF10MMISOBTAINEDINACCORDANCEWITHHOSE,ABLETOMEETGASREQUIREMENTSSEALPART1INTERNALDIMENSIONS106ACCORDINGTOTHEDIAMETEROFTHEWELDINGPARTS,ANDMEETSTHETESTREQUIREMENTSM125ISCOUNTRIESNEEDANINNERTHREADDIAMETERTOSUMUP,SEALEDPART2OFTHEDESIGNFORWHICHSOURCESAREAVAILABLE,INLINEWITHTHEMECHANICALDESIGNREQUIREMENTS,BUTALSOFACILITATETHEMANUFACTURINGPROCESSOFTHEPARTS,INLINEWITHTHEECONOMIC,EASYPROCESSINGCHARACTERISTICS,MATERIALSELECTIONOFDURALUMINALLOYSURFACEAFTERPROSEALINGSHOULDHAVEENOUGHPRELOAD,ISATWOSIDEDMANDATORYSEALINGUSUALLYINCONNECTIONWITHABALLINONEOFTHEUPPERANDORLOWERSTEMISEQUIPPEDWITHTHRUSTBEARINGFLOATINGBALLVALVEDESIGNSHOULDFOCUSONSEALINGMATERIALCANWITHSTANDTHESPHEREOFMEDIUMLOADBECAUSESPHERESWORKUNDERMEDIUMLOADTOEXPORTALLSEALS,THEREFORE,THISFLOATINGSPHEREISWIDELYUSEDINLOWPRESSUREBALLVALVESINADDITION,THEFLOATINGBALLVALVEBALLISFLOATING,UNDERMEDIAPRESSURE,SPHEREPRODUCESACERTAINAMOUNTOFDISPLACEMENTANDCOMPRESSIONONTHESEALINGRINGONTHEEXPORTSIDE,ENSURETHEOUTLETSEAL,ISASINGLEMANDATORYSEALINGSUMMARYSELECTAFIXEDBALLVALVESBALLVALVESFORTOOLINGPURCHASEACCESSTOBALLVALVE,TYPEQ617F16CDN20,EXPLAINSQBALLVALVE,6PNEUMATICDRIVEWRITE3TURBOTRANSMISSION,9ISTHEELECTRICDRIVE,1SCREWTHREADWROTE4FLANGECONNECTION,7FIXEDWRITE1ISFLOATING,SOFTSEALPTFEFWRITTENHISHARDKEYSSELECTIONOFAIRCOMPRESSORS，BECAUSETHEPARTSARENOTVERYBIG,BUBBLESWASOBSERVEDLESSOBVIOUSTOTHENAKEDEYE,SOFINDINGWAYSTOBUBBLEBECAMEOBVIOUS,ICAMEUPWITHABUBBLEMETHODISINTHEFIXTURESURFACEINTHISWAY,IFTHEREISABUBBLE,ITWILLBECOMEVERYAPPARENTCANBEWELLOBSERVED55GASTIGHTNESSTOOLSUSINGMETHOD1,PUTTHEPARTSINTOFIXTURES2,THEFIXTUREINTHESINK3,OPENTHEBALLVALVEFORGAS4,AFTERTHETESTINGISCOMPLETED,OPENINGANOTHERBALLVALVESFORGAS5,REMOVETHEWELDINGPARTS,REPEATTHESTEPSABOVE,FOREXAMINATION6CONCLUSIONTHISARTICLECOMPLETEDBEFOREAROCKETSCAPWELDINGPROCESSPREPARATIONANDINSPECTIONOFWELDEDAIRTIGHTFIXTURESINTWOPARTS,THEMAINTASKSAREASFOLLOWS1BYANALYZINGTHEPARTSOFTHEROLE,EXPLAINSTHEIMPORTANCEOFTHEFRONTCOVER,ITSTHERE,PROTECTTHEWARHEADFROMWINDANDWATEREROSION,TOILLUSTRATETHEFRONTCOVEROFRESEARCHISOFGREATSIGNIFICANCE2THROUGHTHEANALYSISOFPARTS,ACCORDINGTOTHEFINISHEDPARTDRAWINGSANDSPECIFICATIONS,ANALYSISOFFINISHEDPARTSMACHINING,MACHININGMETHODOFDETERMININGNECESSARY3THEREFERENCEPARTSHAPESELECTIONOFWELDINGJIGS,TOFACILITATETHECLAMPATTHESAMETIME,TOFACILITATETHEWELDING4SELECTTHEAPPROPRIATEWELDINGMETHODANDBYMATERIALANDSTRUCTURE5WELDING,THEWELDINGACCORDINGTOTHEWELDINGPROCESS6EXAMINATIONOFWELDINGQUALITY,ALUMINUMWELDINGMETHODSOFINSPECTION,INSPECTIONIFNOTQUALIFIED,YOUCANCARRYOUTAWELDING,COSTSAVINGS,BUTNOTFORASECONDWELD,IF,PARTDESTROYED7ACCORDINGTOTHESHAPE,THINKDESIGNATOOLTOTESTTHEAIRTIGHTNESS,NOTONLYTOMEETTHETESTINGREQUIREMENTS,BUTALSOFOR2THERAPY；CONTINUOUSRENALREPLACEMENTTHERAPY；CRITICALILLNESS；ACUTERENALFAILUREDELPHI循证医学分级标准指导建议分级A至少有2项级研究结果支持B仅有1项级结果支持C仅有级研究结果支持D至少有1项级研究结果支持E仅有级或级研究结果支持研究文献分级大样本、随机研究，结论确定，假阳性或假阴性错误的风险较低小样本、随机研究，结论不确定，假阳性和/或假阴性错误的风险较高非随机，同期对照研究非随机，历史对照研究和专家意见系列病例报道，非对照研究和专家意见制定指南的方法第一部分血液净化的相关概念一相关概念THEPARTSFORHIGHVOLUMEPARTSREQUIRESALOTOFTESTING4,STRUCTURESHOULDBESIMPLEANDSTRAIGHTFORWARD,BECAUSEYOUWANTTOSEEWHETHERTHEREISAIRBUBBLESINTHEWATERPRELIMINARYDESIGNTESTGASKEYSEXTOOLINGSTRUCTUREFOLLOWINGFIGUREBYSHOWSQIANCOVER2,ANDSEALEDPARTS13,ANDSEALEDCIRCLE1SEALEDCIRCLE25,ANDSEALEDPARTS2ASSHANGFIGUREBYSHOWSEARLYSETDOWNOFGASKEYSEXTOOLINGFORSHANGFIGUREBYSHOWS,SEALEDPARTS1AND2THROUGHTHREADCONNECTION,CANDEMOLITION,SEALEDPARTS1ANDQIANCOVERCONTACTPLACEHASSEALEDCIRCLE,PREVENTGASLEAK,A,DIRECTIONTHATFORGASENTEREDDIRECTIONTHESTRUCTUREHASMANYFLAWSTOBEIMPROVEDINCLUDETHEFOLLOWINGSEALPARTFORTUBULAR,CLAMP,SCREWEDTOGETHERDIRECTIONSFROMAGAS,BYWHATMEANSANDPIPECONNECTIONSIMPROVEDMETHODS,TUBESHAPEDPARTSDIFFICULTTOCLAMPANDTIGHTEN,YOUCANCHANGEITSSHAPE,HEXAGONALORRECTANGULAR,ANDTHEIMPORTATIONOFGASHOSESCANBEUSED,SOSEALINGPARTS2ADIRECTIONCANMAKEATHREADANDHOSECONNECTIONS,WILLENSURETHEGASINPUT,ANDDEPENDINGONTHEINSPECTIONREQUIREMENTS,SEALINGPARTS2ANDHOSECONNECTIONFORALONGTIME,SOTHATYOUCANUSEWITHBATCHINSPECTIONIMPROVEDSEALINGPARTS1AND2ASSHOWNINTHEFIGUREAREASFOLLOWS522AIRTIGHTTOOLINGDESIGNSTRUCTUREDESIGNANDCALCULATIONOFTHEMOSTSIZE,ARECALCULATEDACCORDINGTOSIZESEALINGDIAMETEROFPARTS126MMACCORDINGTOTHETOPDIAMETEROF20