英文版张作霖及北洋军阀简介

ZHANGZUOLINZHANGZUOLINISAFAMOUSWARLORDINNORTHEASTCHINAPHOTO1ALLOFHISLIFEHASPLENTYOFLEGENDS,ANDTHEREAREMANYKINDSOFEVALUATIONSABOUTHIMSOMEPEOPLESAYTHATHESBADINADDITION,THEMAJORITYOFTHEMAREPEOPLEINTHESOUTHCHINAANDPARTOFCOMMUNISTPARTYSMEMBERSHOWEVER,INTHENORTHEASTCHINA,MOSTOFPEOPLEESPOLDPEOPLETHINKZHANGISAHERO,ANDPEOPLEINTHENORTHEASTCHINARESPECTFULLYCALLHIM“MARSHALZHANG”WELL,WHATKINDOFTHIS“MARSHALZHANG”ISHEPLEASELETMEINTRODUCEHIMFORYOUZHANGZUOLINWASBORNINHAICHENG,FENGTIANPROVINCENOWISLIAONINGPROVINCEONMARCH15TH,1875HISFATHERWASAGAMBLER,ANDHISMOTHERWASARURALWOMANDURINGHISCHILDHOOD,HISFAMILYWASVERYPOOR,ANDINCLUDINGHIMSELF,THEREWERE4CHILDRENINHISHOMEUNFORTUNATELY,WHENZHANGWAS13YEARSOLD,HISFATHERWASKILLEDBYTHECREDITORBECAUSEHEALWAYSDIDNTREPAYHISDEBTTOTHECREDITORAFTERZHANGSFATHERDIED,INORDERTOSOLVETHEDIFFICULTIESOFTHELIVING,HISMOTHERTOOKZHANGANDHISBROTHERSANDSISTERSBACKTOHERHOMETOWNBETWEEN1889AND1894,HEDEPENDEDONSELLINGBUNSANDSMALLWARE,SOMETIMESHEHELPEDOTHERSTOTREATHORSEANDDONKEYBECAUSEHISSTEPFATHERWASAVETERINARYIN1894,THEWARBETWEENTHEQINGDYNASTYANDJAPANERUPTEDZHANGBELIEVETHISISACHANCE,SOHESERVEDINTHEQINGARMY,ANDBECAMEASOLDIERINTHECAVALRYTROOPTHEQINGARMYWASDEFEATEDBYJAPANIN1895,ANDZHANGDESERTEDFROMHISTROOPATTHATTIME,ZHANGSHOMETOWNTHEWESTLIAONINGWASATROUBLEDPLACELOCALAUTHORITYWASNTEFFECTIVEENOUGHTODOMINATETHISAREASCATTEREDSOLDIERSANDBANDITSTYRANNIZEDINNOCENTPEOPLETHEREFORE,ZHANGWENTBACKTOHOMETOWNANDDEPENDEDONHISABILITIESTOINCORPORATESOMEOFSOLDIERSANDBANDITS,INADDITION,HEORGANIZEDTHESEPEOPLEINTOALOCALCONSTABULARYTHISORGANIZATIONMEANTTHATITWASRESPONSIBLEFORPROTECTINGONECERTAINPLACE,BUTFIRST,THERICHESINTHEPLACEMUSTGAVETHEMMONEYANDWEAPONSIN1902,ALONGWITHTHESOCIALSTABILITY,THECONSTABULARYHADNOSENSETOCONTINUETOEXISTZHANGREQUESTEDONEOFHISFRIENDS,THECHAIRMANOFHISHOMETOWNSCHAMBEROFCOMMERCE,TOHELPHIMTOCOMMUNICATEWITHTHELOCALGOVERNMENTFINALLY,HEWASAPPOINTEDBATTALIONCOMMANDERBYLATTERDURINGTHERUSSOJAPANESEWARTHEQINGDYNASTYANNOUNCEDTHATTHEWESTLIAONINGISNEUTRALZONE,INFACT,QINGDIDNTINTERVENETHETHINGSINTHEWESTLIAONINGATALL,ZHANGSBATTALIONHELPEDRUSSIANTROOPSNOWANDTHEN,BUTSOMETIMESHEALSOHELPEDJAPANESEARMYIN1906,ZHANGSTROOPENLARGEDFROM1BATTALIONTO3BATTALIONS,ANDHEWASNOMINATEDTHEREGIMENTCOMMANDERBYQINGGOVERNMENTIN1911,THEQINGGOVERNMENTWASOVERTHROWNBYSUNYATSENPHOTO2BUTTHENEXTYEAR,YUANSHIKAIPHOTO3,THEFORMERQINGGOVERNMENTSPRIMEMINISTER,SEIZEDTHEPOLITICALPOWER,ANDHEESTABLISHEDTHECHINESEBEIYANGGOVERNMENTITISINTERESTEDTHATDESPITEBETWEEN1912AND1928,THECHINESEGOVERNMENTWASBEIYANGGOVERNMENTBETWEEN1928AND1949,ITWASTHENANJINGNATIONALGOVERNMENT,THENAMEOFCHINAALWAYSWASREPUBLICOFCHINABETWEEN1912AND1949DURINGTHEYUANSPERIOD,ZHANGZUOLINHELPEDHIMTOCRUSHTHEANTIYUANMOVEMENTSOFTHECHINESENATIONALPARTYWHENYUANINTENDEDTOBETHEEMPEROROFCHINA,ZHANGSHOWEDHISFAVORTHEREFORE,ZHANGZUOLINWASNOMINATEDTHE27THDIVISIONCOMMANDERRANKLIEUTENANTGENERALBYBEIYANGGOVERNMENTINADDITION,THE27THDIVISIONOFBEIYANGARMYWASTHEBASISOFZHANGSPRIVATEARMYFENGTIANARMYPHOTO4BECAUSEYUANWANTEDTOBETHEEMPEROR,ASARESULT,HESUFFEREDFROMTHEWHOLECOUNTRYSOPPOSITIONFINALLY,HEWASDEADBECAUSEOFANXIETYIN1916INTHATTIME,YUANSOLDSUBORDINATESCOULDNTCONVINCEEACHOTHER,ANDTHERESNOABSOLUTELYPOWERFULPERSONASWELLASYUANAMONGTHEMTHEREFORE,THEINTERIOROFBEIYANGGOVERNMENTWASDIVIDEDINTOSOMECLIQUESINTHENORTHCHINA,THEREWERETHREEMAINCLIQUESAMONGTHEMFENGGUOZHANGANDCAOKUNSZHILINOWISHEBEIPROVINCECLIQUE,DUANQIRUIANDXUSHUZHENGSANHUICLIQUE,UNDOUBTEDLY,THETHIRDCLIQUEISZHANGZUOLINSFENGTIANCLIQUEPHOTO5BETWEEN1916AND1920,THEACTUALHIGHESTLEADEROFBEIYANGGOVERNMENTWASDUAN,BUTASTHEABOVESAIDIT,DUANWASALWAYSTHREATENEDWITHFENGANDCAOSZHILICLIQUEANDTHEIRARMYATTHATTIME,ZHANGSFENGTIANARMYWASNOTANINCONSIDERABLEPOWERFORANHUIANDZHILITHEREFORE,ZHANGBEGANTOEXPANDHISOWNPOWERINTHENORTHEASTCHINABYMEANSOFUTILIZINGTHETENSIONBETWEENZHILIANDANHUI,MOREOVER,THEJAPANESEARMYINTHENORTHEASTCHINANAMED“KWANTUNGARMY”INTHEENDOF1919,JILINANDHEILONGJIANGSWARLORDSWEREALLTHEZHANGSOLDSUBORDINATES,ANDZHANGWASTHEREAL“KINGOFTHENORTHCHINA”AFTERREPUBLICOFCHINAWASESTABLISHED,SUNYATSENALWAYSFOUGHTFORREALIZINGTHEREALLIBERTY,EQUALITYANDDEMOCRACYINCHINABECAUSESUNYATSENBELIEVEDTHATTHEBEIYANGGOVERNMENTWASNTREALDEMOCRATICGOVERNMENTSOIN1916AND1917,SUNESTABLISHEDGUANGZHOUMILITARYGOVERNMENTANDFIGHTAGAINSTBEIYANGWITHTHEWARLORDSINTHESOUTHWESTCHINAINTHEBEIYANGGOVERNMENT,ANHUICLIQUETHOUGHTBEIYANGARMYSHOULDCRUSADEAGAINSTSUNANDSOUTHWESTERNWARLORDS,BUTZHILIHELDTHATTHEGOVERNMENTSHOULDNEGOTIATEDWITHTHESOUTHIN1918,SUNYATSENWASEXPELLEDBYSOUTHWESTERNWARLORDS,ANDBEIYANGARMYSFRONTLINECOMMANDERINCHIEFNAMED“WUPEIFU”PHOTO6WHOBELONGEDTOZHILICLIQUEREFUSEDTOCONTINUETOFIGHTAGAINSTTHESOUTHATTHESAMETIME,THEFOREIGNCOUNTRY,ESPECIALLYAMERICAANDBRITAIN,DIDNTHOPECHINAWASINTHECHAOSBECAUSEOFTHECIVILWARANDMAYBEITWASDAMAGEDTOTHEIRINTERESTINCHINATHEREFORE,DUANQIRUIWASFORCEDTONEGOTIATEWITHSOUTHWESTWARLORDSABOUTTHEPEACEIN1919,ONEOFTHEZHILICLIQUELEADERS,FENGGUOZHANG,WASDEAD,ANDTHETENSIONBETWEENZHILIANDANHUIWASMOREINTENSETHANBEFOREIN1920,THEZHILIANHUIWARERUPTED,ANDZHANGZUOLINSFENGTIANARMYSUPPORTEDCAOANDWUFINALLY,DUANSANHUIARMYWA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