MMITTOTALWIDTH136MMCANMEETTHENATIONALSTANDARDINTHEHEXAGONOFHEXAGONSFIXTURECLAMPINGREQUIREMENTSSEALPARTS55MMWELDCANMEETTHELENGTHREQUIREMENTTHICKNESSOF7MMAND18MMWEREACQUIREDUNDERTHEPARTSAFTERWELDINGHEIGHT,CANMEETTHEREQUIREMENTSCOVEREDPARTSSEALPART1INTERNALDIMENSIONS94MMAND122MMACCORDINGTOTHEDIAMETEROFTHEWELDINGPARTS,ANDMEETSTHETESTREQUIREMENTSM125ISCOUNTRIESNEEDANINNERTHREADDIAMETERTOSUMUP,SEALINGPARTS1SIZEDESIGNFORWHICHSOURCESAREAVAILABLE,INLINEWITHTHEMECHANICALDESIGNREQUIREMENTS,BUTALSOFACILITATETHEMANUFACTURINGPROCESSOFTHEPARTS,INLINEWITHTHEECONOMIC,EASYPROCESSINGCHARACTERISTICS,MATERIALSELECTIONOFDURALUMINALLOYFINISHEDAFTERSURFACETREATMENT,DEBURRING,SURFACEROUGHNESSREQUIREDTO125ROUGHTURNINGTOMEETTHEPROCESSREQUIREMENTSSEALINGDIAMETEROFPARTS224MMCOMEUNDERWELDEDWELDDIAMETERTOTALWIDTH130MMCANMEETTHENATIONALSTANDARDINTHEHEXAGONOFHEXAGONSFIXTURECLAMPINGREQUIREMENTSSEALPARTS32MMWELDCANMEETTHELENGTHREQUIREMENTTHICKNESS8MMTOTIGHTENANDREMOVINGAREFIXTURESREQUIREDTHICKNESSTHICKNESSOF10MMISOBTAINEDINACCORDANCEWITHHOSE,ABLETOMEETGASREQUIREMENTSSEALPART1INTERNALDIMENSIONS106ACCORDINGTOTHEDIAMETEROFTHEWELDINGPARTS,ANDMEETSTHETESTREQUIREMENTSM125ISCOUNTRIESNEEDANINNERTHREADDIAMETERTOSUMUP,SEALEDPART2OFTHEDESIGNFORWHICHSOURCESAREAVAILABLE,INLINEWITHTHEMECHANICALDESIGNREQUIREMENTS,BUTALSOFACILITATETHEMANUFACTURINGPROCESSOFTHEPARTS,INLINEWITHTHEECONOMIC,EASYPROCESSINGCHARACTERISTICS,MATERIALSELECTIONOFDURALUMINALLOYSURFACEAFTERPROSEALINGSHOULDHAVEENOUGHPRELOAD,ISATWOSIDEDMANDATORYSEALINGUSUALLYINCONNECTIONWITHABALLINONEOFTHEUPPERANDORLOWERSTEMISEQUIPPEDWITHTHRUSTBEARINGFLOATINGBALLVALVEDESIGNSHOULDFOCUSONSEALINGMATERIALCANWITHSTANDTHESPHEREOFMEDIUMLOADBECAUSESPHERESWORKUNDERMEDIUMLOADTOEXPORTALLSEALS,THEREFORE,THISFLOATINGSPHEREISWIDELYUSEDINLOWPRESSUREBALLVALVESINADDITION,THEFLOATINGBALLVALVEBALLISFLOATING,UNDERMEDIAPRESSURE,SPHEREPRODUCESACERTAINAMOUNTOFDISPLACEMENTANDCOMPRESSIONONTHESEALINGRINGONTHEEXPORTSIDE,ENSURETHEOUTLETSEAL,ISASINGLEMANDATORYSEALINGSUMMARYSELECTAFIXEDBALLVALVESBALLVALVESFORTOOLINGPURCHASEACCESSTOBALLVALVE,TYPEQ617F16CDN20,EXPLAINSQBALLVALVE,6PNEUMATICDRIVEWRITE3TURBOTRANSMISSION,9ISTHEELECTRICDRIVE,1SCREWTHREADWROTE4FLANGECONNECTION,7FIXEDWRITE1ISFLOATING,SOFTSEALPTFEFWRITTENHISHARDKEYSSELECTIONOFAIRCOMPRESSORS，BECAUSETHEPARTSARENOTVERYBIG,BUBBLESWASOBSERVEDLESSOBVIOUSTOTHENAKEDEYE,SOFINDINGWAYSTOBUBBLEBECAMEOBVIOUS,ICAMEUPWITHABUBBLEMETHODISINTHEFIXTURESURFACEINTHISWAY,IFTHEREISABUBBLE,ITWILLBECOMEVERYAPPARENTCANBEWELLOBSERVED55GASTIGHTNESSTOOLSUSINGMETHOD1,PUTTHEPARTSINTOFIXTURES2,THEFIXTUREINTHESINK3,OPENTHEBALLVALVEFORGAS4,AFTERTHETESTINGISCOMPLETED,OPENINGANOTHERBALLVALVESFORGAS5,REMOVETHEWELDINGPARTS,REPEATTHESTEPSABOVE,FOREXAMINATION6CONCLUSIONTHISARTICLECOMPLETEDBEFOREAROCKETSCAPWELDINGPROCESSPREPARATIONANDINSPECTIONOFWELDEDAIRTIGHTFIXTURESINTWOPARTS,THEMAINTASKSAREASFOLLOWS1BYANALYZINGTHEPARTSOFTHEROLE,EXPLAINSTHEIMPORTANCEOFTHEFRONTCOVER,ITSTHERE,PROTECTTHEWARHEADFROMWINDANDWATEREROSION,TOILLUSTRATETHEFRONTCOVEROFRESEARCHISOFGREATSIGNIFICANCE2THROUGHTHEANALYSISOFPARTS,ACCORDINGTOTHEFINISHEDPARTDRAWINGSANDSPECIFICATIONS,ANALYSISOFFINISHEDPARTSMACHINING,MACHININGMETHODOFDETERMININGNECESSARY3THEREFERENCEPARTSHAPESELECTIONOFWELDINGJIGS,TOFACILITATETHECLAMPATTHESAMETIME,TOFACILITATETHEWELDING4SELECTTHEAPPROPRIATEWELDINGMETHODANDBYMATERIALANDSTRUCTURE5WELDING,THEWELDINGACCORDINGTOTHEWELDINGPROCESS6EXAMINATIONOFWELDINGQUALITY,ALUMINUMWELDINGMETHODSOFINSPECTION,INSPECTIONIFNOTQUALIFIED,YOUCANCARRYOUTAWELDING,COSTSAVINGS,BUTNOTFORASECONDWELD,IF,PARTDESTROYED7ACCORDINGTOTHESHAPE,THINKDESIGNATOOLTOTESTTHEAIRTIGHTNESS,NOTONLYTOMEETTHETESTINGREQUIREMENTS,BUTALSOFOR3血液净化包括RRT、血液灌流（HEMOPERFUSION，HP）及血浆置换（PLASMAEXCHANGE，PE）等，其中RRT是本指南重点。HP是将患者血液引入灌流器，受灌流器中吸附剂或其他生物材料的作用，引入灌流器的血液净化后返回体内的一种治疗方式，目前多用于药物过量或中毒的治疗。PE是指将患者血液引出，用血浆分离器将血细胞与血浆分离，去除血浆以清除患者血浆中抗体、免疫复合物及毒素等物质，用于治疗自体免疫性疾病、肝功能衰竭、血液病及甲状腺危象等疾病。下面重点阐述RRT的有关概念。进一步解释血液净化的具体概念，引入重点讨论RRTRRT是利用血液净化技术清除溶质，以替代受损肾功能以及对脏器功能起保护支持作用的治疗方法1，基本模式有三类，即血液透析（HEMODIALYSIS，HD）、血液滤过（HEMOFILTRATION，HF）和血液透析滤过（HEMODIAFILTRATION，HDF）。HD主要通过弥散机制清除物质，小分子物质清除效率较高；HF主要通过对流机制清除溶质和水分，对炎症介质等中分子物质的清除效率优于透析；HDF可通过弥散和对流两种机制清除溶质。滤过膜的吸附作用是RRT的第三种溶质清除机制，部分炎症介质、内素素、药物和毒物可能通过该作用清除2,3。临床上一般将单次治疗持续时间一、血管通路的建立重症患者CRRT的疗程较晚期肾病患者的血液透析疗程短得多，因此静脉通路一般选择中心静脉置管而不是动静脉瘘。为满足RRT血流量的要求，置管部位可选择股静脉、锁骨下静脉或颈内静脉，动脉置管因并发症较多已较少采用。锁骨下静脉导管的优点是发生导管相关感染（CATHETERRELATEDBLOODSTREAMINFECTION,CRBI）的几率较低，缺点是易受锁骨压迫而致管腔狭窄，因此血栓形成风险较其他部位的导管高；压迫止血法效果差、出血并发症较多，因此CRRT应尽可能避免锁骨下静脉置管。颈内静脉导管没有上述缺点，且对患者活动限制少，因而一直是血透患者中心静脉置管的首选，但缺点是CRBI发生率相对较高8,9V级。股静脉置管的优点是压迫止血效果好，血肿THEPARTSFORHIGHVOLUMEPARTSREQUIRESALOTOFTESTING4,STRUCTURESHOULDBESIMPLEANDSTRAIGHTFORWARD,BECAUSEYOUWANTTOSEEWHETHERTHEREISAIRBUBBLESINTHEWATERPRELIMINARYDESIGNTESTGASKEYSEXTOOLINGSTRUCTUREFOLLOWINGFIGUREBYSHOWSQIANCOVER2,ANDSEALEDPARTS13,ANDSEALEDCIRCLE1SEALEDCIRCLE25,ANDSEALEDPARTS2ASSHANGFIGUREBYSHOWSEARLYSETDOWNOFGASKEYSEXTOOLINGFORSHANGFIGUREBYSHOWS,SEALEDPARTS1AND2THROUGHTHREADCONNECTION,CANDEMOLITION,SEALEDPARTS1ANDQIANCOVERCONTACTPLACEHASSEALEDCIRCLE,PREVENTGASLEAK,A,DIRECTIONTHATFORGASENTEREDDIRECTIONTHESTRUCTUREHASMANYFLAWSTOBEIMPROVEDINCLUDETHEFOLLOWINGSEALPARTFORTUBULAR,CLAMP,SCREWEDTOGETHERDIRECTIONSFROMAGAS,BYWHATMEANSANDPIPECONNECTIONSIMPROVEDMETHODS,TUBESHAPEDPARTSDIFFICULTTOCLAMPANDTIGHTEN,YOUCANCHANGEITSSHAPE,HEXAGONALORRECTANGULAR,ANDTHEIMPORTATIONOFGASHOSESCANBEUSED,SOSEALINGPARTS2ADIRECTIONCANMAKEATHREADANDHOSECONNECTIONS,WILLENSURETHEGASINPUT,ANDDEPENDINGONTHEINSPECTIONREQUIREMENTS,SEALINGPARTS2ANDHOSECONNECTIONFORALONGTIME,SOTHATYOUCANUSEWITHBATCHINSPECTIONIMPROVEDSEALINGPARTS1AND2ASSHOWNINTHEFIGUREAREASFOLLOWS522AIRTIGHTTOOLINGDESIGNSTRUCTUREDESIGNANDCALCULATIONOFTHEMOSTSIZE,ARECALCULATEDACCORDINGTOSIZESEALINGDIAMETEROFPARTS126MMACCORDINGTOTHETOPDIAMETEROF20MMITTOTALWIDTH136MMCANMEETTHENATIONALSTANDARDINTHEHEXAGONOFHEXAGONSFIXTURECLAMPINGREQUIREMENTSSEALPARTS55MMWELDCANMEETTHELENGTHREQUIREMENTTHICKNESSOF7MMAND18MMWEREACQUIREDUNDERTHEPARTSAFTERWELDINGHEIGHT,CANMEETTHEREQUIREMENTSCOVEREDPARTSSEALPART1INTERNALDIMENSIONS94MMAND122MMACCORDINGTOTHEDIAMETEROFTHEWELDINGPARTS,ANDMEETSTHETESTREQUIREMENTSM125ISCOUNTRIESNEEDANINNERTHREADDIAMETERTOSUMUP,SEALINGPARTS1SIZEDESIGNFORWHICHSOURCESAREAVAILABLE,INLINEWITHTHEMECHANICALDESIGNREQUIREMENT